[Permissibility of Stoma Closure Surgery in Patients with Colorectal Cancer Who Underwent Primary Tumor Resection Including in Cancer-Bearing Conditions].

From 2006 to 2021, 27 patients who underwent stoma construction during colorectal cancer resection followed by stoma closure were grouped into 2 groups: Group A(7 patients with cancer)and Group B(20 patients without cancer). The male- to-female ratio were 6:1 for Group A and 13:7 for Group B. The average ages were 63.7 and 65.0 years, respectively. The ratios(Group A:Group B)of the causes for stoma construction were 5:13 for bowel obstruction due to colorectal cancer, 2:2 for abdominal wall invasion/dissemination and 0:5 for covering stoma. The causes of non-curative resection for Group A were peritoneal dissemination(4 patients), liver metastasis(1 patient), bladder infiltration(1 patient), and periaortic lymph node metastasis(1 patient). For Groups A and B, Hartmann surgery was performed in 4 and 10, colectomy and stoma construction in 3 and 5, and low anterior resection and covering stoma in 0 and 5 patients, respectively. The median time to stoma closure was 10 months for Group A and 6 months for Group B(p<0.05). There was no case of anastomotic leakage and 1 case of anastomotic stenosis(case not treated with anticancer drugs). No patient died of cancer within 1 year after stoma closure(median survival time after stoma closure was >26.0 months for Group A). Although stoma closure in patients with cancer was significantly delayed compared with patients without cancer, it was performed safely.

[Long-Term Survival of Patient Having Advanced Esophageal Cancer with Cirrhosis after Overcoming Anastomotic Leakage, Purulent Osteomyelitis, Cervical Lymph Node Recurrence, and Systemic Edema-A Surgical Case].

We report the surgical case of advanced esophageal cancer with cirrhosis in a patient who has been cancer-free for 6 years after overcoming anastomotic leakage, purulent osteomyelitis, cervical lymph node recurrence, and systemic edema. A 69-year-old woman visited our hospital and presented with the complaint of a food sticking sensation. Endoscopic findings showed a type 3 tumor in the middle thoracic esophagus. Esophagectomy was subsequently performed. Histopathological findings revealed poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma, Mt, 17×15 mm, type 3, pT3, pIM0, pPM0, pDM0, pRM0, pN2(7/18), pStage Ⅲ, and liver cirrhosis(F4, A1-2). Postoperative suture failure was observed; however, it conservatively improved in approximately 2 months. The patient had lower back pain since approximately 6 weeks after the surgery, and she was diagnosed with purulent spondylitis and was administered antibiotics. The patient was subsequently discharged 67 days after the surgery. One course of 5-FU+CDDP was administered as postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy. However, renal function deteriorated, and chemotherapy was discontinued. Four months after the surgery, cervical echography revealed recurrence in the left cervical lymph node, and docetaxel(DTX)was administered. Five DTX doses were administered, because of which the left cervical lymph nodes markedly shrunk. Moreover, the sixth dose of DTX resulted in febrile neutropenia and a large amount of abdominal pleural effusion. Consequently, the patient was hospitalized. Tolvaptan treatment was extremely effective, and the thoracic ascites disappeared. Esophageal cancer has not recurred, and the patient is being observed at an outpatient clinic 6 years after the surgery.

[A Long-Term Recurrence-Free Survivor after Resection for Hepatopulmonary Metastases found within One Year after Rectal Cancer Surgery].

We observed a case of long-term survival without recurrence following hepatectomy and lung resection in a patient with hepatopulmonary metastases, which appeared 7 months after rectal cancer surgery. We report the case of a 68-year-old man whose chief complaint was anal pain. The patient was referred to our hospital because of a suspected rectal cancer. He was diagnosed with rectal cancer without distant metastasis, and abdominoperineal excision was then performed. Histopathological findings revealed Rb, type 2, 85×60 mm, tub 2, ly1, v1, pPM0, pDM0, pRM0, pT3(A), pN0(0/27), cM0, and pStage Ⅱa. Seven months after the surgery, abdominal computed tomography(CT)revealed a 3 cm nodule in segment 7 of the liver. In addition, chest CT detected a 2 mm nodule in segment 3 of the upper lobe of the left lung. Hepatectomy was immediately performed, whereas lung nodules were to be followed up. Three months later, chest CT showed that the lung nodules had increased in size(approximately 5 mm); therefore, the patient was diagnosed with lung metastasis, and thoracoscopic partial lung resection was performed. The histopathological findings of the hepatic tumor and lung tumor were similar to those of rectal cancer. The postoperative course was good, and the patient has been alive without recurrence for 8 years since the final surgery(lung resection)without postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy.

[Clinicopathological Examination of Resected Case of Primary Duodenal Cancer at Our Hospital].

Primary duodenal cancer is a rare disease. We examined 8 resected cases of duodenal cancer at our hospital from June 2003 to February 2022. Patients with resected duodenal cancer had an average age of 69.3 years(45-84 years), with a male-female ratio of 3 : 5. Of the 8 cases, 6 cases were adenocarcinomas and 2 were neuroendocrine carcinomas. Among those with adenocarcinomas, 3 cases were Stage Ⅰ, while Stage ⅡA, ⅢA, and ⅢB accounted for one case each(UICC 8th edition). Five patients underwent a pancreaticoduodenectomy(PD), while 1 underwent partial duodenal resection. Except for 1 case of Stage ⅢB(death from tumor recurrence in 1 year), tumor recurrence was not observed in the 5 remaining cases(survival period; >1 month to >97 months). The patient with a pT3pN1M0, Stage Ⅲ neuroendocrine carcinoma underwent a partial duodenal resection due to poor cardiac and renal function. Meanwhile, the patient with a pT4pN0M0, Stage Ⅲ neuroendocrine carcinoma underwent a PD. The survival time was 123 months for the former(death from other diseases, no tumor recurrence)and 7 months for the latter(death from recurrence).

[A 10-Year Survivor with Multidisciplinary Treatment for Pancreatic Carcinoma That Recurred 17 Months after Pancreatoduodenectomy].

Postoperative recurrence of invasive pancreatic ductal carcinoma(PC)has a poor prognosis. We experienced a case of PC that relapsed 17 months after pancreaticoduodenectomy(PD)and survived for more than 10 years after PD. A 51-year-old man underwent PD in December 2011(pT3pN1bM0, pStage Ⅱb). Gemcitabine(GEM)16 cycles were performed as postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy, and a 1 cm nodule was found in the liver on abdominal CT scan, and partial liver resection was performed. After that, adjuvant chemotherapy with S-1 was performed for 12 months. Abdominal CT scan revealed abdominal lymph node metastasis, and radiation therapy(39.6 Gy)was requested from another hospital. Then, the combination therapy of 5-FU/l-LV plus L-OHP(or CPT-11)was started in September 2014. To date, a total of 131 cycles of chemotherapy have been given. 10 years and 5 months after pancreaticoduodenectomy and 9 years after hepatectomy, although recurrence around the superior mesenteric artery plexus was observed, outpatient visits are continued.

[Function of the Puborectalis Muscle in Patients with or without Fecal Incontinence Three Years after Low Anterior Resection for Lower Rectal Cancer].

To clarify the function of the puborectalis muscle(PM)in fecal incontinence(FI)prevention after low anterior resection (LAR)for lower rectal cancer(LRC), PM function at 3 years after LAR was studied. A total of 29 patients aged 40-79 years (19 men and 10 women, mean age: 63.9 years)who underwent LAR for LRC were enrolled in the present study. Based on the presence of postoperative FI, these patients were divided into 2 groups[group A: patients with FI(n=13), 11 men and 2 women aged 43-75 years(mean age: 64.8 years)and group B: patients without FI(continence, n=16), 8 men and 8 women aged 41-79 years(mean age: 62.9 years)]. These groups were compared with group C of control subjects[n=38; 28 men and 10 women aged 42-76 years(mean age: 64.5 years)]. Magnetic stimulation at the S2-4 sacral levels has been shown to activate the sacral motor nerve(SMN)root of the cauda equina. SMN latency(SMNL)was determined on the right, left, and posterior sides of the upper anal canal. FI after LAR was also evaluated using the Wexner score(WS), with a score of 8 or more being associated with FI according to our data. All patients had pathological Stage Ⅰ disease(19 patients: T1, N0, M0; 10 patients: T2, N0, M0). Group A had a larger proportion of men than group B(p<0.1). The distance of anastomosis from the anal verge(DAAV)was significantly shorter in group A(2.2±1.2 cm)than in group B(4.6 ±1.3 cm)(p<0.001). Regarding WS of group A, 23.1% patients had a score of 8-10(mean: 9.0), 53.8% of 11-15 (mean: 13.4), and 30.7% of 16-20(mean: 17.0). All patients in group A(WS: 8 or more)were incontinent. In contrast, all patients in groups B(WS: 0)and C(WS: 0)were continent. Patients with preoperative defecation ability(WS: 0)were also continent. As for SMNL on the right(9 o'clock), left(15 o'clock), and posterior(18 o'clock)sides of the PM located in the upper anal canal, conduction delay was significantly longer in group A(8.4±0.6 ms, 8.2±1.9 ms, and 8.3±0.9 ms, respectively)than in groups B(4.4±0.5 ms, 4.3±0.7 ms, and 4.4±0.9 ms, respectively)and C(4.1±0.5 ms, 4.0±0.5 ms, and 4.2±0.7 ms, respectively)(p<0.001, all). FI after LAR with a short DAAV, especially in men, may cause PM dysfunction due to operative damage of the SMN.

[Relationships Gastric Stasis in the Remnant Stomach and Interdigestive Migrating Motor Complex in Patients after Pylorus-Preserving Gastrectomy for Early Gastric Cancer].

The demerit of pylorus-preserving gastrectomy(PPG)is the postprandial abdominal fullness(PAF)with gastric stasis in the remnant stomach(GSRS). We investigated the relationship between clinical findings and GSRS, and between GSRS and interdigestive migrating motor complex(IMMC)in PPG patients. A total of 30 patients(17 men and 13 women, mean age of 62.3 years)after PPG for early gastric cancer(Billroth Ⅰ)were divided into 2 groups(group A; 18 patients with GSRS, group B; 12 patients without GSRS). The relationship between GSRS including clinical findings and IMMC was studied from 1.5 to 3 years after operation. A catheter equipped with a micro-tip force transducer was inserted transnassally into the remnant stomach and duodenum in a supine position, and the IMMC was studied. All patients were Stage ⅠA(mucosal cancer, no lymph node metastasis, no distant metastasis). The remnant stomach was 1/3 compared with stomach size before operation. The length of the antral cuff in group A(1.5±0.2 cm)was significantly shorter than group B(3.2±0.3 cm)(p =0.0004). Appetite was significantly recognized in group B compared with group A(p=0.0067). PAF was significantly recognized in group A compared with group B(p=0.0001). Reflux esophagitis was found in group A more than group B. Early dumping syndroms did not found significant differences in both groups. In endoscopic esophagogastric finding of the remnant stomch, gastritis with GSRS was significantly found in group A compared with group B(p=0.0001). The IMMC was significantly recognized in group B compared with group A(p<0.0001). The occurrence of the PAF due to the GSRS may be caused by abscens of the IMMC.

[Role of Pudendal Sensory Nerve in Patients with or without Fecal Incontinence after Low Anterior Resection for Lower Rectal Cancer].

To clarify the pudendal sensory nerve(PSN)play in preventing fecal incontinence(FI)after low anterior resection(LAR) for lower rectal cancer, the PSN function was studied at 6 months after LAR. A total of 36 patients aged 42.0 to 79.0 years (23 males and 13 females with a mean age of 62.0 years)who underwent LAR for laparoscopic radical cystectomy(LRC) were enrolled in the present study. Based on postoperative F1, these patients were divided into 2 groups[group A; patients with FI(n=12), group B; patients without FI(continence, n=24)]. These were compared with group C(n=32, control subjects, 18 males and 14 females aged 40.0 to 76.0 years with a mean age of 61.8 years). Anal mucosal electric sensitivity (AMES)threshold was measured [at the upper 1 cm oral side from dentate line(DL); a, DL; b, and lower zones 1 cm anal side from DL; c]. FI after LAR was also evaluated by the Wexner score(WS). All patients were pathological Stage Ⅰ(25 patients: T1, N0, M0; 11 patients: T2, N0, M0). Group A had a significantly larger proportion of males than group B(p< 0.05). The distance of anastomosis from anal verge(DAAV)in group A(2.4±1.8 cm)was significantly shorter than in group B(4.4±0.9 cm)(p<0.001). WS from 6 to 10 comprised 25.0% of group A, 11 to 15 comprised 50.0%, and 16 to 20 comprised 25.0%. All patients in group A(WS; 8 or more)were incontinent. In contrast, all patients in group B(WS; 0) and C(WS; 0)were continent. Patients in pre-operative defecation(WS; 0)were also continent. On the AMES(a, b, c), sensitivity of patients in group A(6.4±1.1, 5.1±0.5, 4.9±0.6 mA)was significantly higher than in groups B(2.6±0.5, 2.4 ±0.4, 2.5±0.6 mA)and C(2.3±0.4, 2.1±0.4, 2.3±0.5 mA)at all zones(p<0.001). FI after LAR with a short DAAV, especially male, may be PSN dysfunction due to operative damage of PSN.

Granulomatous cholangitis mimicking hilar cholangiocarcinoma: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Hilar biliary stricture caused by isolated fungal infections in immunocompetent patients are considered to be extremely rare and difficult to the diagnose from the outset. CASE PRESENTATION: We report a unique case of granulomatous cholangitis based on isolated biliary fungal infection manifesting as obstructive jaundice and mimicking hilar cholangiocarcinoma in an immunocompetent woman. A 67-year-old Japanese woman was referred to our hospital for obstructive jaundice. She had been followed up for hypochondroplasia by the referring physician. Her total bilirubin level was 5.4 mg/dL. Viral hepatitis screening was found to be negative, and serum IgG4 was within normal limits; however, her CA19-9 level was high. Abdominal computed tomography revealed dilatation of the intrahepatic bile ducts. Abdominal echogram detected a solid mass in the hilar bile duct. Her magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography has also revealed an abrupt stenosis of the primary biliary confluence with upstream dilatation of the intrahepatic bile ducts. Endoscopic nasobiliary drainage was then performed to improve the obstructive jaundice. Although biliary cytology did not reveal malignant findings, the bile duct in the hilum showed severe stenosis, and hilar cholangiocarcinoma could not be completely excluded. The patient had a developmental disorder based on chondrodystrophy. To avoid excessive surgical stress, such as hepatic lobectomy, we performed resection of the extrahepatic bile duct and Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy reconstruction. Intraoperative frozen sections of the resection margins were determined to be negative for tumor. The resected specimen showed multiple strictures inside the common bile duct, numerous calculi in the lumen, and little free space. The final pathological diagnosis was granulomatous cholangitis due to fungal infection. The patient's postoperative course was deemed uneventful. She was discharged from our hospital 23 days after surgery without antifungal treatment. CONCLUSIONS: For a unique case of granulomatous cholangitis based on isolated biliary fungal infection mimicking hilar cholangiocarcinoma, we were able to avoid excessive invasion and performed appropriate surgical management.

[Phyllodes Tumor of the Breast Occurring near Postoperative Fibroadenoma Scar-A Case Report].

We report the case of a phyllodes tumor of the breast occurring near a postoperative scar of fibroadenoma of the breast. The patient was a 41-year-old female who had a lump in the left breast, and underwent surgical resection of the tumor 5 years ago at another hospital.The pathological diagnosis of the tumor was fibroadenoma, and surgical margin was negative. The patient underwent ultrasonography every year at the treatment hospital.Five years later, the patient noticed a tumor in her left breast and visited our hospital.The tumor was 30mm in diameter and situated near the postoperative scar.A core needle biopsy for breast tumor led to the diagnosis of a phyllodes tumor.Surgical resection was performed with 5mm margins, and pathological analysis of the surgical specimen revealed a benign phyllodes tumor.The surgical margins were not involved.One year and 6 months after surgery, no metastases or recurrence were reported.

[Breast Papilloma with Rapid Growth Difficult to Distinguish from Carcinoma-A Case Report].

We report a case of papilloma of the breast with rapid growth in a 39-year-old female who had a lump in the left breast. The follow-up for the breast tumor was performed at another hospital.Three years after her first visit, 3 tumors measuring 1.8 cm, 0.5 cm, and 0.3 cm in diameter were detected. The patient visited our hospital to diagnose these tumors. We performed core needle biopsy for the tumor, and the pathological diagnosis was benign papilloma.After 1 year, the tumor grew to 3.0 cm in diameter, and we repeated the core needle biopsy. The pathological diagnosis remained as benign papilloma; however, the ultrasonography and MRI results showed that the tumor was malignant.Surgical resection was performed for the tumors, and pathological analysis of the surgical specimen revealed 3 benign papillomas with no involvement of the surgical margin.Six years after surgery, no recurrence was reported.

[Function of Pudendal Motor Nerve in Patients with or Without Fecal Incontinence after Low Anterior Resection for Lower Rectal Cancer].

To clarify the pudendal motor nerve(PMN)play in preventing fecal incontinence(FI)after low anterior resection(LAR) for lower rectal cancer, the PMN function was studied at early postoperative period after LAR. A total of 30 patients aged 43 to 78 years (21 men and 9 women with a mean age of 62.4 years) who underwent LAR for LRC were enrolled in the present study. Based on postoperative FI, these patients were divided into 2 groups(group A: patients with FI[n=10], group B: patients without FI[continence, n=20]). These were compared with group C(n=28, control subjects, 18 men and 10 women aged 46 to 76 years with a mean age of 60.2 years). Magnetic stimulation at the S2-4 sacral levels has been shown to activate the PMN root of the cauda equina. PMN latency(PMNL)at posterior sides of the anal canal was studied. FI after LAR was also evaluated by the Wexner score(WS). All patients were pathological Stage Ⅰ(20 patients: T1, N0, M0; 10 patients: T2, N0, M0). Group A had a significantly larger proportion of men than group B(p<0.05). The distance of anastomosis from anal verge(DAAV)in group A(2.4±1.7 cm)was significantly shorter than in group B(4.4±0.9 cm)(p< 0.001). WS from 8 to 10(mean: 9.25)comprised 20.0% of group A, 11 to 15(mean: 13.5)50.0%, and 16 to 20(mean: 18.5)comprised 30.0%. All patients in group A(WS: 8 or more)were incontinent. In contrast, all patients in group B(WS: 0)and C(WS: 0)were continent. Patients in pre-operative defecation(WS: 0)were also continent. As for PMNL, the conduction delay in group A(7.9±0.9 ms)was significantly longer than in groups B(4.1±0.6 ms)and C(3.9±0.3 ms) (p<0.001, respectively). FI after LAR with a short DAAV may be EAS dysfunction due to damage of PMN.

[A Case of Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy for Breast Cancer in an Elderly Man].

A 75-year-old man noted an elastic hard tumor under his left areola.Mammography showed a microlobulated mass, so he was diagnosed with category Ⅳ breast cancer.Ultrasonography showed a circular hypo-echoic mass that was 21mm in diameter with a moderately indistinct border.Based on core needle biopsy, the tumor was diagnosed as invasive ductal carcinoma.We performed a whole-body check-up, and he was diagnosed with T1N0M0, StageⅠ breast cancer.The patient underwent mastectomy and sentinel lymph node biopsy.The pathological diagnosis based on the resected surgical specimen was invasive ductal carcinoma, positive for ER and negative for PgR and HER2/neu protein expression, and the Ki-67 positive cell index was 20%.The surgical margins were negative, and there was no metastasis in the sentinel lymph nodes.He was administered endocrine therapy as adjuvant therapy.Two years after the surgery, he remains well without metastases.

[The Diagnostic Problem of Automated Breast Volume Scanner(ABUS)for a Breast Cancer Patient with Dementia-A Case Report].

The patient was an 84-year-old woman.She had presented with a mass on her right breast.Mammography revealed an illdefined mass.Handheld ultrasonography(HHUS)revealed a low echoic mass, 25mm in diameter, on the AC area of her right breast.An automated breast volume scanner(ABUS)was not useful for detecting the lesion because the patient had dementia and restless body movements.A core needle biopsy for breast tumor led to a diagnosis of invasive ductal carcinoma, which was positive for estrogen and progesterone receptors, and negative for HER2/neu.The Ki-67-positive cell index was 70%.We examined her whole body and made a diagnosis of T2N0M0, StageⅡA.She underwent a muscle-preserving mastectomy plus sentinel lymph node biopsy.The pathological diagnosis from the resected surgical specimen was invasive ductal carcinoma, positive for estrogen and progesterone receptors, and negative for HER2/neu.The Ki-67-positive cell index was 70%.The surgical margins were negative for malignancy, and no metastasis was observed in the sentinel lymph node.She was given endocrine as adjuvant therapies.Three years after the surgery, she was well without metastases.Patients with dementia could not use ABUS.HHUS will be useful for these patients.

[The Diagnostic Problem of the Automated Breast Volume Scanner(ABUS) for Paget Disease-A Case Report].

The patient, a 41-year-old woman, presented with an elastic soft tumor on her left breast. Sore skin was observed on the left nipple and areola. Mammography revealed poor extension at the left nipple surrounding skin. A hand-held ultrasonography( HHUS)device and automated breast volume scanner(ABUS)did not detect the thickening of the skin. Surgical biopsy was performed. The skin lesion was diagnosed as Paget disease. We examined her whole body and made a diagnosis of Tis N0 M0, stage 0. The patient underwent a mastectomy and sentinel lymph node biopsy. The pathological diagnosis on the basis of the resected surgical specimen was invasive ductal carcinoma, negative for ER and PgR, and positive for HER2/neu protein expression, and the Ki-67-positive cell index was 30%. The surgical margins were negative, and no metastasis was found in the sentinel lymph node. She was given trastuzumab as adjuvant therapy. Two years after the surgery, she was well without recurrence.

[A Case of Synchronous Bilateral Breast Cancer in an Elderly Patient].

We encountered a case of synchronous bilateral breast cancer in an elderly patient. A 75-year-old woman visited our hospital because she was identified with an abnormality on mammography during breast cancer screening. An elastic hard tumor 2.0 cm in diameter was detected in the A area of her right breast. Mammography showed an irregular tumor shadow with spicula in the right breast and micro-calcifications in her left breast. Ultrasonography showed a low echoic lesion 20mm in size in the A area of her right breast and a low echoic area 5mm in size in her left breast. Histological examination of core needle biopsy specimens revealed invasive ductal carcinoma in both breasts. Synchronous bilateral breast cancer was diagnosed. Bilateral muscle-preserving mastectomy with sentinel lymph node biopsy was performed. Postoperative histology revealed bilateral invasive ductal carcinoma without lymph node metastasis that was positive for ER and PgR, was negative for HER2, and had a Ki-67-positive cell index of 20% in the right breast(T1N0M0, Stage Ⅰ), and that was positive for ER, was negative for PgR and HER2, and had a Ki-67-positive cell index of 5% in the left breast(T1N0M0, Stage Ⅰ). The surgical margins were negative. She was administered endocrine therapy as adjuvant therapy for 5 years after the surgery. Eight years after the surgery, she was well without metastasis.

[Long-Term Survival by Multidisciplinary Treatments in a Non-Curative Resected Case of Rectal Mucinous Carcinoma Occurring 20 Years after Surgery for Rectal Carcinoma].

We reported the long-term survival ofa patient who underwent multidisciplinary treatments for non-curative resected rectal mucinous carcinoma that occurred 20 years after rectal carcinoma surgery. A 69-year-old man who had undergone a lower anterior resection for rectal cancer diagnosed approximately 20 years prior was referred to our hospital with a diagnosis ofrectal cancer. The tumor was detected near the rectal anastomosis ofthe previous surgery. Histopathologic study ofthe biopsy specimen revealed mucinous carcinoma. We performed a Miles operation in July 2010. The pathological findings were mucinous carcinoma, pT4b(small intestine), pN0, pPM1, pDM0, pRM1. Two months after surgery, chemotherapy comprising mFOLFOX6 plus Pmab was started and 12 courses oftreatment were administrated. Then, UFT was orally administrated. The pelvic tumor gradually increased to 9 cm in diameter. Radiation therapy was performed from May 2013 but was not effective. The histopathologic findings of a CT-guided biopsy revealed mucin only. We administered oral S-1, but his serum CEA level increased to 30.7 ng/mL and skin invasion of the tumor was observed; therefore, we performed tumor reduction surgery through an incision from the perineum in July 2015. After surgery, regorafenib was administered. The serum CEA value was normalized, but repeated urinary tract infection, gradually deteriorated renal function, and local cancer progression were observed. Administration of regorafenib continued in an outpatient setting for approximately 2 years and 4 months. The patient was admitted to the hospital because his general condition deteriorated in February 2018 and he died in March 2018. We experienced a case that survived for more than 5 years and 6 months after the pelvic recurrence of the rectal mucinous carcinoma.

[Study of the Therapeutic Effect and Neutrophil Lymphocyte Ratio in Breast Cancer Patients Who Received Eribulin].

BACKGROUND: The neutrophil lymphocyte ratio is reported to be a poor prognostic factor in each carcinoma, and the possibility of predicting the therapeutic effect of chemotherapy, for example, is being studied. In this study, we measured the NLR before and after administration of eribulin and the NLR before and after the final administration in breast cancer patients and examined the relationship with the therapeutic effect. METHODS: Eleven primary breast cancer patients were examined after eribulin was administered; PD was confirmed eventually, and administration was discontinued. The NLR was determined before the first administration of eribulin and 7 days after the administration; the NLR before the final administration and after the last administration were each tested with p<0.05 as the significance level and using the t test. RESULTS: The average value of NLR before initial administration was 4.07±2.11, and the average value after 7 days of administration was 2.47±1.97. The NLR before initial administration tended to be higher, and a significant difference was observed(p<0.05). The average NLR value before the final administration was 4.02±2.04, and the average value of the NLR after the final administration was 3.19 ±1.76, showing no significant difference(p=0.27, NS).

[Treatment Experience of Palbociclib as a New Checkpoint Inhibitor].

We encountered a case of multiple metastases from breast cancer. The patient was administered palbociclib, which was a new checkpoint inhibitor. The patient received various chemotherapies and endocrine therapies. We observed episode of care, a harm phenomenon, and tolerability. We did not recognize adverse events more severe than Grade 3 during the 6 weeks after initiating palbociclib therapy. Diagnostic imaging showed that the metastatic lesions maintained stable disease during the 6 weeks after initiating palbociclib therapy. This case suggested that palbociclib therapy is useful for patients with metastatic breast cancer.