RESUMO
Since the beginning of the 21st century, a new discipline, microbiome science, has emerged as a key part of microbiology and related biomedical and ecological sciences. Microbiome science uses highly advanced molecular genetic and bioinformatic methods to study complex microbial communities. Unlike isolated microbes, microbial communities shaped by the environment, referred to as microbial consortia or microbiomes, follow their own laws that allow for significant functional specialization. The synthesis of multimethodology and multidisciplinary data enables microbiome science to move towards a holistic picture of the microbiome in an exceptionally effective way, but on the other hand, it burdens the field with terminological ambiguity of the key terms, which consequently need to be clearly codified in accordance with the international trends in the use of technical nomenclature. To this end, we present in our article the official position of the Czech Microbiome Society of the J. E. Purkyne Czech Medical Society on the use of appropriate Czech terms in both professional and general communication.
Assuntos
Microbiota , Humanos , Microbiota/genéticaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: prevention of repeated infections and allergies in children of allergic mothers by oral colonization with probiotic E. coli strain.The development of some immunologic parameters. Long - term studies. DESIGN: Original contribution SETTING: Mother and Child Care Institute of Prague. METHODS AND RESULTS: The results of our long-term studies confirmed that orally administered probiotic E. coli strain after birth rapidly colonized the gastrontestinal tract of the newborn and remained dominant for many weeks. The long-term presence of the strain in the intestine stimulated local and serum antibody response. Early induction of secretory IgA production is important particularly in formula-fed infants. The long-term presence of the E. coli strain in the intestine decreased the numer of pathogens colonizing intestinal and other mucous membranes , the frequency of infections and reduced need for antibiotics in premature and high-risk infants. Ten years later, there was still a lower frequency of repeated infections (23%) in comparison with control children (58%). Colonization with probiotic E. coli strain in infants treated in protected (pathogen-free) environment represented effective prevention of nosocomial infections In the colonized group infections occured in 16% of infants and 130 isolates and 7 genera of pathogens were demonstrated. In the group treated in conventional environment 40% of infants had nosocomial infections, 238 isolates and 10 genera of pathogens were proved. The hospitalization period was shorter in the first group (26 versus 34 days). Intentional colonization with probiotic E. coli after birth reduced incidence of allergies after 10 and 20 years (being 12% and 16% in the colonized groups and 33 and 32% in controls). In the present long - term study (evaluated after the first year) colonization with vaccine COLINFANT after birth influenced the levels of some cytokines ( IL-4, IFN-gama,TGF-beta) and also clinical manifestation of allergy (there were no signs of allergy in colonized infants of allergic mothers, but 25% of infants of control allergic mothers had clinical manifestations of allergies). CONCLUSIONS: By replacement of the natural but incidental ( event. pathogenic ) colonization of the intestine by a targeted orally administered E. coli strain after birth we may have come upon the possibility of how to prevent nosomial infections particularly in formula-fed and high-risk infants and prevent occurence of allergies in infants of allergic mothers.
Assuntos
Infecções Bacterianas/prevenção & controle , Citocinas/sangue , Escherichia coli , Hipersensibilidade/prevenção & controle , Probióticos/administração & dosagem , Administração Oral , Infecção Hospitalar/prevenção & controle , Escherichia coli/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Seguimentos , Trato Gastrointestinal/microbiologia , Humanos , Imunoglobulina A Secretora/análise , Recém-NascidoRESUMO
This paper describes a severely affected male infant with serious protracted diarrhoea caused by a rare autoimmune enteropathy. The disease began at 6 weeks of age of the child and it was associated with small bowel villous atrophy and the presence of circulating antienterocyte antibodies. The child was treated with steroids and with parenteral and special enteral nutrition. The patient showed clinical improvement as documented by decreased stool output and possibility to terminate the parenteral nutrition. The small biopsy samples showed a return to normal. Antienterocyte antibodies were negative after the treatment. The patient has been followed up for at least 18 months and was in a clinical remission. We recommend that autoantibodies tests should be performed in all infants with unexplained protracted diarrhoea. The use of potent immunosuppressive drugs and the increasing experience with parenteral and enteral nutrition can improve the perspective of these previously fatal disorders.
Assuntos
Doenças Autoimunes/diagnóstico , Enteropatias/diagnóstico , Autoanticorpos/análise , Doenças Autoimunes/complicações , Doenças Autoimunes/patologia , Diarreia Infantil/etiologia , Humanos , Imunoglobulinas/análise , Lactente , Enteropatias/complicações , Enteropatias/patologia , Intestino Delgado/patologia , MasculinoRESUMO
Transfer of CD4+ T cells to immune-deficient mice in the absence of the CD25+ subset leads to the development of colitis, indicating that regulatory cells capable of controlling a bacteria-driven inflammatory response are present in normal mice. Cells with this function are present in the thymus as well as in the periphery of germ-free mice, suggesting they may be reactive with self-antigen. These cells resemble CD4+CD25+ cells that inhibit organ-specific autoimmunity, suggesting that a similar subset of regulatory T cells may control responses to self and foreign antigens. Development of colitis is dependent on accumulation of activated CD134L+ dendritic cells (DC) in the mesenteric lymph nodes, which is inhibited by CD4+CD25+ cells, indicating that regulatory T cells may control DC activation in vivo. Whilst inhibition of T-cell activation in vitro by CD4+CD25+ cells does not involve interleukin-10 and transforming growth factor-beta, these cytokines are required for the suppression of colitis. It may be that control of responses that activate the innate immune system requires multiple mechanisms of immune suppression. Recently, we identified CD4+CD25+ cells with immune suppressive activity in the thymus and peripheral blood of humans, raising the possibility that dysfunction in this mechanism of immune regulation may be involved in the development of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases.
Assuntos
Antígenos CD , Colite/imunologia , Colite/patologia , Doenças Inflamatórias Intestinais/imunologia , Doenças Inflamatórias Intestinais/patologia , Subpopulações de Linfócitos T/imunologia , ADP-Ribosil Ciclase , ADP-Ribosil Ciclase 1 , Animais , Antígenos de Diferenciação/imunologia , Bactérias/patogenicidade , Células Dendríticas/imunologia , Humanos , Interleucina-10/imunologia , Antígenos Comuns de Leucócito/imunologia , Glicoproteínas de Membrana , NAD+ Nucleosidase/imunologia , Receptores de Interleucina-2/imunologia , Timo/citologia , Timo/imunologia , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta/imunologiaRESUMO
Early onset periodontitis (EOP) is a chronic inflammatory periodontal disease with a strong genetic link affecting individuals aged 17 to 25. In the familial studies we tested the hypothesis about the role of Th1 and Th2 cytokines in the pathogenesis of EOP disease. The study involved 6 individuals with EOP disease and their 6 siblings with healthy periodontium. Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (A. a), a bacterium typical for EOP, was detected in all people studied. Th1 and Th2 cytokine production was measured after in vitro stimulation. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were isolated and cultivated for 24 h and 7 days with PWM, A. a. or Escherichia coli. The levels of IL-4, IFN-gamma, IgA, IgG and IgM were measured by ELISA methods. After in vitro stimulation of PBMC, a significantly higher production of IL-4 and significantly lower production of IFN-gamma were found in the group of patients compared with their healthy siblings. The increased level of IL-4 in patients was in good agreement with an increased level of IgM after stimulation of lymphocytes with E. coli. These results support Seymour's hypothesis according to which patients with progressive disease primarily activate Th2 lymphocytes while non-susceptible individuals activate Th1 lymphocytes.
Assuntos
Periodontite Agressiva/imunologia , Interferon gama/biossíntese , Interleucina-4/biossíntese , Células Th1/imunologia , Células Th2/imunologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idade de Início , Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans/imunologia , Células Cultivadas , Escherichia coli/imunologia , Humanos , Imunoglobulina A/metabolismo , Imunoglobulina G/metabolismo , Imunoglobulina M/metabolismo , Leucócitos Mononucleares/citologia , Leucócitos Mononucleares/imunologia , Núcleo FamiliarRESUMO
After oral administration of live oral vaccines COLINFANT and MUTAFLOR prepared from non-enteropathogenic E. coli strains, both strains colonized effectively the intestine in full-term and preterm infants and remained for many weeks showing, that they were capable to establish themselves as a resident strain in the infant's gut. The presence of E. coli stimulated significantly antibody production in gut, saliva and serum of colonized infants. An early induction of secretory IgA production is important particularly in formula-fed infants, where it partly replaces the lacking immunoglobulin supplied with mother milk. In full-term and premature infants the early presence of non-pathogenic E. coli strains in the intestine decreased significantly the presence of pathogenic bacterial strains in the intestine but also other mucosal surfaces of the body. The COLINFANT strain decreased the number of nosocomial infections, mortality rate in connection with infection, and the need for antibiotics. Both strains replaced successfully pathogenic strains in carriers after treatment with antibiotics.
Assuntos
Infecção Hospitalar/prevenção & controle , Infecções por Escherichia coli/prevenção & controle , Escherichia coli/imunologia , Doenças do Prematuro/prevenção & controle , Probióticos , Administração Oral , Anticorpos Antibacterianos/biossíntese , Vacinas Bacterianas/administração & dosagem , Infecção Hospitalar/imunologia , Escherichia coli/classificação , Escherichia coli/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Infecções por Escherichia coli/imunologia , Humanos , Imunoglobulina A Secretora/biossíntese , Imunoglobulina M/biossíntese , Recém-Nascido , Doenças do Prematuro/imunologia , Intestinos/microbiologia , Probióticos/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
Comparison was made of the binding of 38 test and three standard monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to B cells from various pig lymphoid tissues by flow cytometry (FCM) and immunohistochemistry. Some mAbs were also tested on B cells from foetal pig tissues. Twenty of the new mAbs bound, though to variable degrees, to porcine B cells but only three were given cluster assignations: C35 (#147) and BB6-11C9 (#167) were assigned to wCD21 and 2F6/8 (#057) was assigned to SWC7.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Monoclonais/metabolismo , Subpopulações de Linfócitos B/imunologia , Suínos/imunologia , Animais , Reações Antígeno-Anticorpo , Antígenos CD/imunologia , Sítios de Ligação de Anticorpos , Sangue Fetal/citologia , Sangue Fetal/imunologia , Feto , Citometria de Fluxo/normas , Citometria de Fluxo/veterinária , Imunoglobulinas/metabolismo , Nódulos Linfáticos Agregados/imunologia , Nódulos Linfáticos Agregados/metabolismo , Padrões de Referência , Baço/citologia , Baço/imunologiaRESUMO
The origin of immune cells and their products have been studied in the prenatal period in miniature pigs. Macrophages were first detected on day 25, and myelocytes and lymphoid cells by day 28. Membrane antigens SLA-DR and CD45 were found by day 22, membrane molecules MG-7, 8/1, CD1, CD2 and 74-22 by day 28, Gamma/delta T cells were found initially in extrathymic sites (in the liver). The first gamma/delta T cells were detected as early as 40 days of gestation. The expression of fibronectin, Thy-1 and its message, Ig isotypes and the first induction of IFN alpha were described.
Assuntos
Desenvolvimento Embrionário e Fetal/imunologia , Sistema Imunitário/citologia , Sistema Imunitário/imunologia , Animais , Diferenciação Celular/imunologia , Granulócitos/imunologia , Linfócitos/imunologia , Macrófagos/imunologia , SuínosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: There is a need for serologic markers in selecting patients with symptoms compatible with coeliac disease for intestinal biopsy and for population screening. Few comparative studies have been done. METHODS: Sera from 55 patients with coeliac disease and 65 referents, aged between 8 months and 79 years, were investigated. Anti-gliadin, anti-reticulin, anti-endomysium, and anti-jejunal antibodies were measured. The sensitivities, specificities, and positive predictive values for different disease prevalence levels were calculated. Confidence intervals, rarely used in this type of study, were calculated. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: In most tests the antibody levels were age-correlated. The highest sensitivities in combination with high specificities were found for IgA anti-gliadin antibodies in children less than 5 years of age and IgA anti-endomysium antibodies in older children and adults. These tests were most useful for testing a population with a high disease prevalence, such as patients with gastrointestinal symptoms, although the results for many tests had overlapping confidence intervals. For screening unselected populations with a low disease prevalence, in which a test with maximum specificity is desired, only anti-endomysium antibodies had sufficiently high predictive value to be of practical use.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Anti-Idiotípicos/sangue , Doença Celíaca/epidemiologia , Doença Celíaca/imunologia , Gliadina/imunologia , Imunoglobulina A/imunologia , Reticulina/imunologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Biomarcadores/sangue , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Doença Celíaca/sangue , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Programas de Rastreamento , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prevalência , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Estudos SoroepidemiológicosRESUMO
Association of different psychological and neurological disturbances with gluten intake in coeliac patients was repeatedly described. In the present study gluten-induced enteropathy was elicited in rats by prolonged intragastric administration of gliadin from birth to 10 weeks. Various neurological (contact and visual placing reactions, equilibrium on horizontal bar) and behavioral tests (open field and Morris water maze task) were used to assess the possible deficits. No substantial differences were found in the behavior of rats fed with gliadin compared with those fed with bovine serum albumin (control group). The only difference found between control and experimental rats was that gliadin-fed rats showed slightly higher emotionality in the open field test. It is concluded that prolonged application of gliadin to young rats at enteropathy-inducing dosages does not modify their behavior.
Assuntos
Comportamento Animal/efeitos dos fármacos , Doença Celíaca/induzido quimicamente , Gliadina/efeitos adversos , Gliadina/farmacologia , Animais , Feminino , Gliadina/farmacocinética , Jejuno/efeitos dos fármacos , Jejuno/metabolismo , Masculino , Ratos , Soroalbumina Bovina/farmacocinética , Soroalbumina Bovina/farmacologiaAssuntos
Periodontite Agressiva/imunologia , Anticorpos/metabolismo , Líquido do Sulco Gengival/imunologia , Interleucina-6/metabolismo , Adolescente , Adulto , Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans/imunologia , Anticorpos Antibacterianos/metabolismo , Autoanticorpos/metabolismo , Colágeno/imunologia , Humanos , Imunidade nas Mucosas , Imunoglobulina A/metabolismo , Imunoglobulina G/metabolismo , Proteoglicanas/imunologiaAssuntos
Doença Celíaca/patologia , Duodeno/patologia , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Biomarcadores , Biópsia , Doença Celíaca/enzimologia , Doença Celíaca/imunologia , Duodeno/enzimologia , Duodeno/imunologia , Gliadina/administração & dosagem , Gliadina/genética , Gliadina/imunologia , Glutens/administração & dosagem , Glutens/imunologia , Humanos , Imunidade nas Mucosas , Mucosa Intestinal/enzimologia , Mucosa Intestinal/imunologia , Mucosa Intestinal/patologia , Metaloendopeptidases/metabolismo , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Fragmentos de Peptídeos/administração & dosagem , Fragmentos de Peptídeos/genética , Fragmentos de Peptídeos/imunologiaAssuntos
Gliadina/imunologia , Fragmentos de Peptídeos/imunologia , Testes de Aglutinação , Animais , Metabolismo dos Carboidratos , Carboidratos/farmacologia , Doença Celíaca/etiologia , Linhagem Celular , Membrana Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Membrana Celular/metabolismo , Gliadina/farmacologia , Humanos , Imunidade nas Mucosas , Mucosa Intestinal/imunologia , Camundongos , Fragmentos de Peptídeos/síntese química , Fragmentos de Peptídeos/farmacologia , RatosAssuntos
Anticorpos Antibacterianos/biossíntese , Vacinas Bacterianas/administração & dosagem , Infecção Hospitalar/prevenção & controle , Infecções por Escherichia coli/prevenção & controle , Escherichia coli/imunologia , Administração Oral , Anticorpos Antibacterianos/sangue , Vacinas Bacterianas/uso terapêutico , Infecção Hospitalar/terapia , Diarreia/prevenção & controle , Diarreia/terapia , Infecções por Escherichia coli/terapia , Fezes/química , Feminino , Humanos , Imunoglobulina A/biossíntese , Imunoglobulina G/biossíntese , Imunoglobulina G/sangue , Imunoglobulina M/biossíntese , Imunoglobulina M/sangue , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Recém-Nascido Prematuro , Leite Humano/imunologia , Gravidez , Vacinas Atenuadas/administração & dosagem , Vacinas Atenuadas/uso terapêutico , Vacinas de Produtos Inativados/administração & dosagem , Vacinas de Produtos Inativados/uso terapêuticoAssuntos
Adjuvantes Imunológicos/farmacologia , Vida Livre de Germes/imunologia , Mucosa Intestinal/imunologia , Linfócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Mitógenos/farmacologia , Nocardia/química , Baço/imunologia , Adaptação Fisiológica , Animais , Concanavalina A/farmacologia , Indução Enzimática , Glucana 1,4-alfa-Glucosidase/análise , Antígenos de Histocompatibilidade Classe II/análise , Mucosa Intestinal/citologia , Mucosa Intestinal/efeitos dos fármacos , Jejuno/enzimologia , Jejuno/imunologia , Jejuno/microbiologia , Jejuno/ultraestrutura , Lactase , Ativação Linfocitária/efeitos dos fármacos , Masculino , Microvilosidades/enzimologia , Microvilosidades/microbiologia , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Baço/citologia , Baço/efeitos dos fármacos , Sacarase/análise , beta-Galactosidase/análiseAssuntos
Adjuvantes Imunológicos/farmacologia , Vida Livre de Germes/imunologia , Síndromes de Imunodeficiência/tratamento farmacológico , Mucosa Intestinal/efeitos da radiação , Mitógenos/farmacologia , Nocardia/química , Lesões Experimentais por Radiação/imunologia , Porco Miniatura/imunologia , Adjuvantes Imunológicos/uso terapêutico , Animais , Feminino , Íleo/imunologia , Íleo/lesões , Íleo/efeitos da radiação , Imunoglobulinas/análise , Síndromes de Imunodeficiência/etiologia , Mucosa Intestinal/imunologia , Mucosa Intestinal/lesões , Masculino , Mitógenos/uso terapêutico , Compostos Orgânicos , Baço/imunologia , Baço/efeitos da radiação , Suínos , Irradiação Corporal Total/efeitos adversosRESUMO
Association of different psychological and neurological disturbances with gluten intake in coeliac patients was repeatedly described. In the present study gluten-induced enteropathy was elicited in rats by prolonged intragastric administration of gliadin from birth to 10 weeks. Various neurological (contact and visual placing reactions, equilibrium on horizontal bar) and behavioral tests (open field and Morris water maze task) were used to assess the possible deficits. No substantial differences were found in the behavior of rats fed with gliadin compared with those fed with bovine serum albumin (control group). The only difference found between control and experimental rats was that gliadin-fed rats showed slightly higher emotionality in the open field test. It is concluded that prolonged application of gliadin to young rats at enteropathy-inducing dosages does not modify their behavior
Assuntos
Animais , Comportamento , Doença Celíaca , Gliadina , Ratos , Modelos Animais de DoençasRESUMO
Nocardia delipidated cell mitogen (NDCM) was given intragastrically (200 micrograms/animal) to 2-month-old germ-free (GF) and conventionally (CV) reared AVN rats. On day 4, enzymatic activities of enterocyte brush border membrane vesicles (BBMV) isolated from jejunal scraping were measured. The results indicated that activities of sucrase, lactase and glucoamylase in BBMV were stimulated following NDCM treatment. The most pronounced increase of enzymatic activities was found in GF rats. In contrast to CV rats, GF rats do not express MHC class II on epithelial cells during their life. NDCM treatment induced MHC class II expression in enterocytes from GF rats. The levels of IgA and IgG in sera from NDCM-treated CV rats did not change significantly. The level of IgG in sera of GF rats was found to be enhanced after NDCM treatment. Markedly increased incorporation of 3H-thymidine by spleen lymphocytes stimulated with Con A in vitro was observed only in NDCM-treated GF rats. 3H-uridine incorporation into Con A-stimulated lymphocytes of GF rats was decreased after NDCM treatment.