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Introducción: Las bacteriemias relacionadas con el uso de catéter (BRC) en pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica avanzada (ERCA) representan un importante problema sanitario. Objetivos: Estimar la incidencia de BRC en pacientes con ERCA en el Hospital Ciro Redondo García, Artemisa, Cuba; y describir su relación con el tipo de acceso vascular (AV), así como la conducta médica que se adopta después del diagnóstico. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo entre mayo-octubre del 2019, en el que se incluyó el total de los pacientes (n = 78) de la unidad de hemodiálisis del hospital. Se recogió información acerca del tipo y tiempo de uso del AV. Ante un episodio sugerente de bacteriemia, se obtuvo una muestra de sangre para hemocultivo. Se informó la incidencia de BRC según los criterios de Bouza (2004). Resultados: La tasa de incidencia de BRC se estimó buena (1,18/1 000 días-catéter). Para las producidas por Staphylococcus aureus y por bacterias gramnegativas (Escherichia coli, Enterobacter spp., Pseudomonas spp. y Alcaligenes spp.) las tasas fueron excelentes: 0,44 y 0,88/1 000 días-catéter, respectivamente. Los catéteres venosos centrales se constataron como los AV predominantes. Se verificó que se impuso tratamiento empírico ante signos de probable BRC y este se modificó tras el diagnóstico etiológico específico, acompañado de la retirada del AV siempre que las condiciones clínicas lo permitieron. Conclusiones: Se mantienen en el servicio de hemodiálisis buenas prácticas clínicas para la prevención de BRC. Los agentes etiológicos demostrados obligan a mantener la indicación de tratamiento empírico con antibióticos de amplio espectro(AU)
Introduction: Catheter-related bacteremias (CRB) in patients with advanced chronic kidney diseases represent a major health problem. Objective: To estimate the incidence of CRB in patients with advanced chronic kidney diseases at Ciro Redondo García Hospital, Artemisa, Cuba; and to describe its relationship with the type of vascular access (VA), as well as the medical protocol adopted after diagnosis. Methods: A descriptive study was conducted between May and October 2019. All patients (n=78) in the hospital hemodialysis unit were included. Information about the type and duration of VA was collected. In the presence of an episode suggestive of bacteremia, a blood sample was obtained for blood culture. The incidence of CRB was informed according to Bouza´s criteria (2004). Results: The incidence rate of CRB was estimated good (1.18/1 000 1000 catheter-days). For those caused by Staphylococcus aureus and by gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Enterobacter spp., Pseudomonas spp. y Alcaligenes spp.), the rates were excellent: 0.44 and 0.88/1000 catheter -days, respectively. Central venous catheters were the predominant VAs. It was confirmed that empirical treatment was initiated in the presence of signs of a probable CRB, which was modified after specific etiological diagnosis, together with the withdrawal of the VA whenever the clinical conditions allowed it. Conclusions: Good clinical practices for the prevention of CBR are maintained at the hemodialysis service. The confirmed etiological agents make it necessary to continue with the indication of empirical treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics(AU)
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Bacteriemia/complicações , Cateteres Venosos Centrais/efeitos adversosRESUMO
RESUMEN Introducción: El síndrome coqueluchoide es una causa frecuente de ingreso y no siempre se descarta a la Bordetella pertussis como su origen. Objetivo: Identificar la etiología infecciosa en niños ingresados con síndrome coqueluchoide/coqueluche y su relación con el estado de la vacunación. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo, transversal, en 120 niños hasta 10 años de edad con diagnóstico de síndrome coqueluchoide ingresados en el Servicio de Neumología del Hospital Pediátrico "Juan Manuel Márquez", entre enero 2010 y septiembre 2012. Se evaluó la edad, sexo, evolución, resultados de reacción en cadena de la polimerasa y cultivo para virus, bacterias y micoplasmas en muestras obtenidas al ingreso, procesadas en el Instituto de Medicina Tropical, además, cumplimiento de vacunación antipertussis. Las variables cualitativas se describieron mediante frecuencias absolutas y porcentajes; para evaluar la relación tos ferina e incumplimiento de la vacunación se empleó la prueba Ji cuadrada con un nivel de significación de p≤ 0,05. Resultados: Predominaron los menores de un año (69,2 %) y el sexo femenino (55%). Bordetella pertussis se aisló en 71 casos (59,2 %); más frecuente en menores de 6 meses (59,7 %) y en niños con vacunación incompleta (80 %), pero no fue significativa la diferencia con los casos no pertussis (p=0,214).Existió coinfección con virus y micoplasmas (54-76 %). La etiología viral predominó en los restantes 49; rinovirus fue el más representado en general. Falleció una recién nacida con neumonía por B pertussis. Conclusiones: Ante un síndrome coqueluchoide debemos siempre tener presente la posibilidad de tos ferina, sobre todo en niños pequeños con vacunación incompleta.
ABSTRACT Introduction: Coqueluchoid syndrome is a frequent cause of admission and Bordetella pertussis is not always ruled out as its origin. Objective: Identify the infectious etiology in children admitted with coqueluchoid/coqueluche syndrome and its relationship with vaccination status. Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted in 120 children up to 10 years of age diagnosed with coqueluchoid syndrome admitted to the Pulmonology Service of "Juan Manuel Márquez" Children's Hospital between January 2010 and September 2012. Age, sex, evolution, polymerase chain reaction results and culture for viruses, bacteria and mycoplasmas were evaluated in samples obtained at admission, processed at the Institute of Tropical Medicine ; in addition to the compliance with anti-pertussis vaccination. Qualitative variables were described by absolute frequencies and percentages; to evaluate the ratio of whooping cough and non-compliance with vaccination, the Ji square test was used with a significance level of p≤ 0.05. Results: Children under one year of age (69.2%) and female sex (55%) predominated. Bordetella pertussis was isolated in 71 cases (59.2%); it was more frequent in children under 6 months (59.7%) and in children with incomplete vaccination (80%), but the difference with non-pertussis cases was not significant (p= 0.214). There was co-infection with viruses and mycoplasmas (54-76%). Viral etiology predominated in the remaining 49; rhinovirus was the most represented overall. A newborn died with B. pertussis pneumonia. Conclusions: In the face of a coqueluchoid syndrome we must always keep in mind the possibility of whooping cough, especially in young children with incomplete vaccination.
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RESUMEN Durante la pandemia de COVID-19 deben mantenerse activos los sistemas de vigilancia de enfermedades prevenibles mediante vacunación. El objetivo de la presente comunicación es alertar sobre el debilitamiento de la vigilancia de la enfermedad neumocócica invasiva en Cuba durante el 2020. Para ello se realizó un análisis retrospectivo del número de casos con enfermedad neumocócica invasiva confirmado en el Laboratorio Nacional de Referencia, Cuba 2014-2020. Entre el 2014 y 2019 el número de aislados de Streptococcus pneumoniae osciló entre 81 y 121. Durante el 2020 solo se confirmaron 31 aislados; 19 de ellos se recuperaron de meningitis y únicamente cinco de neumonía. Las medidas sanitarias implementadas para contener el avance de la pandemia COVID-19 pueden haber influido en la disminución de aislados responsables de enfermedad neumocócica invasiva. Esto parece obedecer al debilitamiento de la vigilancia, pues las pruebas para el diagnóstico de la COVID-19 se convirtieron en una prioridad durante el 2020.
ABSTRACT During the COVID-19 pandemic, surveillance systems for vaccine-preventable diseases should remain active. The purpose of the present communication is to warn about the weakening of invasive pneumococcal disease surveillance in Cuba during the year 2020. To achieve such an end, a retrospective analysis was conducted of the number of invasive pneumococcal disease cases confirmed at the Cuban National Reference Laboratory in the period 2014-2020. From 2014 to 2019 the number of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates ranged between 81 and 121. In 2020 only 31 isolates were confirmed, 19 of which were retrieved from meningitis and a mere five from pneumonia. The health actions implemented to contain the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic may have influenced the decline in the number of isolated responsible for invasive pneumococcal disease. This situation seems to be a consequence of the weakening of surveillance, since COVID-19 diagnostic tests became a priority during 2020.
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BACKGROUND: Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated from patients with invasive pneumococcal disease has been subjected to laboratory-based surveillance in Latin American and Caribbean countries since 1993. Invasive pneumococcal diseases remain a major cause of death and disability worldwide, particularly in children. We therefore aimed to assess the direct effect of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) on the distribution of pneumococcal serotypes causing invasive pneumococcal disease in children younger than 5 years before and after PCV introduction. METHODS: We did a multicentre, retrospective observational study in eight countries that had introduced PCV (ie, PCV countries) in the Latin American and Caribbean region: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Dominican Republic, Mexico, Paraguay, and Uruguay. Cuba and Venezuela were also included as non-PCV countries. Isolate data for Streptococcus pneumoniae were obtained between 2006 and 2017 from children younger than 5 years with an invasive pneumococcal disease from local laboratories or hospitals. Species' confirmation and capsular serotyping were done by the respective national reference laboratories. Databases from the Sistema Regional de Vacunas (SIREVA) participating countries were managed and cleaned in a unified database using Microsoft Excel 2016 and the program R (version 3.6.1). Analysis involved percentage change in vaccine serotypes between pre-PCV and post-PCV periods and the annual reporting rate of invasive pneumococcal diseases per 100â000 children younger than 5 years, which was used as a population reference to calculate percentage vaccine type reduction. FINDINGS: Between 2006 and 2017, 12â269 isolates of invasive pneumococcal disease were collected from children younger than 5 years in the ten Latin American and Caribbean countries. The ten serotypes included in ten-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV10) decreased significantly (p<0·0001) after any PCV introduction, except for the Dominican Republic. The percentage change for the ten vaccine serotypes in PCV10 countries was -91·6% in Brazil (530 [72·9%] of 727 before, 27 [6·1%] of 441 after); -85·0% in Chile (613 [72·6%] of 844 before, 44 [10·9%] of 404] after); -84·7% in Colombia (231 [63·1%] of 366 before, 34 [9·7%] of 352 after); and -73·8% in Paraguay (127 [77·0%] of 165 before, 22 [20·2%] of 109 after). In the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) countries, the percentage change for the 13 vaccine serotypes was -59·6% in Argentina (853 [85·0%] of 1003 before, 149 [34·3%] of 434 after); -16·5% in the Dominican Republic (95 [80·5%] of 118 before, 39 [67·2%] of 58 after); -43·7% in Mexico (202 [73·2%] of 276 before, 63 [41·2%] of 153 after); and -45·9% in Uruguay (138 [80·7%] of 171 before, 38 [43·7%] of 87 after). Annual reporting rates showed a reduction from -82·5% (6·21 before vs 1·09 after per 100â000, 95% CI -61·6 to -92·0) to -94·7% (1·15 vs 0·06 per 100â000, -89·7 to -97·3) for PCV10 countries, and -58·8% (2·98 vs 1·23 per 100â000, -21·4 to -78·4) to -82·9% (7·80 vs 1·33 per 100â000, -76·9 to -87·4) for PCV13 countries. An increase in the amount of non-vaccine types was observed in the eight countries after PCV introduction together with an increase in their percentage in relation to total invasive strains in the post-PCV period. INTERPRETATION: SIREVA laboratory surveillance was able to confirm the effect of PCV vaccine on serotypes causing invasive pneumococcal disease in the eight PCV countries. Improved monitoring of the effect and trends in vaccine type as well as in non-vaccine type isolates is needed, as this information will be relevant for future decisions associated with new PCVs. FUNDING: None. TRANSLATIONS: For the Portuguese and Spanish translations of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.
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Infecções Pneumocócicas/microbiologia , Sorotipagem , Streptococcus pneumoniae/classificação , Vacinas Conjugadas , Região do Caribe , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Vacina Pneumocócica Conjugada Heptavalente/administração & dosagem , Humanos , América Latina , Masculino , Infecções Pneumocócicas/prevenção & controle , Vacinas Pneumocócicas/administração & dosagem , Estudos Retrospectivos , Streptococcus pneumoniae/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of introducing a domestic pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7-TT) into the Cuban National Immunization Program (NIP). METHODS: We compared PCV7-TT given at two, four and six months of age to a scenario without PCV7-TT, over a ten-year period (2020-2029). We calculated the cost (Cuban pesos - CUP) per Disability Adjusted Life Year (DALY) averted from a Government perspective. We compared results from a static cohort model and a parsimonious prediction model informed by the serotype distribution among pneumococcal carriers and cases. We ran probabilistic and deterministic uncertainty analyses. RESULTS: PCV7-TT could prevent 6897 (95% uncertainty interval, 4344-8750) hospitalizations and 189 (115-253) deaths in children <5 years of age, over the period 2020-2029. This could cost around 25 million (20-31) discounted CUP but would be offset by treatment cost savings of around 23 million (14-31). A parsimonious model predicted less favourable impact and cost-effectiveness but the cost per DALY averted was still less than 0.4 times the current GDP per capita. CONCLUSIONS: PCV7-TT is likely to be cost-effective in Cuba. The impact of the vaccine would need to be carefully monitored following its introduction into the NIP.
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Programas de Imunização/economia , Infecções Pneumocócicas/economia , Infecções Pneumocócicas/prevenção & controle , Vacinas Pneumocócicas/administração & dosagem , Vacinas Pneumocócicas/economia , Algoritmos , Pré-Escolar , Estudos de Coortes , Análise Custo-Benefício , Cuba , Feminino , Custos de Cuidados de Saúde , Hospitalização/economia , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Infecções Pneumocócicas/imunologia , Infecções Pneumocócicas/microbiologia , Vacinas Pneumocócicas/imunologia , Anos de Vida Ajustados por Qualidade de Vida , Streptococcus pneumoniae/imunologia , Vacinas Conjugadas/administração & dosagem , Vacinas Conjugadas/economia , Vacinas Conjugadas/imunologiaRESUMO
Introducción: Staphylococcus aureus resistente a meticilina constituye la causa principal de bacteriemia relaciona a catéter en pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica avanzada en hemodiálisis. Objetivos: Estimar la tasa de incidencia de bacteriemia relaciona con catéter por Staphylococcus aureus resistente a meticilina en pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica avanzada en el Hospital General Freyre de Andrade, Cuba, y vigilar los valores de concentración mínima inhibitoria de vancomicina frente a los aislados recuperados de bacteriemia. Métodos: El estudio se realizó entre mayo 2017 y febrero 2018, el cual incluyó 64 pacientes con Staphylococcus aureus resistente a meticilina (total de los atendidos en hemodiálisis). De cada uno se recogió información acerca de tipo de acceso vascular y tiempo de uso; de los que desarrollaron un episodio sugerente de bacteriemia se obtuvieron muestras de sangre para hemocultivo. Se informó bacteriemia relacionada con catéter utilizando los criterios de Bouza y otros 2004 y estas se confirmaron debidas a Staphylococcus aureus resistente a meticilina tras determinar la concentración mínima inhibitoria de oxacilina, empleando el método de microdilución en caldo y los criterios del CLSI 2017. Asimismo se evaluó la concentración mínima inhibitoria de vancomicina. Resultados: Las tasas de incidencia de bacteriemia relaciona con catéter por S. aureus y Staphylococcus aureus resistente a meticilina fueron de 0,66 y 0,59/1000 días-catéter, respectivamente. Predominaron las bacteriemia relacionada con catéter en los pacientes con accesos vasculares temporales. No se observó incremento en la concentración mínima inhibitoria de vancomicina (1 y 2 (g/mL) para los aislados responsables de bacteriemia a repetición y persistente. Conclusiones: La tasas de incidencia de bacteriemia relacionada con catéter indican que en la unidad de hemodiálisis se mantienen buenas prácticas clínicas. Los valores de concentración mínima inhibitoria de vancomicina sugieren una reducción en la eficacia de la droga en el tratamiento(AU)
Introduction: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus is the leading cause of catheter-related bacteremia in patients with advanced chronic kidney disease undergoing hemodialysis. Objective: Estimate the incidence rate of catheter-related bacteremia by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in patients with advanced chronic kidney disease from General Freyre de Andrade Hospital in Cuba, and survey the vancomycin minimum inhibitory concentration values for isolates obtained from bacteremia. Methods: A study was conducted of 64 patients with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (total of those undergoing hemodialysis) from May 2017 to February 2018. For each one of them, information was collected about vascular access type and time of use. Blood culture samples were obtained from patients who developed an episode suggesting bacteremia. Catheter-related bacteremia was reported using Bouza et al (2004) criteria, and it was confirmed as due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus after determining oxacillin minimum inhibitory concentration by broth microdilution and CLSI 2017 criteria. Vancomycin minimum inhibitory concentration was also evaluated. Results: The incidence rates for catheter-related bacteremia by S. aureus and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus were 0.66 and 0.59/1000 catheter-days, respectively. A predominance was found of catheter-related bacteremia in patients with temporary vascular accesses. No increase was observed in vancomycin minimum inhibitory concentration (1 and 2 g/mlL for the isolates responsible for recurrent and persistent bacteremia. Conclusions: The incidence rates for catheter-related bacteremia show that good clinical practices are maintained in the hemodialysis unit. Vancomycin minimum inhibitory concentration values suggest a decrease in the efficacy of the drug during treatment(AU)
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Humanos , Infecções Estafilocócicas/tratamento farmacológico , Bacteriemia/epidemiologia , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina/efeitos dos fármacos , Insuficiência Renal Crônica/complicações , Infecções Relacionadas a Cateter/complicaçõesRESUMO
Fundamento: El Streptococcus pneumoniae forma parte de la flora bacteriana normal de la mucosa nasal y faríngea. La colonización nasofaríngea antecede a la enfermedad neumocócica y los individuos afectados constituyen el reservorio a nivel comunitario.Objetivo: determinar la prevalencia de colonización nasofaríngea global y por serotipos de Streptococcus pneumoniae en niños de 1 a 5 años institucionalizados, previo a la vacunación antineumocócica.Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal en el municipio de Cienfuegos, en el período comprendido de junio del 2014 hasta abril del 2015, en niños de edades entre 1 y 5 años, que asisten a círculos infantiles (N=1 129). Las muestras de exudado nasofaríngeo se tomaron siguiendo los protocolos establecidos. Se estimó la prevalencia de colonización y se identificaron los serotipos más frecuentes.Resultados: la prevalencia global de colonización nasofaríngea por neumococos fue de 32,32 %. Los serotipos vacunales más frecuentes fueron el 19F (6,02 %) y el 6B (3,99 %); de los relacionados con la vacuna, predominó el 6A (5,49 %) y de los no vacunales, el más observado fue el 14B.Conclusión: la colonización nasofaríngea en niños preescolares no vacunados contra el neumococo presentó una prevalencia elevada, a expensas de los serotipos incluidos en las vacunas conjugadas antineumocócicas.
Foundation: Streptococcus pneumoniae is part of the normal bacterial flora of the nasal and pharingeal mucosa. Naso-pharyngeal colonization precedes the pneumococcal disease and affected individuals are a reservoir at the community level.Objective: to determine the prevalence of global naso-pharyngeal colonization and by serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae in children of pre-school age before anti pneumoccocal vaccination.Methods: a cross descriptive study in the Cienfuegos Municipality, within the period of June 2014 and April 2015. in children aged between 1 and 5 years attending preschool educative centers (N=1 129). Samples of naso-pharyngeal exudates were taken following the set guidelines. The prevalence of colonization was estimated and the most frequent serotypes were identified.Results: the global prevalence of naso-pharyngeal colonization was 32,32 %. The most frequent vaccine serotypes were 19F (6,02 %) and 6B (3,99 %); of those related with the vaccine, 6A predominated (5,49 %) and of the not related to the vaccine the most frequently observed was 14B.Conclusion: naso-pharyngeal colonization in preschool children not vaccinated against pneumoccocus presented a high prevalence at the expense of the serotypes included in the conjugated anti-peumococcal vaccines.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: A new vaccine candidate against pneumococcus is being developed in Cuba, and it is a priority of the national health system. There is limited information on nasopharyngeal colonization burden, though it is essential for monitoring the impact of the vaccine. The study aims to estimate the prevalence of nasopharyngeal colonization in children 2-18 months of age and identify circulating serotypes, antimicrobial resistance and its association with selected risk factors. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted between October and December 2013 in Cienfuegos municipality. Inclusion criteria were evaluated, and informed consent was obtained from the parents. Clinical and epidemiologic data were collected through a semistructured questionnaire. Nasopharyngeal swabs according to established protocols were taken. Data analysis included frequency distributions and comparison of proportions. The association between colonization and selected risk factors was assessed by multivariate analysis. RESULTS: A total of 984 children (87.2% living in urban areas) were included. The overall prevalence of colonization was 21.6%. The most frequent serotypes isolated were 6A (23.1%), 23F (10.8%), 6B (10.3%), 19F (8.5%) and 14 (3.3%). We found no resistance to ß-lactamases in circulating serotypes. Living with sibling younger than 5 years, previous respiratory infections, previous hospitalization and day-care attendance were determinants of nasopharyngeal carriage. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that the burden of pneumococcal disease and colonization in Cuba could be significantly affected after vaccine introduction.
Assuntos
Portador Sadio/epidemiologia , Infecções Pneumocócicas/epidemiologia , Vacinas Pneumocócicas/imunologia , Streptococcus pneumoniae/isolamento & purificação , Vacinação/estatística & dados numéricos , Portador Sadio/imunologia , Portador Sadio/microbiologia , Estudos Transversais , Cuba/epidemiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Infecções Pneumocócicas/imunologia , Infecções Pneumocócicas/microbiologia , Infecções Pneumocócicas/prevenção & controle , Prevalência , Fatores de Risco , Sorogrupo , Streptococcus pneumoniae/imunologiaRESUMO
Introducción: Streptococcus pneumoniae es causa importante de morbilidad y mortalidad a nivel mundial, fundamentalmente en niños < 5 años. En Cuba aún no se introdujo la vacunación antineumocócica, pero desde 2014, con el propósito de sentar las bases para la evaluación de su impacto, se lleva a cabo un protocolo de vigilancia centinela de la enfermedad neumocócica invasiva en niños ≤ 5 años. Objetivos: notificar los serotipos de S. pneumoniae responsables de enfermedad neumocócica invasiva en la población pediátrica cubana, y valorar la contribución de ese protocolo a la vigilancia. Métodos: se determinaron los serotipos de todos los aislamientos pediátricos invasivos y los recuperados de otitis media aguda, recibidos en el Laboratorio Nacional de Referencia de Neumococo, del Instituto de Medicina Tropical Pedro Kourí, entre 2013-2015. Se utilizó el método de hinchazón capsular empleando el juego de reactivos Pneumotest. Resultados: se notificaron 141 aislamientos invasivos en edad pediátrica. Predominaron los responsables de neumonías (76 vs. 49 aislamientos meníngeos) y la mayoría de estos fueron aportados por los hospitales involucrados en la vigilancia centinela (75 por ciento; 57/76). El 85,8 por ciento de los aislamientos quedaron contenidos en siete serotipos, que por orden de frecuencia fueron: 14, 19A, 6A, 19F, 6B, 3 y 23F. La cobertura serotípica de las diferentes vacunas neumocócicas multivalentes con posibilidades de ser empleadas se estimó entre 54 y 90 por ciento. Conclusiones: tras la introducción de la vacunación cabría esperar una reducción de la enfermedad neumocócica invasiva debida a los serotipos contenidos en las vacunas conjugadas disponibles, pero se insiste en la necesidad de fortalecer la vigilancia clínico-epidemiológica que se hace hoy de esta entidad en el país(AU)
Introduction: Streptococcus pneumoniae is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide mainly in children younger than 5 years. The pneumococcal vaccination has not been yet put into practice in Cuba; however, since 2014 a protocol of sentinel surveillance of the invasive pneumococcal disease in children aged 5 years or less is being implemented to lay the foundations for the evaluation of the impact of this vaccine. Objectives: to report on the S. pneumoniae serotypes responsible for the invasive pneumococcal disease in the Cuban pediatric population and to assess the contribution of this protocol to surveillance. Methods: the serotypes of all the invasive pediatric isolates and the recovered ones of acute otitis media were determined by the national laboratory of pneumococcal reference of Pedro Kourí Institute of Tropical Medicine from 2013 to 2015. The capsular swelling method was used with the Penumotest reagent set. Results: one hundred and forty one invasive isolates were reported at pediatric ages. The isolates causing pneumonia predominated (76 vs. 49 meningeal isolates) and most of them were provided by hospitals involved in the sentinel surveillance project (57 out of 76; 75 percent). In this regard, 85.8 percent of isolates belonged to seven serotypes that were in order of frequency the following: 14, 19A, 6A, 19F, 6B, 3 and 23F. The serotype coverage of the various multivalent pneumococcal vaccines of possible use was estimated at 54-90 percent. Conclusions: after the introduction of the vaccinations, one might expect that a reduction of the invasive pneumococcal disease occurs due to the serotypes included in the available conjugate vaccines, but emphasis is made on the need of strengthening at present the clinical and epidemiological surveillance system for this disease nationwide(AU)
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Recém-Nascido , Lactente , Pré-Escolar , Infecções Pneumocócicas/prevenção & controle , Infecções Pneumocócicas/epidemiologia , Streptococcus pneumoniae/isolamento & purificação , Sorotipagem/métodosRESUMO
Este trabajo resume el marco de evidencias que sustenta el actual uso de las vacunas antineumocócicas conjugadas en términos de seguridad, inmunogenicidad, eficacia y efectividad. Presenta una nueva alternativa para prevenir la enfermedad neumocócica en la población infantil basada en el nuevo candidato vacunal cubano contra neumococo. Expone los principios básicos que definen la estrategia para su introducción en Cuba, y los avances derivados de la aplicación de un modelo integrado para la evaluación clínica e impacto en salud en fase de implementación, el cual busca proveer las evidencias científicas que soporten la decisión del sistema nacional de salud para su introducción en el esquema nacional de inmunizaciones y su posterior comercialización en la era de las vacunas conjugadas antineumocócicas. Se presentan los resultados preliminares de estudios concluidos, y se elaboran conclusiones sobre los aportes científicos y prácticos de la estrategia de implementación y el modelo de evaluación para la nueva vacuna(AU)
This paper summarized the group of evidence that supports the present use of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccines in terms of safety, immunogenicity, efficacy and effectiveness. It offers a new alternative to prevent the pneumococcal disease in the infant population on the basis of a new Cuban vaccinal candidate against pneumococci. It set out the basic principles that define the strategy for the introduction of this vaccine in Cuba and the advances resulting from the use of an integrated model for the clinical evaluation and the impact on health, in its implementation phase, which seeks to provide the scientific evidence backing up the decision of the national health care system to introduce this vaccine in the national immunization schedule and its further commercialization in the era of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines. Preliminary results of finished studies were presented and the conclusions on the scientific and practical contributions of the strategy of implementation and the evaluation model for the new vaccine were worked out(AU)
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Vacinas , Eficácia , Esquemas de Imunização , Efetividade , Sistemas Nacionais de SaúdeRESUMO
Introducción: en Cuba se desconoce el peso de la colonización vaginal o rectal por Streptococcus agalactiae o estreptococo ß-hemolítico grupo B (SGB) como factor de riesgo para el desarrollo de sepsis neonatal precoz. Objetivo: determinar la prevalencia de colonización vaginal/rectal por SGB entre la población de gestantes del municipio Melena del Sur, Mayabeque. Métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional de corte transversal entre febrero-agosto 2011, en el que se incluyeron 120 gestantes (35-37 semanas). Se obtuvieron muestras vaginales y rectales que se cultivaron en caldo Todd Hewitt y medio Granada y se calculó la sensibilidad y especificidad de ambos medios de cultivo para la recuperación de SGB. Se hizo seguimiento de las embarazadas hasta el momento del parto para conocer acerca de la aparición de factores de riesgo para el desarrollo de sepsis neonatal, sobre la imposición de profilaxis antibiótica intraparto y si se produjeron casos de sepsis neonatal (tipo y evolución). Resultados: la especificidad lograda con el medio Granada para el aislamiento de SGB fue superior (94,57 %) pero la sensibilidad fue de solo 60,71 %; la combinación de su empleo y el caldo Todd Hewitt permitió la demostración de colonización por SGB en el 27,5 % de las gestantes. Se constató la administración de tratamiento profiláctico a las embarazas colonizadas en las que se presentaron factores de riesgo en el momento del parto y se produjeron solo cuatro casos de sepsis neonatales, lo que realza el valor de esta estrategia en la intercepción de la transmisión vertical.
Introduction: the impact of vaginal or rectal colonization by Streptococcus agalactiae or group B hemolytic streptococcus as risk factor for the development of early neonatal sepsis is still unknown in Cuba. Objective: to determine the prevalence of group B hemolytic streptococcus colonization of the vagina and the rectum among the pregnant women of the Melena del Sur municipality in Mayabeque province, Cuba. Methods: observational and cross-sectional study conducted from February to August 2011, which covered 120 pregnant women (35 to 37 weeks of gestation). Vaginal and rectal samples were taken to be cultured in ToodHewitt broth and grenade medium and the sensitivity and specificity of both culturing media were then calculated for recovery of Group B hemolytic streptococcus. The pregnant women were followed-up up to the delivery time so as to learn about the occurrence of risk factors for developing neonatal sepsis, the application of antibiotic prophylaxis intrapartum and the occurrence of cases of neonatal sepsis (type and progress). Results: the specificity of the grenade medium for Group B streptococcus was higher (94.57 %), but sensitivity was just 60.71 %. The combination of grenade medium plus Todd Hewitt broth allowed showing the Group B hemolytic streptococcus colonization in 27.5 % of pregnant women. It was then confirmed that prophylactic treatment was given to colonized pregnant women who presented with risk factors at the time of delivery and that there were just four neonatal sepsis cases, which stressed the value of this strategy in halting the vertical transmission.
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Gravidez , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez , Sepse Neonatal/complicações , Streptococcus agalactiae/isolamento & purificação , Candidíase Vulvovaginal/transmissão , Estudos Transversais , Fatores de Risco , Parto/efeitos dos fármacos , Estudo ObservacionalRESUMO
El síndrome coqueluchoide, cuadro parecido a la tos ferina, es uno de los síndromes respiratorios bajos más comunes en la práctica pediátrica sobre todo en los últimos años. La tos ferina sigue siendo la enfermedad inmunoprevenible más antigua de la infancia que aún causa brotes importantes, principalmente en niños, pero también en adolescentes y adultos. El objetivo de esta revisión es proporcionar información a todos los médicos generales y pediatras de atención primaria y secundaria de salud sobre este problema epidemiológico y de su actual reemergencia. El control de esta enfermedad es un problema de salud tanto en países desarrollados como en vías de desarrollo. Uno de los mayores obstáculos que ha contribuido a una tardía intervención epidemiológica y tratamiento de la tos ferina en varios países del mundo, ha sido la baja sospecha clínica de esta enfermedad en los médicos y trabajadores de la salud, y el desconocimiento de la familia, en la mayoría de las veces. En el momento actual existe una reemergencia mundial de la tos ferina, situación que es necesario conocer y aceptar para un oportuno diagnóstico y tratamiento.
Pertussis-like syndrome, a clinical picture similar to whooping cough, is one of the most common lower respiratory syndromes in the pediatric practice in recent years. Whooping cough continues to be one of the oldest preventable diseases in infants, which still causes significant outbreaks mainly in children, but also in adolescents and adults. The objective of this review was to provide general physicians and pediatricians at the primary and the secondary health care levels with information about this present re-emerging epidemiological problem. The management of this disease is difficult for both the developed and the developing countries. One of the major obstacles that lead to delayed epidemiological intervention and treatment of whooping cough in several countries has been the poor clinical suspicion of the presence of the disease on the part of health workers and physicians, and the lack of knowledge within the family setting. It is required to know and to accept the re-emergence of whooping cough at present, in order to make a timely diagnosis and to apply a line of treatment.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Recém-Nascido , Adolescente , Coqueluche/epidemiologia , Coqueluche/fisiopatologia , Coqueluche/prevenção & controle , Serviços de Vigilância Epidemiológica , Educação em Saúde/métodosRESUMO
INTRODUCCIÓN: en Cuba, a partir de 2006, ha sido difícil establecer la incidencia real de las meningitis bacterianas y otras enfermedades invasivas por Streptococcus pneumoniae, como consecuencia del bajo porcentaje de aislamiento e identificación de este agente en la red de laboratorios de microbiología del país. OBJETIVO: alertar sobre la necesidad de revitalizar la vigilancia activa de la enfermedad neumocócica invasiva, epidemiológica y microbiológica, fundamentalmente las meningitis y neumonías, en la etapa previa a la vacunación. MÉTODOS: se compararon la circulación de los serogrupos/serotipos capsulares y la susceptibilidad a penicilina de los aislamientos de S. pneumoniae responsables de infecciones invasivas, en dos períodos de la vigilancia: años 1994-2006 y 2007-2009. RESULTADOS: los serogrupos más frecuentes fueron: 3, 6, 7, 9, 14, 17, 18, 19, 20 y 23, pero se constató durante el segundo período de estudio, la circulación de otros no contenidos en las vacunas conjugadas disponibles comercialmente (serogrupo 15) y asociados a resistencia a antimicrobianos (serotipo 5). Por otra parte, se puso de manifiesto un incremento de la resistencia a la penicilina. CONCLUSIONES: para garantizar una alta efectividad con la inclusión en el calendario de vacunación infantil en Cuba, de alguna de las vacunas conjugadas contra S. pneumoniae, se impone el estudio de un número más representativo de aislamientos. Esto también permitirá hacer una correcta evaluación de la tendencia al incremento de la resistencia a la penicilina y adoptar guías de tratamiento adecuadas en el medio cubano.
INTRODUCTION: since 2006 in Cuba, there has been difficult to determine the actual incidente of bacterial meningitis and other invasive diseases caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, as a result of the low percentage of isolation and identification of this agent in the domestic microbiology lab network. OBJECTIVE: to warn of the need of revitalizing the active surveillance of invasive, epidemiological and microbiological pneumoccocic diseases, mainly meningitis and pneumoniae in the phase prior to vaccination. METHODS: a comparison was made on the circulation of capsulary serogroups/serotypes and the invasive infection-causing S. pneumoniae isolates susceptibility to penicilline in two periods: 1994-2006 and 2007-2009. RESULTS: the most frequent serogroups were 3, 6, 7, 9, 14, 17, 18, 19, 20 and 23; however, in the second period, it was observed that others not contained in the available conjugate vaccines (serogrup 15) and associated to antimicrobial resistance (serotype 5) were circulating. On the other hand, increased resistance to penicilline was evident. CONCLUSIONS: it is required to study a more representative number of isolates in order to assure high effectiveness with the incorporation of some S. pneumoniae conjugate vaccines in the Cuban infant vaccination schedule. This will also allow duly assessing increased resistance to penicilline and adopting therapeutical guidelines suited to the Cuban setting.
Assuntos
Resistência às Penicilinas , Streptococcus pneumoniae/classificação , Cuba , Sorotipagem , Streptococcus pneumoniae/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: since 2006 in Cuba, there has been difficult to determine the actual incidente of bacterial meningitis and other invasive diseases caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, as a result of the low percentage of isolation and identification of this agent in the domestic microbiology lab network. OBJECTIVE: to warn of the need of revitalizing the active surveillance of invasive, epidemiological and microbiological pneumoccocic diseases, mainly meningitis and pneumoniae in the phase prior to vaccination. METHODS: a comparison was made on the circulation of capsulary serogroups/serotypes and the invasive infection-causing S. pneumoniae isolates susceptibility to penicilline in two periods: 1994-2006 and 2007-2009. RESULTS: the most frequent serogroups were 3, 6, 7, 9, 14, 17, 18, 19, 20 and 23; however, in the second period, it was observed that others not contained in the available conjugate vaccines (serogrup 15) and associated to antimicrobial resistance (serotype 5) were circulating. On the other hand, increased resistance to penicilline was evident. CONCLUSIONS: it is required to study a more representative number of isolates in order to assure high effectiveness with the incorporation of some S. pneumoniae conjugate vaccines in the Cuban infant vaccination schedule. This will also allow duly assessing increased resistance to penicilline and adopting therapeutical guidelines suited to the Cuban setting.
Assuntos
Resistência às Penicilinas , Streptococcus pneumoniae/classificação , Cuba , Sorotipagem , Streptococcus pneumoniae/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Se llevó a cabo el estudio de validación de un ensayo tipo ELISA aceptado internacionalmente para este propósito, con el objetivo de disponer de un método para la cuantificación de anticuerpos contra el polisacárido capsular de Haemophilus influenzae tipo b (Hib), en los ensayos clínicos previstos para demostrar la inmunogenicidad de una nueva vacuna conjugada, compuesta por un antígeno sintético. La validación fue conducida en el Laboratorio Nacional de Referencia para Haemophilus, en el Instituto de Medicina Tropical Pedro Kourí, La Habana, Cuba, y se diseñó para ello un protocolo en el cual se consideró la determinación de la precisión, exactitud, linealidad y límite de detección del ensayo. En la preparación de la curva patrón estándar se empleó el suero de referencia internacional Hib Lote 1983. Para la repetibilidad y reproducibilidad del sistema se observaron índices de dispersión inferiores a 10 y 20 por ciento, respectivamente. El límite de detección fue de 3,6 ng/m, y los ensayos de recuperación y linealidad revelaron la alta exactitud del método. Se concluyó que durante la evaluación clínica del candidato a vacuna, obtenido por síntesis química, la cuantificación de anticuerpos contra el polisacárido capsular de Hib podía ser afrontada con apropiada precisión y exactitud mediante el método propuesto