Refractory thoracic endometriosis.

Thoracic endometriosis syndrome (TES) is a rare entity caused by thoracic implantation of endometrial tissue, manifesting as catamenial pneumothorax, pleural effusion and haemoptysis in young female individuals. Its management and long-term prevention of recurrences, can be challenging. We present the case of a young woman who presented with recurrent pneumothorax, haemopneumothorax and pleural effusion. The diagnosis of TES was confirmed based on cytological findings of pleural fluid. She underwent treatment with mechanical pleurodesis twice but continued to have recurrences. Hormonal treatment failed to produce a satisfactory resolution. She underwent chemical pleurodesis, which successfully induced remission of her TES. A review of the literature suggests that chemical pleurodesis produces better results compared with mechanical pleurodesis and that hormonal treatment with gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists is effective at preventing recurrences.

Pulmonary mucinous cystadenocarcinoma: an unusual presentation and literature review.

Cystic lung disease is a group of heterogeneous pulmonary diseases resulting from hereditary/congenital disorders, systemic disorders and infectious causes among others. Pulmonary mucinous cystic neoplasia is a spectrum of neoplastic cystic diseases with abundant mucin, of which pulmonary mucinous cystadenocarcinoma (PMC) is a rare malignant subtype. We present a case of a 66-year-old man who presented with dyspnoea, cough, fatigue and weight loss. Imaging of his chest showed numerous cavitary lesions, and the diagnosis of PMC was made based on lung biopsy. He received palliative chemotherapy and died 1 year later. We present a literature review of PMC based on 26 reported cases, including our own.