Diagnostic and Prognostic Values of S100B versus Neuron Specific Enolase for Traumatic Brain Injury; a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Introduction: Traumataic brain injury (TBI) represents a significant global health burden. This systematic review delves into the comparison of S100B and Neuron-Specific Enolase (NSE) regarding their diagnostic and prognostic accuracy in TBI within the adult population. Methods: Conducted on October 21, 2023, the search identified 24 studies encompassing 6454 adult patients. QUADAS-2 and QUAPAS tools were employed to assess the risk of bias. The analyses aimed to evaluate the diagnostic and prognostic performance of S100B and NSE based on sensitivity, specificity, and area under the curve (AUC). The outcomes were detecting intracranial injury, mortality, and unfavorable outcome. Results: Pooled data analysis tended towards favoring S100B for diagnostic and prognostic purposes. S100B exhibited a diagnostic AUC of 0.74 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.70-0.78), sensitivity of 80% (95% CI: 63%-90%), and specificity of 59% (95% CI: 45%-72%), outperforming NSE with an AUC of 0.66 (95% CI: 0.61-0.70), sensitivity of 74% (95% CI: 53%-88%), and specificity of 46% (95% CI: 24%-69%). Notably, both biomarkers demonstrated enhanced diagnostic value when blood samples were collected within 12 hours post-injury. The analyses also revealed the excellent diagnostic ability of S100B with a sensitivity of 99% (95% CI: 4%-100%) and a specificity of 76% (95% CI: 51%-91%) in mild TBI patients (AUC = 0.89 [0.86-0.91]). In predicting mortality, S100B showed a sensitivity of 90% (95% CI: 65%-98%) and specificity of 61% (95% CI: 39%-79%), slightly surpassing NSE's performance with a sensitivity of 88% (95% CI: 76%-95%) and specificity of 56% (95% CI: 47%-65%). For predicting unfavorable outcomes, S100B exhibited a sensitivity of 83% (95% CI: 74%-90%) and specificity of 51% (95% CI: 30%-72%), while NSE had a sensitivity of 80% (95% CI: 64%-90%) and specificity of 59% (95% CI: 46%-71%). Conclusion: Although neither biomarker has shown promising diagnostic performance in detecting abnormal computed tomography (CT) findings, they have displayed acceptable outcome prediction capabilities, particularly with regard to mortality.

Prevalence and Predictive Factors of Rhabdomyolysis in COVID-19 Patients: A Cross-sectional Study.

Introduction: The aim of the present prospective observational study was to demonstrate the prevalence and predictive factors of rhabdomyolysis in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. Methods: The study was performed on reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)-confirmed COVID-19 patients admitted to the emergency department between March 2020 and March 2021. Peak creatinine phosphokinase (CPK) levels were used to define rhabdomyolysis. A CPK level equal to or more than 1000 IU/L was defined as the presence of moderate to severe rhabdomyolysis. We developed a COVID-19-related Rhabdomyolysis Prognostic rule (CORP rule) using the independent predictors of rhabdomyolysis in COVID-19 patients. Results: Five hundred and six confirmed COVID-19 patients (mean age 58.36 ± 17.83 years, 56.32% male) were studied. Rhabdomyolysis occurred in 44 (8.69%) cases throughout their hospitalization. Male gender (odds ratio [OR] = 2.78, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.28, 6.00), hyponatremia (OR = 2.46, 95% CI: 1.08, 5.59), myalgia (OR = 3.04, 95% CI: 1.41, 6.61), D-dimer >1000 (OR = 2.84, 95% CI: 1.27, 6.37), and elevated aspartate aminotransferase level (three times higher than normal range) (OR = 3.14, 95% CI: 1.52, 6.47) were the significant preliminary predictors of rhabdomyolysis. The area under the curve of the CORP rule was 0.75 (95% CI: 0.69, 0.81), indicating the fair performance of it in the prognosis of rhabdomyolysis following COVID-19 infection. The best cutoff of the CORP rule was 3, which had a sensitivity of 72.9% and a specificity of 72.7%. Conclusion: This prospective study showed that 8.69% of patients developed rhabdomyolysis following COVID-19 infection. The CORP rule with optimal cutoff can correctly classify 72.8% of COVID-19 patients at risk of developing rhabdomyolysis.

Prognostic accuracy of emergency surgery score: a systematic review.

PURPOSE: This systematic review aimed to summarize the literature regarding the prognostic accuracy of the emergency surgery score (ESS). METHOD: PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus were comprehensively searched by May 30, 2023. Two independent researchers performed the initial screening by reviewing the titles and abstracts of the non-duplicate records and selecting the full text of articles meeting our inclusion criteria. Finally, original studies that reported the prognostic accuracy of ESS in any emergency surgeries were included. Data from the included studies were extracted into a checklist designed based on the PRISMA guidelines. The area under the curve (AUC) was used to compare the prognostic accuracy of ESS in different settings. RESULTS: Twenty-six studies met the inclusion criteria. ESS performed excellently in 30-day post-op mortality (AUC 0.84-0.89) and incidence of cardiac arrest (AUC 0.86-0.88) in emergency general surgeries. The AUC of ESS in overall 30-day morbidities varied from 0.72 to 0.82 in five cohort studies. In predicting the need for ICU admission, the study with the largest sample size reported the best sensitivity of ESS at 80% and the specificity at 85%. Moreover, an outstanding accuracy was observed for the prediction of 30-day sepsis/septic shock in emergency general surgeries (AUC 0.75-0.92). CONCLUSION: Despite the acceptable prognostic accuracy of ESS in 30-day mortality, morbidities, and in-hospital ICU admission in different emergency surgeries, the high number of required variables and the high probability of missing data highlight the need for modifications to this scoring system.

The Role of Exercise in the Alleviation of Neuropathic Pain Following Traumatic Spinal Cord Injuries: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to assess the efficacy of exercise in neuropathic pain following traumatic spinal cord injuries. METHODS: The search was conducted in MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science by the end of 2022. Two independent researchers included the articles based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. A standardized mean difference was calculated for each data and they were pooled to calculate an overall effect size. To assess the heterogeneity between studies, I2 and chi-square tests were utilized. In the case of heterogeneity, meta-regression was performed to identify the potential source. RESULTS: Fifteen preclinical studies were included. Meta-analysis demonstrated that exercise significantly improves mechanical allodynia (standardized mean difference [SMD], -1.59; 95% confidence interval [CI], -2.16 to -1.02; p < 0.001; I2 = 90.37%), thermal hyperalgesia (SMD, 1.95; 95% CI, 0.96-2.94; p < 0.001), and cold allodynia (SMD, -2.92; 95% CI, -4.4 to -1.43; p < 0.001). The improvement in mechanical allodynia is significantly more in animals with a compression model of SCI (meta-regression coefficient, -1.33; 95% CI, -1.84 to -0.57; p < 0.001) and in mild SCI (p < 0.001). Additionally, the improvement was more prominent if the training was started 7 to 8 days postinjury (coefficient, -2.54; 95% CI, -3.85 to -1.23; p < 0.001) and was continued every day (coefficient, -1.99; 95% CI, -3.07 to -0.9; p < 0.001). Likewise, voluntary exercise demonstrated a significantly more effect size (coefficient, -1.45; 95% CI, -2.67 to -0.23; p = 0.02). CONCLUSION: Exercise is effective in the amelioration of neuropathic pain. This effect in mechanical allodynia is more prominent if voluntary, continuous training is initiated in the subacute phase of mild SCI.

Clinical decision rules in predicting computed tomography scan findings and need for neurosurgical intervention in mild traumatic brain injury: a prospective observational study.

PURPOSE: In this study, we will compare the diagnostic values of head CT decision rules in predicting the findings of CT scans in a prospective multicenter study in university emergency departments in Iran. METHODS: The primary outcome was any traumatic lesion findings in brain CT scans, and the secondary outcomes were death, the need for mechanical ventilation, and neurosurgical intervention. Decision rules including the Canadian CT Head Rule (CCHR), New Orleans Criteria (NOC), National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE), National Emergency X-Radiography Utilization Study (NEXUS), and Neurotraumatology Committee of the World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies (NCWFNS) were compared for the main outcomes. RESULTS: In total, 434 mild TBI patients were enrolled in the study. The NCWFNS had the highest sensitivity (91.14%) and the lowest specificity (39.42%) for predicting abnormal finding in CT scan compared to other models. While the NICE obtained the lowest sensitivity (79.75%), it was associated with the highest specificity (66.67%). All model performances were improved when administered to predict neurosurgical intervention among patients with GCS 13-15. NEXUS (AUC 0.862, 95% CI 0.799-0.924) and NCWFNS (AUC 0.813, 95% CI 0.723-0.903) had the best performance among all evaluated models. CONCLUSION: The NCWFNS and the NEXUS decision rules performed better than the CCHR and NICE guidelines for predicting any lesion in the CT imaging and neurosurgical intervention among patients with mTBI with GCS 13-15. For a subset of mTBI patients with GCS 15, the NOC criteria have higher sensitivity for abnormal CT imaging, but lower specificity and more requested CTs.

Muscimol as a treatment for nerve injury-related neuropathic pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis of preclinical studies.

Background: : Muscimol's quick onset and GABAergic properties make it a promising candidate for the treatment of pain. This systematic review and meta-analysis of preclinical studies aimed at summarizing the evidence regarding the efficacy of muscimol administration in the amelioration of nerve injury-related neuropathic pain. Methods: : Two independent researchers performed the screening process in Medline, Embase, Scopus and Web of Science extracting data were extracted into a checklist designed according to the PRISMA guideline. A standardized mean difference (SMD [95% confidence interval]) was calculated for each. To assess the heterogeneity between studies, I2 and chi-square tests were utilized. In the case of heterogeneity, meta-regression and subgroup analyses were performed to identify the potential source. Results: : Twenty-two articles met the inclusion criteria. Pooled data analysis showed that the administration of muscimol during the peak effect causes a significant reduction in mechanical allodynia (SMD = 1.78 [1.45-2.11]; P < 0.0001; I2 = 72.70%), mechanical hyperalgesia (SMD = 1.62 [1.28-1.96]; P < 0.0001; I2 = 40.66%), and thermal hyperalgesia (SMD = 2.59 [1.79-3.39]; P < 0.0001; I2 = 80.33%). This significant amendment of pain was observed at a declining rate from 15 minutes to at least 180 minutes post-treatment in mechanical allodynia and mechanical hyperalgesia, and up to 30 minutes in thermal hyperalgesia (P < 0 .0001). Conclusions: : Muscimol is effective in the amelioration of mechanical allodynia, mechanical hyperalgesia, and thermal hyperalgesia, exerting its analgesic effects 15 minutes after administration for up to at least 3 hours.

Effects of Epothilone Administration on Locomotion Recovery after Spinal Cord Injury: A Systematic Review of Animal Studies.

This is a systematic review and meta-analysis of existing evidence regarding the possible effects of epothilones on spinal cord injury (SCI). This study aimed to investigate the possible effects of epothilone administration on locomotion recovery in animal models of SCI. Despite increasing rates of SCI and its burden on populations, no consensus has been reached about the possible treatment modality for SCI. Meanwhile, low-dose epothilones have been reported to have positive effects on SCI outcomes. Electronic databases of Web of Science, Scopus, Embase, and Medline were searched using keywords related to epothilones and SCI until the end of 2020. Two researchers screened the articles, and extracted data were analyzed using STATA ver. 14.0. Final results are reported as a standardized mean difference (SMD) with a 95% confidence interval (CI). After the screening, five studies were included in the analysis. Rats were used in all the studies. Two types of epothilones were used via intraperitoneal injection and were shown to have positive effects on the motor outcomes of samples with SCI (SMD, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.51 to 1.23; p =0.71). Although a slightly better effect was observed when using epothilone B, the difference was not significant (coefficient, -0.50; 95% CI, -1.52 to 0.52; p =0.246). The results of this study suggest that epothilones have positive effects on the improvement of motor function in rats, when administered intraperitoneally until a maximum of 1 day after SCI. However, current evidence regarding the matter is still scarce.

Efficacy of polyarginine peptides in the treatment of stroke: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Disparities exist regarding an efficient treatment for stroke. Polyarginines have shown promising neuroprotective properties based on available published studies. Thus, the present study aims to systemically review and analyze existing evidence regarding polyarginine's administration efficacy in animal stroke models. METHOD: Medline, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science were systematically searched, in addition to manual search. Inclusion criteria were administrating polyarginine peptides in stroke animal models. Exclusion criteria were previous polyarginine administration, lacking a control group, review articles, and case reports. Data were collected and analyzed using STATA 17.0; a pooled standardized mean difference (SMD) with a 95% confidence interval (CI), meta-regression, and subgroup analyses were presented. Risk of bias, publication bias, and level of evidence were assessed using SYRCLE's tool, Egger's analysis, and Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation framework, respectively. RESULTS: From the 468 searched articles, 11 articles were included. Analyses showed that R18 significantly decreases infarct size (SMD = -0.65; 95% CI: -1.01, -0.29) and brain edema (SMD = -1.90; 95% CI: -3.28, -0.51) and improves neurological outcome (SMD = 0.67; 95% CI: 0.44, 0.91) and functional status (SMD = 0.55; 95% CI: 0.26, 0.85) in stroke animal models. Moreover, R18D significantly decreases infarct size (SMD = -0.75; 95% CI: -1.17, -0.33) and improves neurological outcome (SMD = 0.46; 95% CI: 0.06, 0.86) and functional status (SMD = 0.35; 95% CI: 0.16, 0.54) in stroke models. CONCLUSION: Moderate level of evidence demonstrated that both R18 and R18D administration can significantly improve stroke outcomes in animal stroke models. However, considering the limitations, further pre-clinical and clinical studies are warranted to substantiate the neuroprotective efficacy of polyarginines for stroke.

Cerebellar Leukoencephalopathy following Fentanyl Intoxication. A case report and review of the literature.

The opioid crisis has become a significant public health concern in recent years. Although respiratory depression and overdose are the most reported side effects of fentanyl, there have been rare cases of cerebellar leukoencephalopathy (CLE) following fentanyl intoxication. A 29-year-old man with a history of opioid use disorder and intravenous drug use presented to the emergency room with significant ataxia and dysarthria following fentanyl intoxication. According to the patient, the symptoms began four days prior after "chasing the dragon" with "pure fentanyl", and he reported experiencing nausea and dizziness, particularly during ambulation. Neurological examination revealed a positive Romberg test, ataxia, and delayed speech. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) indicated there was toxic degeneration of the cerebellar white matter that extended into the posterior limbs of the internal capsule. Urine drug screening was positive for opioids, making fentanyl-induced cerebellar leukoencephalopathy the most likely diagnosis in this case. This case of opioid-induced CLE underscores the critical significance of early recognition, which is vital for enhancing a patient's recovery and averting the development of severe neurological complications.

Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Conditioned Medium Promotes Functional Recovery Following Spinal Cord Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Background: Considering the limitations of cell therapy, in case of adequate treatment efficacy, conditioned media (CM) may be a desirable alternative to cell therapy. Hence, the present systematic review and meta-analysis aims to evaluate the efficacy of mesenchymal stem cell-derived conditioned media (MSC-CM) in movement resolution following spinal cord injury (SCI) in animal models. Methods: A comprehensive search in the databases of Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase was completed until the end of March 2021. Animal studies that evaluate the efficacy of MSC-CM on movement resolution following SCI were defined as the inclusion criteria. Lack of an SCI-untreated group, CM derived from a source other than MSC, not assessing motor function, failure to report CM administered dose, a follow-up period of less than 4 weeks, duplicates, and review articles were counted as the exclusion criteria. Final results are presented as overall standardized mean difference (SMD) with a 95% confidence interval (CI). Results: From the 361 nonduplicate articles, data from 11 articles were entered into the present meta-analysis. The analyses showed that MSC-CM administration in SCI animal models promotes motor recovery (SMD=2.32; 95% CI: 1.55, 3.09; p<0.0001). Subgroup analysis was performed because of the noticeable heterogeneity between the studies (I2=80.97%, p<0.0001), depicting that antibiotic administration, delivery amount, delivery type, and follow-up time were the possible sources of heterogeneity. Moreover, multiple meta-regression demonstrated that in cases of delivery amount of more than 120 µL, the efficacy of MSC-CM administration in motor recovery is more than that of delivery amount of less than 120 µL (regression coefficient=3.30; 95% CI: 0.72, 5.89; p=0.019). Conclusions: Based on the results of the present study, it can be concluded that MSC-CM administration in SCI models improves motor recovery. The efficacy of this treatment strategy significantly increases at doses higher than 120 µL.

Risk Factors of Readmission in COVID-19 Patients; a Retrospective 6-Month Cohort Study.

Introduction: The available literature regarding the rate of readmission of COVID-19 patients after discharge is rather scarce. Thus, the aim in the current study was to evaluate the readmission rate of COVID-19 patients and the components affecting it, including clinical symptoms and relevant laboratory findings. Methods: In this retrospective cohort study, COVID-19 patients who were discharged from Imam Hossein hospital, Tehran, Iran, were followed for six months. Data regarding their readmission status were collected through phone calls with COVID-19 patients or their relatives, as well as hospital registry systems. Eventually, the relationship between demographic and clinical characteristics and readmission rate was assessed. Results: 614 patients were entered to the present study (mean age 58.7±27.2 years; 51.5% male). 53 patients were readmitted (8.6%), of which 47 patients (7.6%) had a readmission during the first 30 days after discharge. The reasons for readmission were relapse of COVID-19 symptoms and its pulmonary complications in 40 patients (6.5%), COVID-19 related cardiovascular complications in eight patients (1.3%), and non-COVID-19 related causes in five patients (0.8%). Older age (OR=1.04; 95% CI: 1.01, 1.06; p=0.002) and increased mean arterial pressure during the first admission (OR=1.04; 95% CI: 1.01, 1.08; p=0.022) were found to be independent prognostic factors for the readmission of COVID-19 patients. Conclusion: Readmission is relatively frequent in COVID-19 patients. Lack of adequate hospital space may be the reason behind the early discharge of COVID-19 patients. Hence, to reduce readmission rate, extra care should be directed towards the discharge of older or hypertensive patients.

Premature Coronary Artery Disease and Plasma Levels of Interleukins; a Systematic Scoping Review and Meta-Analysis.

Introduction: Interleukins (ILs) can act as a predictive indicator of Premature Coronary Artery Disease (pCAD) and may be useful in screening of high-risk patients. However, there is no consensus on the relationship of serum levels of ILs and pCAD, yet. As a result, this study has been conducted in order to review the literature on the relationship between serum levels of different ILs and pCAD. Methods: Medline, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science databases were searched until December 7th 2020. Two reviewers independently screened and summarized eligible articles. A meta-analysis was performed to assess the relationship of ILs and pCAD. Results: 12 case-control articles were included. IL-6 plasma changes do happen in pCAD patients with a standardized mean difference (SMD) of 0.51 (95% CI: 0.12-0.90; p=0.010) compared with the control group. This difference was also observed when evaluating the plasma levels of IL-1 and IL-17, with an SMD of 1.42 (95% CI: 1.11-1.73; p<0.001) and 0.59 (95% CI: 0.14-1.04; p=0.011), respectively. Meanwhile, no significant difference existed in plasma levels of IL-10 (SMD=0.26; 95% CI: -0.17-0.70; p=0.236), and IL-18 (SMD=1.44; 95% CI: -0.19-3.07; p=0.083) between pCAD patients and those in the control group. Conclusion: Low level of evidence showed that there may be a significant relationship between increased plasma levels of ILs and the occurrence of pCAD. As a result, prospective cohort studies with serial assessments of serum ILs during follow up period, focusing on controlling classical risk factors of pCAD and increase in level of ILs, should be conducted.

The value of interleukin levels in the diagnosis of febrile urinary tract infections in children and adolescents; a systematic review and meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION: In recent years, researchers have been looking for tools and biomarkers to identify urinary tract infections (UTI) in children. Since there exists no systematic reviews and meta-analyses on the matter, the present study intends to determine the diagnostic value of serum and urinary levels of interleukins (IL) in the diagnosis of febrile UTI in children and adolescents. METHODS: Medline, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched until the end of 2020, using keywords related to UTI and serum and urinary ILs. Two independent researchers included relevant studies and summarized the data. Analyzed data were reported as standardized mean difference (SMD) with 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS: Data from 23 articles were included in the present study. Analyses showed that IL-6, IL-8, IL 1 beta and IL-1 alpha urinary levels are significantly higher in children with UTI than that of other children. Moreover, serum levels of IL-6 and IL-8 in children with UTI were significantly higher than that of healthy children. However, IL-6 and IL-8 serum levels were not significantly different between children with UTI and non-UTI febrile group. Finally, the area under the curve of urinary IL-6 and IL-8 and serum IL-8 levels in the diagnosis of pediatric UTIs were 0.89 (95% CI: 0.86, 0.92), 0.95 (95% CI: 0.92, 0.96) and 0.80 (95% CI: 0.77, 0.84), respectively. CONCLUSION: The findings of the present study showed that the diagnostic utility of ILs 8 and 6 urinary levels is most desirable in the detection of febrile UTIs from other febrile conditions in children and adolescents, in comparison with the diagnostic utility of other ILs' urinary and serum levels in the detection of febrile UTI. However, even after nearly 3 decades of research on these biomarkers, their optimal cut-off points in diagnosing pediatric UTIs are still to be determined in further studies.

Is cardiac Troponin I Considered as A Predictor of In-hospital Mortality among COVID-19 Patients? A Retrospective Cohort Study.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the levels of troponin I in COVID-19 patients and its role in the prediction of their in-hospital mortality as a cardiac biomarker. METHODS: The current retrospective cohort study was performed on the clinical records of 649 COVID-19-related hospitalized cases with at leat one positive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test in Tehran, Iran from February 2020 to early June 2020. The on admission troponin I level divided into two groups of ≤0.03ng/mL (normal) and >0.03ng/mL (abnormal). The adjusted COX-regression model was used to determine the relationship between the studied variables and patient's in-hospital mortality. RESULTS: In this study, the median age of subjects was 65 years (54.8% men) and 29.53% of them had abnormal troponin I levels. Besides, the in-hospital mortality rate among patients with abnormal troponin I levels was found to be 51.56%; whereas, patients with normal levels exhibited 18.82% mortality. Also, the multivariable analysis indicated that the risk of death among hospitalized COVID-19 patients displaying abnormal troponin I levels was 67% higher than those with normal troponin I levels (Hazard ratio=1.67, 95% confidence interval=1.08-2.56, p=0.019). CONCLUSION: It seems that troponin I is one of the important factors related to in-hospital mortality of COVID-19 patients. Next, due to the high prevalence of cardiac complications in these patients, it is highly suggested to monitor and control cardiac biomarkers along with other clinical factors upon the patient's arrival at the hospital.

Assessing the value of serum and urinary interleukins for diagnosis of acute kidney injury in children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Several studies have questioned the diagnostic utility of interleukins (IL) in detecting acute kidney injury (AKI) in pediatric population. Therefore, the present systematic review and meta-analysis aims to assess the diagnostic value of ILs in pediatric AKI patients. METHOD: Two independent researchers screened records acquired through searching in Medline, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science, until the end of 2020. Articles evaluating serum and urinary levels of ILs in AKI patients were included in this study. Data were extracted and analyzed using STATA software. RESULTS: Twenty-one studies were included. Analyses showed that AUC, sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic odds ratio of urinary IL-18 for diagnosing AKI were 0.77 (95% CI: 0.74, 0.81), 0.64 (95% CI: 0.32, 0.87), 0.75 (95% CI: 0.62, 0.85) and 6 (95% CI: 1, 23), respectively. Those values were 0.79 (95% CI: 0.75, 0.83), 0.58 (95% CI: 0.37, 0.76), 0.87 (95% CI: 0.66, 0.96), and 9 (95% CI: 4, 20) for serum IL-6, and 0.72 (95% CI: 0.68, 0.76), 0.53 (95% CI: 0.34, 0.72), 0.79 (95% CI: 0.60, 0.91) and 4 (95% CI: 2, 8) for serum IL-8, respectively. Urinary levels of ILs 6, 8 and 10 were not significantly different between AKI patients and the non-AKI control group. Serum levels of ILs 10 and 18 were not adequately evaluated in the studies. CONCLUSION: IL-18 urinary levels and IL-6 and IL-8 serum levels are significantly higher in AKI patients compared to the non-AKI group. However, their low sensitivity and specificity in detecting AKI questions their diagnostic value.

Six-Month Follow-up of COVID-19 Patients: Mortality and Related Factors.

BACKGROUND: Currently, there is lack of evidence regarding the long-term follow-up of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. The aim of this study is to present a 6-month follow-up of COVID-19 patients who were discharged from hospital after their recovery. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study was performed to assess the six-month follow-up of COVID-19 patients who were discharged from the hospital between February 18 and July 20, 2020. The primary outcome was 6-month all-cause mortality. RESULTS: Data related to 614 patients were included to this study. Of these 614 patients, 48 patients died (7.8%). The cause of death in 26 patients (54.2%) was the relapse of COVID-19. Also, 44.2% of deaths happened in the first week after discharge and 74.4% in the first month. Risk factors of all-cause mortality included increase in age (odds ratio [OR]=1.09; P<0.001), increase in neutrophil percentage (OR=1.05; P=0.009) and increase in heart rate (OR=1.06; P=0.002) on the first admission. However, the risk of all-cause death was lower in patients who had higher levels of hematocrit (OR=0.93; P=0.021), oxygen saturation (OR=0.90; P=0.001) and mean arterial pressure (OR=0.93; P=0.001). In addition, increase in age (OR=1.11; P<0.001) was an independent risk factor for COVID-19-related death, while higher levels of lymphocyte percentage (OR=0.96; P=0.048), mean arterial pressure (OR=0.93; P=0.006) and arterial oxygen saturation (OR=0.91; P=0.009) were protective factors against COVID-19-related deaths during the 6-month period after discharge. CONCLUSION: Death is relatively common in COVID-19 patients after their discharge from hospital. In light of our findings, we suggest that elderly patients who experience a decrease in their mean arterial pressure, oxygen saturation and lymphocyte count during their hospitalization, should be discharged cautiously. In addition, we recommend that one-month follow-up of discharged patients should be take place, and urgent return to hospital should be advised when the first signs of COVID-19 relapse are observed.

Prevalence and Mortality of Post-traumatic Acute Kidney Injury in Children; a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Introduction: Numerous studies on acute kidney injury (AKI) following trauma have been performed, and acceptable findings have been reported in the adult population. The present meta-analysis summarizes the studies performed on the pediatric population to evaluate the prevalence of AKI following trauma in this population. Method: The Medline, Embase, Scopus and Web of Sciences databases were searched for articles published until the July, 31, 2021. Two independent reviewers screened observational studies performed on children with physical trauma and AKI related to it. The interested outcomes were the prevalence and mortality of trauma-related AKI in traumatized children. Results: Data of 9 articles were included in the present meta-analysis. The prevalence of trauma-related AKI varied between 0% and 30.30% among included studies. Pooled analysis showed that the prevalence of trauma-related AKI was 9.86% (95% CI: 8.02 to 11.84%). The prevalence of AKI after exertional rhabdomyolysis, direct physical trauma, and earthquake related injuries was 0%, 12.64% and 24.60%, respectively. There was a significant relationship between the prevalence of AKI and trauma etiology (p = 0.038). Moreover, the occurrence of AKI in children with trauma was associated with an increased risk of mortality (OR = 5.55; 95% CI: 2.14 to 13.93). Conclusion: The findings of the present study showed that 9.86% of children develop AKI following trauma, which may increase their risk of death by about 5.5 times. Nevertheless, since none of the studies had adjusted their analyzes for potential confounders, caution should be exercised in interpreting the relationship between trauma-related AKI and mortality.

Contrast-enhanced voiding urosonography, a possible candidate for the diagnosis of vesicoureteral reflux in children and adolescents; a systematic review and meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION: The diagnostic value of contrast-enhanced voiding urosonography (ceVUS) in the diagnosis of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is still a subject of dispute. OBJECTIVE: Assessing the diagnostic value of ceVUS in VUR, performing a systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS: An extensive search on Medline, Embase, Scopus and Web of Science databases was conducted by the end of 2020. The inclusion criteria were studies on the diagnostic value of ceVUS for VUR. Two independent researchers summarized the included articles and the findings were reported as area under the curve (AUC), sensitivity and specificity with a 95% confidence interval (95% CI). RESULTS: Finally, the data of 36 articles were included in the present meta-analysis (2768 children). The VUS assessment showed that 1297 of the cases were true positives, 3661 were true negatives, 398 were false positives and 169 were false negatives. The AUC, sensitivity and specificity of ceVUS with the first-generation contrast agent in the diagnosis of VUR in children and adolescents were obtained as 0.97 (95% CI: 0.95, 0.98), 0.92 (95% CI: 0.86, 0.96) and 0.94 (95% CI: 0.95, 0.98), respectively. Moreover, AUC, sensitivity and specificity of ceVUS with the second-generation contrast agent were 0.97 (95% CI: 0.95, 0.98), 0.93 (95% CI: 0.86, 0.97) and 0.91 (95% CI: 0.86, 0.95). CONCLUSION: The findings of the present study showed that diagnostic value of ceVUS with both first-generation and second-generation contrast agents for VUR, is in an excellent range. Although it seems that ceVUS may be applied as a radiation-free alternative to imaging techniques such as VCUG, the presence of 3% of false negatives in this test is a limitation. Since the lack of punctual management of VUR is associated with serious renal complications in children, future studies are recommended to be focused on the evaluation of the Benefit-risk evaluation of ceVUS.