[Modern methods of examination of ballistic trauma after passing through the barrier].

On the basis of experimental data were studied peculiarities of ballistic of wounds after passing barriers. Authors analyzed forensic medical examination reports concerned about murdered and wounded with gunshots in Saint Petersburg. As research objects were used: simulators of biological materials (block of glycerin soap) and experimental animals. The following bullets were used: automat cartridge 7H22, 7H24 - gauge 5,45x39 mm, pistol cartridge 7H29 - gauge 9,0x21 mm; gun reach - 50 and 100 meters; barriers - steel plates, glass, brickwork. The following assessment of exposure was used: in simulators - according to volumes of temporary cavity; in experimental animals - according to results of morphofunctional researches. Data about damaging action of pistol cartridge 7H22, 7H24 with gauge 5,45 mm and automat cartridges 7H29 and 9,0 mm is received.

[Improvement of the health care delivery system in war-time: monitoring of servicemen's health status].

Authors came to conclusion that the constant monitoring of servicemen's health status allows the commanding officer to receive detailed information about combat effectiveness. In case of battle injury or trauma the information used by the medical service will be the base for early health care delivery and organization of evacuation. The information about health status of injured may be used as a base for diagnosis at all stages of evacuation. Authors came to conclusion that individual monitoring of health status will help to further health care delivery system and first stages of medical evacuation.

[Insecticidal and immunosuppressive effect of ascomycete Cordyceps militaris on the larvae of the Colorado potato beetle Leptinotarsa decemlineata].

The immunosuppressive and insecticidal activity of cultures of the entomopathogenic fungus Cordyceps militaris on the larvae of the Colorado potato beetle Leptinotarsa decemlineata has been established for the first time. It was found that the peroral effect of the fungal culture resulted in dose-dependent decrease in survival, delayed in development time and molting, decreases in the total hemocyt counts, increased activity of phenoloxidases in the hemolymph, and reduced activity of the enzyme in the cuticle, as well as increased sensitivity of larvae to the fungus Beauveria bassiana at the level of the synergistic effect.

[Aspects of development of surgical service of modem Navy].

The article is devoted to the aspects of a current state of surgical service in the Navy, prospects of development of professianl training for navy surgeons, formation of modern training comlex, united electronic library, containig the issues about combat surgical trauma, software technologies, realizing of the application methodology during the process of training and practical activity for the development of the training system for surgeons of Navy and improvement of effectiveness. Formation of normative technical documents, regulating activity of navy surgians is also among the expectations. The authors also touched on the issues of development of modern technologies in bone grafting with the help of domestic implants based on the osteoinductive nanostructured nonorganic matrices (titanium) with defined structure and composition. Department of navy and hospital surgery participate in this debelopment. Due to increased amount of oncologic patients, it was decided to establish the Cancer Center of the Ministry of Defense based on department of navy and hospital surgery of the Kirov Military Medical Academy. It makes possible to perform the following procedures: canser surgery; surgical repair; plastic repair of major vessels, bone and soft tissue grafting, removal of residual cancer cells with the help of loco-regional methods of hyperthermic intracavitary and intravascular chemoperfusion; diagnostics and treatment of recurrent tumors (surgical and radiation treatment, systemic chemotherapy, loco-regional chemoembolization. Each of the given methods help to develop and improve the innovation technologies.

[The forensic medical aspects of mechanogenesis of the blast injury].

This experimental study had the objective to elucidate the injurious action of various traumatic factors associated with explosions with special reference to the objective registration of the related high-speed processes. Most attention was given to aerial and surface bursts. Mechanogenesis and pathological morphology of the blast injuries have been most thoroughly investigated.

[Peculiarities of forensic medical expertise of gunshot wounds inflicted through a bulletproof vest].

A series of experimental studies was conducted with the object of elucidating the mechanisms of the bullet after-penetration effect produced by a handgun shot into the armoured vest with special reference to the changes developing in the space behind the barrier. The application of the pulsed radiographic technique revealed a transient cavity the presence of which accounts for the injuries to soft tissues, bones, and internal organs in the projection of the bullet impact without damage to the armour plates.

[The current state and prospects of the development of forensic medical expertise of the blast injury].

The analysis of the special literature and expert practice during the recent years demonstrated the scientific, practical, and social importance of the expertise of the blast injuries in the time of piece. It is emphasized that the main tasks of expert examination of blast injuries include further studies on the mechanisms of their development, simulation of various blast injuries, the development of criteria for the determination of distance from the site of explosion based on the severity of the injury, investigations into effectiveness of the protective barriers for the human body during explosions, and the creation of methods for testing means of individual body armoured protection. The provisions of a program for current and prospective forensic medical investigations into blast injuries have been formulated.

[Mechanisms of damage of internal ear capsules labyrinths at head injury, caused by non-lethal kinetic weapon].

Structural, physical, chemical and micromechanical properties capsules labyrinths of an internal ear are studied at influence of the shock wave caused by wound of a head by not lethal kinetic weapon. It is established, that under the influence of a shock wave in bone plates capsules labyrinths processes remodeling, and accompanied osteolysis amplify. Hydroxyapatites capsules labyrinths tests polymorphic phase transitions and depending on an initial condition is exposed amorphizationor increases the crystallinity. As a result of change of micromechanical properties in capsules labyrinths there are cracks, ruptures matrix and bone cavities.

[The contribution of N.I. Pirogov to the development of forensic medicine (on the occasion of his 200th birthday anniversary)].

The main facets of professor N.I. Pirogov's professional activity are outlined. Forensic medicine (in the first place its organizational and practical aspects) was an integral component of his scientific and clinical work, along with applied anatomy and surgery. Landmark publications of N.I. Pirogov are listed with special reference to those concerned with forensic medical expertise of medical malpractice cases, postmortem inspection and intravital examination procedures, wound ballistics studies, the atlas of forensic pathology, etc. The surgeon and anatomist N.I. Pirogov can be justly regarded as a founder of forensic medicine in this country.

[New data on morphogenesis of gunshot bone injuries].

Studies with the use of atomic-force and scanning electron microscopy yielded new data that extend our knowledge of the complicated process underlying bone tissue degeneration as a result of its interaction with a high-speed injurious projectile. These data open up good prospects for the study of gunshot wounds and provide novel opportunities for forensic medical examination and diagnostics including confirmation of gunshot origin of the injury, elucidation of the properties (in the first place, energetic characteristics) of the injurious projectile, and determination of the wound size.

[Ways of optimization of air-medical evacuation of wounded and ill patients during the armed conflict].

The article is devoted to the experience of airmedical evacuation struck during operations in territory of the Chechen Republic of 1999-2002. We consider, that optimal medical-evacuation system in local wars, local fight actions and battles consists only two stages, then victim after first physician aid is evacuated to specialized medical unit. Own experience of preflight preparation and support is generalized and analysed at carrying out of airmedical evacuation of 928 critically wounded patients and the struck on tactical, operative and strategic levels during a confrontation in territory of the Chechen Republic (1999-2002).

[The blast injury as a result of underwater explosion].

Experiments on pigs were made for determination of safe distance to blast center for a diver using the isolating breathing apparatus IDA-71U and aqualung AVM-5. The animals were placed at the distance 12, 9, 7 and 5 m from the blast center. After the explosion, basic physiological parameters and severity of traumas were monitored. Differences in morphological characteristics of the damage done on the earth and under water were identified. Safe distance was 12 m.

[Use of electrical impulses for selective isolation of actinomycetes f rom soil]. / Ispol'zovanie élektricheskikh impul'sov dlia selektivnogo vydeleniia aktinomitsetov iz pochv.

A new method was elaborated for the selective isolation of actinomycetes from soil, which involves the pretreatment of soil samples with electric pulses. The treatment of soil with 3-ms electric pulses at a field intensity of 12 kV/cm2 resulted in a significant (threefold on average) increase in the proportion of representatives of rare actinomycetes isolated. This treatment regime was found to be most efficient for the selective isolation of representatives of the genera Actinoplanes, Micromonospora, Actinomadura, and Microtetraspora. The proportion of representatives of the genera Streptosporangium and Saccharotrix also increased. The treatment of soil samples with 3-ms electric pulses at a field intensity of 16 kV/cm resulted in highly selective isolation of representatives of the genus Nocardioides.

[Electrical response of inner membrane structures of corynebacteria during electrotransformation]. / Elektricheskii otvet vnutrennikh membrannykh struktur kletok korinebakterii pri élektrotransformatsii.

The efficiency of the electrotransformation of intact cells of corynebacteria by a solitary impulse with a complex shape amounted to 10(6) transformants/microgram of plasmid pNV1 DNA at an electric field strength of 14.2 kW/cm; the voltage-current curve of the cell samples was nonlinear. Under these conditions, the structure of the electric current impulse passing intact cells or protoplasts included oscillations characterized by increasing amplitude and a duration of 170 microseconds, which were not detected in the structure of the electric current impulses at field strengths insufficient for obtaining transformants. These changes in the impulse shape suggest the involvement of internal closed membrane structures in the electrical response of cells to the exogenous electric impulse. Most probably, under conditions of electrical treatment optimal for transformation, electropores are formed in the intracellular membranes of corynebacteria.

[The features of the traumatogenesis and the ballistic characteristics of peacetime gunshot injuries]. / Osobennosti travmatogeneza i ballisticheskoi kharakteristiki ognestrel'nykh ranenii mirnogo vremeni.

Features of traumatogenesis and wound ballistics of civilian gunshot wounds are studied on the basis of the International Humanitarian Law and basic principles of wound ballistics. Data of 130 lethal cases and 260 wounded are presented. Types of the weapons used were taken into account. A detailed analysis of gunshot wounds inflicted by TT and PM handguns was made. The main components of traumatogenesis of civilian gunshot wounds were established.

[Wounds from modern small arms and international humanitarian law]. / Raneniia sovremennym strelkovym oruzhiem i mezhdunarodnoe gumanitarnoe pravo.

The article cites the concept, basic standards and principles of international humane law concerning the banning or restriction of some types of conventional weapons. The authors describe international methods for appreciation of destructive effects of wounding missiles. On the basis of literature and their own experiments the authors make a conclusion that actually it would be impossible to formulate a straight definition between "human" and "inhumane" bullets, as well as to establish a criterion which could determine the admissible or inadmissible limits for gunshot injuries.

[Isolation of plasmid DNA from Bifidobacterium]. / Vydelenie plazmidnoi DNK iz bifidobakterii.

Conditions for accumulation of the biomass and a procedure for isolation of plasmid DNA from bifidobacteria in microquantities were developed. It was shown that all the strains tested had 1 to 3 plasmids of different molecular weights electrophoretically detected. Relation between the detected plasmid DNA and bifidobacteria resistance to tetracycline and fusidin as well as utilization of some carbohydrates is discussed.

[Transfer of various markers in Lactobacilli during transformation of plasmid DNA and joint cultivation]. / Perenos razlichnykh markerov u laktobatsill pri transformatsii plasmidnoi DNK i pri ikh sovmestnom kul'tivirovanii.

A system providing a high frequency genetic transfer of various markers making the reference strain Lactobacillus buchneri 1837 resistant to Lm, Em and Fus, able to ferment some carbohydrates and antagonistic against Pseudomonas diminuta CCM 2657 was developed. The frequency of the marker transfer during the lactobacilli joint cultivation was 1.5 X 10(-5) = 5.5 X 10(-5) to 1.5 X 10(-4) = 5.5 X 10(-4) which was 3-4 orders of magnitude higher than the marker transfer frequency during transformation of L. buchneri NRRLB 1837 with plasmid DNA of different lactobacilli. The recombinants and transformants resulting from the joint cultivation of lactobacilli contained a plasmid about 60 kb in length which provided cells of L. buchneri NRRLB 1837 with resistance to fusidin, antagonistic activity against Pseudomonas diminuta and capacity for utilizing sucrose and sorbite. It was shown possible to integrate the plasmid DNA about 26.5 kb in length contained in the cells of L. casei MT 205 to the chromosomes of erythromycin resistant transformants. The results of the investigation of the biological properties of the recombinants and transformants and their plasmid profiles were confirmed with the Southern DNA-DNA hybridization.