RESUMO
The toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway plays a key role in inducing immune responses and is shown to be expressed in immune cells and tumor cells and is involved in the progression of several malignancies, including breast cancer. These findings provide proof of the concept of targeting this pathway as a potential therapeutic option in the treatment of breast cancer. Moreover, there is a growing body of data showing the activation of TLRs in the tumor microenvironment and its dual function as anti-tumoral (dendritic T and natural killer cells activation) or pro-tumoral activity (cell proliferation, and drug resistance). Several agents have been developed for targeting this pathway, and one of these inhibitors, called Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (an agonist of TLR2 and TLR4), is recently being approved by FDA for immunotherapy of bladder cancer. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the mechanisms of action of TLR pathways in the development/progression of cancer for better management of this disease.
Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama , Receptores Toll-Like , Neoplasias da Mama/tratamento farmacológico , Feminino , Humanos , Imunoterapia , Transdução de Sinais , Receptores Toll-Like/agonistas , Microambiente TumoralRESUMO
The concentrations of adenosine may increase under ischemic conditions in the tumor microenvironment, and then it enters the systemic circulation. Adenosine controls cancer progression and responses to therapy by regulating angiogenesis, cell survival, apoptosis, cell proliferation, and metastases in tumors. Hence, adenosine metabolism, adenosine-generating enzymes, and adenosine signaling are potentially novel therapeutic targets in a wide range of pathological conditions, including cerebral and cardiac ischemic diseases, inflammatory disorders, immunomodulatory disorders, and, of special interest in this review, cancer. This review summarizes the role of adenosine in the pathogenesis of head and neck cancer for a better understanding of how this may be applied to treating this type of cancer.
Assuntos
Adenosina/metabolismo , Neoplasias de Cabeça e Pescoço/metabolismo , Animais , Humanos , Neovascularização Patológica/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais/fisiologiaRESUMO
Extracellular concentration of adenosine increases in the hypoxic tumor microenvironment. Adenosine signaling regulates apoptosis, angiogenesis, metastasis, and immune suppression in cancer cells. Adenosine-induced cell responses depend upon different subtypes of adenosine receptors activation and type of cancer. Suppression of adenosine signaling via inhibition of adenosine receptors or adenosine generating enzymes including CD39 and CD73 on ovarian or cervical cancer cells is a potentially novel therapeutic approach for gynecological cancer patients. This review summarizes the role of adenosine in the pathogenesis of gynecological cancer for a better understanding and hence a better management of this disease.