Photocatalyzed Cascade Hydrogen Atom Transfers for Assembly of Multi-substituted α-SCF3 and α-SCF2H Cyclopentanones.

A photocatalyzed formal (3+2) cycloaddition has been developed to construct original polysubstituted α-SCF3 cyclopentanones in a regio- and diastereoselective manner. This building block approach leverages trifluoromethylthio alkynes and branched / linear aldehydes, as readily available reaction partners, in consecutive hydrogen atom transfers and C-C bond formations. Difluoromethylthio alkynes are also compatible subtrates. Furthermore, the potential for telescoped reaction starting from alcohols instead of aldehydes was demonstrated, as well as process automatization and scale-up under continuous microflow conditions. This prompted density functional theory calculations to support a free radical-mediated cascade hydrogen atom transfer process.

Exchange-correlation effects in interatomic energies for pure density functionals and their application to the molecular energy prediction.

In this proof-of-concept paper, we show how exchange-correlation effects can be simply recovered for interatomic energies within the interacting quantum atoms decomposition when local, gradient generalized, or meta-gradient generalized approximations are used in density functional theory (DFT) calculations. We also demonstrate how inhomogeneity and non-local effects can be introduced even from a pure local scheme, without resorting to any orbital information. Finally, we provide numerical evidence on a database of selected energetic molecules that this decomposition scheme can be efficiently used to build accurate models for the prediction of molecular energies from an initial "cheap" DFT calculation.

Determining the Factors accounting for Reaction Selectivity A Relative Energy Gradient - Interacting Quantum Atoms and Natural Bonding Orbitals Study.

Identifying the main physicochemical properties accounting for the course of a reaction is of utmost importance to rationalize chemical syntheses. To this aim, the relative energy gradient (REG) method is an appealing approach because it is an unbiased and automatic process to extract the most relevant pieces of energy information. Initially formulated within the interacting quantum atoms (IQA) framework for a single reaction, here we extend the REG method to natural bond orbitals (NBO) analysis and to the case of two competitive processes. This development enables the determination of the driving forces of any chemical selectivity. We illustrate the extended REG method on the case study of ring opening in cyclobutenes, which is an important instance of the so-called torquoselectivity.

Expanding horizons in conceptual density functional theory: Novel ensembles and descriptors to decipher reactivity patterns.

Conceptual density functional theory (CDFT) and the quantum reactivity descriptors stemming from it have proven to be valuable tools for understanding the chemical behavior of molecules. This article is presented as being intrinsically of dual character. In a first part, it briefly reviews, in a deliberately didactical way, the main ensembles in CDFT, while the second half presents two additional ensembles, where the chemical hardness acts as a natural variable, and their respective reactivity descriptors. The evaluation of these reactivity descriptors on common organic chemical reagents are presented and discussed.

Aza-Michael Addition in Explicit Solvent: A Relative Energy Gradient-Interacting Quantum Atoms Study.

Aza-Michael additions are key reactions in organic synthesis. We investigate, from a theoretical and computational point of view, several examples ranging from weak to strong electrophiles in dimethylsulfoxide treated as explicit solvent. We use the REG-IQA method, which is a quantum topological energy decomposition (Interacting Quantum Atoms, IQA) coupled to a chemical-interpretation calculator (Relative Energy Gradient, REG). We focus on the rate-limiting addition step in order to unravel the different events taking place in this step, and understand the influence of solvent on the reaction, with an eye on predicting the Mayr electrophilicity. For the first time, a link is established between an REG-IQA analysis and experimental values.

Structure-Properties Relationships Involved in the Embrittlement of Epoxies.

This paper illustrates a study of the thermal oxidation of several epoxy amine networks. Oxidation was followed at the molecular scale using Fourier Transform InfraRed spectroscopy (FTIR) and at the macromolecular scale using tensile tests. FTIR showed the major formation of amides, while tensile tests showed the progressive increase in the elastic modulus (~0.5 GPa for room temperature Young modulus) and decrease in ultimate strain and volumic energy for failure (assessed using the integrals of stress-strain curves). Both ultimate strain and volumic energy were divided by more than two. Linear correlations between oxidation trackers (amide concentration) and changes in mechanical parameters are presented and discussed.

Metalloenzyme-Mediated Thiol-Yne Addition Towards Photoisomerizable Fluorescent Dyes.

Proteins are able to irreversibly assemble biologically active ligands from building blocks bearing complementary reactive functions due their spatial proximity, through a kinetic target-guided synthetic process (also named in situ click chemistry). Although linkages thus formed are mostly passive, some of them have shown to significantly contribute to the protein binding through for instance hydrogen bonding and stacking interactions. Biocompatible reactions and click chemistry are a formidable source of inspiration for developing such new protein-directed ligations. This study reports a proximity-induced thiol-yne synthesis of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Not only this example widens the arsenal of kinetic target-guided synthesis (KTGS) eligible reactions, but the obtained product displayed unsuspected photophysical properties. The corresponding vinyl sulfide linkage conjugated to a coumarin core proved to be engaged in a monodirectional Z to E photoisomerization process. Further investigations guided by theoretical calculations showed that fine-tuning of the nature of the substituents on the coumarin moiety allows to obtain a bidirectional photochemical process, thus discovering a new photoswitching moiety, displaying moreover fluorescence properties. Due to the spectral tunability of coumarin derivatives, this work should open new opportunities for the design of vinyl sulfide-based photoswitch systems with modular photophysical properties.

Ru(II)-Catalyzed Hydroarylation of in†situ Generated 3,3,3-Trifluoro-1-propyne by C-H Bond Activation: A Facile and Practical Access to ß-Trifluoromethylstyrenes.

In this study, a practical and straightforward synthesis of ß-(E)-trifluoromethylstyrenes by ruthenium-catalyzed C-H bond activation was developed. The readily available and inexpensive 2-bromo-3,3,3-trifluoropropene (BTP), a non-ozone depleting reagent, was used as a reservoir of 3,3,3-trifluoropropyne. With this approach, the monofunctionalization of a panel of heteroarenes was possible in a safe and scalable manner (23 examples, up to 87 % yield). Mechanistic investigations and density functional theory (DFT) calculations were also conducted to get a better understanding of the mechanism of this transformation. These studies suggested that 1) a cyclometallated ruthenium complex enabled the transformation, 2) this complex exhibited high efficiency in this transformation compared to the commercially available [RuCl2 (p-cymene)]2 and 3) the mechanism proceeded through a bis-cyclometallated ruthenium intermediate for the carboruthenation step.

Lennard-Jones interaction parameters of Mo and W in He and N2 from collision cross-sections of Lindqvist and Keggin polyoxometalate anions.

Drift tube ion mobility spectrometry (DTIMS) coupled with mass spectrometry was used to determine the collision cross-sections (DTCCS) of polyoxometalate anions in helium and nitrogen. As the geometry of the ion, more than its mass, determines the collision cross-section with a given drift gas molecule, we found that both Lindqvist ions Mo6O192- and W6O192- had a DTCCSHe value of 103 ± 2 Å2, and both Keggin ions PMo12O403- and PW12O403- had a DTCCSHe value of 170 ± 2 Å2. Similarly, ion mobility experiments in N2 led to DTCCSN2 values of 223 ± 2 Å2 and 339 ± 4 Å2 for Lindqvist and Keggin anions, respectively. Using optimized structures and partial charges determined from density functional theory calculations, followed by CCS calculations via the trajectory method, we determined Lennard-Jones 6-12 potential parameters ε, σ of 5.60 meV, 3.50 Å and 3.75 meV, 4.40 Å for both Mo and W atoms interacting with He and N2, respectively. These parameters reproduced the CCS of polyoxometalates within 2% accuracy.

Electronic Energy and Local Property Errors at QTAIM Critical Points while Climbing Perdew's Ladder of Density-Functional Approximations.

We investigate the relationships between electron-density and electronic-energy errors produced by modern exchange-correlation density-functional approximations belonging to all of the rungs of Perdew's ladder. To this aim, a panel of relevant (semi)local properties evaluated at critical points of the electron-density field (as defined within the framework of Bader's atoms-in-molecules theory) are computed on a large selection of molecular systems involved in thermodynamic, kinetic, and noncovalent interaction chemical databases using density functionals developed in a nonempirical and minimally and highly parametrized fashion. The comparison of their density- and energy-based performance, also discussed in terms of density-driven errors, casts light on the strengths and weaknesses of the most recent and efficient density-functional approximations.

Polarisation of Electron Density and Electronic Effects: Revisiting the Carbon-Halogen Bonds.

Electronic effects (inductive and mesomeric) are of fundamental importance to understand the reactivity and selectivity of a molecule. In this article, polarisation temperature is used as a principal index to describe how electronic effects propagate in halogeno-alkanes and halogeno-alkenes. It is found that as chain length increases, polarisation temperature decreases. As expected, polarisation is much larger for alkenes than for alkanes. Finally, the polarisation mode of the carbon-fluorine bond is found to be quite different and might explain the unusual reactivity of fluoride compounds.

A statistical thermodynamics view of electron density polarisation: application to chemical selectivity.

A fundamental link between conceptual density functional theory and statistical thermodynamics is herein drawn, showing that intermolecular electrostatic interactions can be understood in terms of effective work and heat exchange. From a more detailed analysis of the heat exchange in a perturbation theory framework, an associated entropy can be subsequently derived, which appears to be a suitable descriptor for the local polarisability of the electron density. A general rule of thumb is evidenced: the more the perturbation can be spread, both through space and among the excited states, the larger the heat exchange and entropy.

Electrophilicity Indices and Halogen Bonds: Some New Alternatives to the Molecular Electrostatic Potential.

We assess the ability of various atomic and molecular electrophilicity descriptors to predict the strength of halogen bonds. To this aim, several physicochemical quantities rooted within the framework of conceptual density functional theory were derived using second and third order Taylor expansions of the electronic energy, and their correlation to binding energies were compared with those obtained for more usual electronic descriptors. This benchmark was performed for a large and representative database of noncovalent complexes involving fluorine, chlorine, and bromine atoms, and showed that some of these new quantities, in particular the atomic cubic electrophilicity index, exhibited more transferability and broadness of application than did more common descriptors such as the molecular electrostatic potential.

Characterization of ß-turns by electronic circular dichroism spectroscopy: a coupled molecular dynamics and time-dependent density functional theory computational study.

Electronic circular dichroism is one of the most used spectroscopic techniques for peptide and protein structural characterization. However, while valuable experimental spectra exist for α-helix, ß-sheet and random coil secondary structures, previous studies showed important discrepancies for ß-turns, limiting their use as a reference for structural studies. In this paper, we simulated circular dichroism spectra for the best-characterized ß-turns in peptides, namely types I, II, I' and II'. In particular, by combining classical molecular dynamics simulations and state-of-the-art quantum time-dependent density functional theory (with the polarizable embedding multiscale model) computations, two common electronic circular dichroism patterns were found for couples of ß-turn types (namely, type I/type II' and type II/type I'), at first for a minimal di-peptide model (Ace-Ala-Ala-NHMe), but also for all sequences tested with non-aromatic residues in the central positions. On the other hand, as expected, aromatic substitution causes important perturbations to the previously found ECD patterns. Finally, by applying suitable approximations, these patterns were subsequently rationalized based on the exciton chirality rule. All these results provide useful predictions and pave the way for a possible experimental characterization of ß-turns based on circular dichroism spectroscopy.

Rational design of novel fluorescent analogues of cholesterol: a "step-by-step" computational study.

In this paper we show a theoretical rational design approach on a series of intrinsically fluorescent analogues of cholesterol (FLACs), called polyene-sterols (P-sterols), followed by a step-by-step selection of potential candidates, employing, sequentially, state-of-the-art quantum mechanical (QM) computations of the optical properties (single- and multiphoton absorption electronic spectroscopies and emission), molecular dynamics (MD) simulations in model membranes, and multiscale approaches (polarizable embedding). This selection converged to a promising candidate that shows simultaneously interesting single- and multiphoton absorption properties as well as emitting properties and good abilities to mimic cholesterol order effects in model membranes.

Nine questions on energy decomposition analysis.

The paper collects the answers of the authors to the following questions: Is the lack of precision in the definition of many chemical concepts one of the reasons for the coexistence of many partition schemes? Does the adoption of a given partition scheme imply a set of more precise definitions of the underlying chemical concepts? How can one use the results of a partition scheme to improve the clarity of definitions of concepts? Are partition schemes subject to scientific Darwinism? If so, what is the influence of a community's sociological pressure in the "natural selection" process? To what extent does/can/should investigated systems influence the choice of a particular partition scheme? Do we need more focused chemical validation of Energy Decomposition Analysis (EDA) methodology and descriptors/terms in general? Is there any interest in developing common benchmarks and test sets for cross-validation of methods? Is it possible to contemplate a unified partition scheme (let us call it the "standard model" of partitioning), that is proper for all applications in chemistry, in the foreseeable future or even in principle? In the end, science is about experiments and the real world. Can one, therefore, use any experiment or experimental data be used to favor one partition scheme over another? © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Can molecular and atomic descriptors predict the electrophilicity of Michael acceptors?

In this paper, we assess the ability of various intrinsic molecular and atomic descriptors, grounded in the conceptual density functional theory and the quantum theory of atoms-in-molecules frameworks, to predict the electrophilicity of Michael acceptors, which are fundamental organic reagents involved in the formation of carbon-carbon bonds. To this aim, linear and multilinear regressions between these theoretical properties and the experimental values gathered in Mayr-Patz' scale were performed. The relevance of quantum chemical descriptors are then discussed.

Decomposition of Møller-Plesset Energies within the Quantum Theory of Atoms-in-Molecules.

We discuss two main approaches to decompose the Møller-Plesset perturbation theory molecular energies into atomic contributions within the interacting quantum atoms (IQA) formalism, as implemented in the programs Morphy and AIMAll. For this purpose, the so-called intraatomic energies (also known as self-energies) of a representative set of 55 small molecules are compared with each other. The origin of the possible discrepancies between both approaches is analyzed, and linear models linking the two approaches are proposed for each atom type.

Revisiting absorption and electronic circular dichroism spectra of cholesterol in solution: a joint experimental and theoretical study.

Cholesterol is doubtless one of the most studied bio-molecules, which unfortunately features low emitting properties, precluding its in vivo study by fluorescence experiments. The design of fluorescent analogues of cholesterol is thus an appealing challenge in biochemistry, which simultaneously requires minor changes in its chemical structure (to retain main biological properties) and considerable enhancement of light emission. To this aim, the photochemical behaviour of the native molecule has to be deeply understood. In this work, we focused our attention on the electronic absorption of cholesterol in several common organic solutions, combining experimental (through ultraviolet-visible and electronic circular dichroism spectroscopy) and theoretical approaches (at the time-dependent density functional theory level) in order to solve the important discrepancies previously reported in the literature on the maximum absorption wavelengths and on the nature (Rydberg and/or π → π*) of the associated electronic transition.

Investigation of Drug-Excipient Interactions in Biclotymol Amorphous Solid Dispersions.

The effect of low molecular weight excipients on drug-excipient interactions, molecular mobility, and propensity to recrystallization of an amorphous active pharmaceutical ingredient is investigated. Two structurally related excipients (α-pentaacetylglucose and ß-pentaacetylglucose), five different drug:excipient ratios (1:5, 1:2, 1:1, 2:1, and 5:1, w/w), and three different solid state characterization tools (differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray powder diffraction, and dielectric relaxation spectroscopy) were selected for the present research. Our investigation has shown that the excipient concentration and its molecular structure reveal quasi-identical molecular dynamic behavior of solid dispersions above and below the glass transition temperature. Across to complementary quantum mechanical simulations, we point out a clear indication of a strong interaction between biclotymol and the acetylated saccharides. Moreover, the thermodynamic study on these amorphous solid dispersions highlighted a stabilizing effect of α-pentaacetylglucose regardless of its quantity while an excessive concentration of ß-pentaacetylglucose revealed a poor crystallization inhibition. Finally, through long-term stability studies, we also showed the limiting excipient concentration needed to stabilize our amorphous API. Herewith, the developed procedure in this paper appears to be a promising tool for solid-state characterization of complex pharmaceutical formulations.