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An estimated one-fourth of people with HIV in the U.S. are coinfected with hepatitis C virus (HCV). We examined patient-related correlates of HCV screening and treatment in a convenience sample of 1,853 HIV-positive adults in Connecticut, Louisiana, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, and Texas. Overall, 85.1% reported being screened for HCV, and 30.8% reported ever being offered treatment. In multivariate logistic regressions, greater HCV knowledge, lower HCV-related medical mistrust, older age, and prior substance use treatment were associated with higher screening and treatment likelihoods. For screening, Ryan White HIV/AIDS Program eligibility, having a high school education or less, and identifying as "other" race/ethnicity were additionally significant. Mistrust, which has arisen as a response to centuries of systemic racism, mediated the association between combined Black/Latino race/ethnicity and lower screening likelihood. We recommend patient-level (e.g., peer navigation) and provider interventions to integrate HCV screening and treatment into HIV care.
Assuntos
Infecções por HIV , Hepatite C , Adulto , Idoso , Hepacivirus , Hepatite C/diagnóstico , Humanos , Programas de Rastreamento , ConfiançaRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: The public health sector has long recognized the role of the social determinants of health in health disparities and the importance of achieving health equity. We now appear to be at an inflection point, as we hear increasing demands to dismantle structures that have perpetuated inequalities. Assessing prevailing mindsets about what causes health inequalities and the value of health equity is critical to addressing larger issues of inequity, including racial inequity and other dimensions. Using data from a nationally representative sample of adults in the United States, we examined the factors that Americans think drive health outcomes and their beliefs about the importance of health equity. METHODS: Using data from the 2018 National Survey of Health Attitudes, we conducted factor analyses of 21 survey items and identified three factors from items relating to health drivers-traditional health influencers (THI), social determinants of health (SDoH), and sense of community health (SoC). Health equity beliefs were measured with three questions about opportunities to be healthy. Latent class analysis identified four groups with similar patterns of response. Factor mixture modeling combined factor structure and latent class analysis into one model. We conducted three logistic regressions using latent classes and demographics as predictors and the three equity beliefs as dependent variables. RESULTS: Nearly 90% of respondents comprised one class that was characterized by high endorsement (i.e., rating the driver as having strong effect on health) of THI, but lower endorsement of SDoH and SoC. Logistic regressions showed that respondents endorsing (i.e., rated it as a top priority) all three health equity beliefs tended to be female, older, Black or Hispanic, more educated, and have lower incomes. The class of respondents that endorsed SDoH the most was more likely to endorse all three equity beliefs. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggested that people historically impacted by inequity, e.g., people of color and people with low incomes, had the most comprehensive understanding of the drivers of health and the value of equity. However, dominant beliefs about SDoH and health equity are still generally not aligned with scientific consensus and the prevailing narrative in the public health community.
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Equidade em Saúde , Adulto , Negro ou Afro-Americano , Atitude Frente a Saúde , Feminino , Humanos , Saúde Pública , Determinantes Sociais da Saúde , Estados UnidosRESUMO
At least one in five adult New Yorkers is likely to meet the criteria for a mental health diagnosis, yet most do not receive mental health services to treat these problems. Mental health problems, such as depression and anxiety, disproportionately affect historically underserved segments of the population, such as racial/ethnic minority and low-income individuals, and these groups are least likely to receive mental health services. The Connections to Care (C2C) Collaborative developed the C2C program, which integrates mental health support into the work of nonclinical community-based organizations (CBOs) through task shifting; task shifting is an approach extending evidence-informed health care skills to community-based partners under the oversight of trained professionals to expand the health care workforce. This study uses data from interviews, surveys, and CBO-provided progress indicators to describe how C2C has been implemented within and across the 15 CBOs. This study also describes study methods and a description of the baseline sample for the impact evaluation at the time of writing.
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Generalized perceived powerlessness is an important psychosocial construct that determines a wide range of health behaviors and outcomes. This study has two aims: (1) examine the structure of the newly developed perceived powerlessness scale using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses and (2) assess the scale's invariance across key demographic variables using multi-group confirmatory factor analysis among a random household sample of African American and White youth (aged 15-24 years) residing in Baltimore, MD. Our study results demonstrated that the powerlessness scale is valid among a demographically diverse sample of urban youth, showing promise for use in future health behavior and outcome studies.
Assuntos
Negro ou Afro-Americano , População Branca , Adolescente , Baltimore , Emoções , Análise Fatorial , Humanos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
A distal psychosocial factor, perceived powerlessness, has been found to predict various sexual risk behaviors among youth, yet no studies have assessed mediators or moderators in this relationship. Using a demographically diverse, longitudinal sample of urban youth (N = 257), this study assessed whether the need for sexual validation mediates the relationship between perceived powerlessness and sexual risk behaviors and to assess whether this mediated pathway is moderated by socioeconomic status and gender. The mean age of the participants was 21 years old (range: 15-24) and the majority of the sample identified as Black (65%) and female (62%). The results of structural equation modeling showed that the need for sexual validation mediated perceived powerlessness and condomless sex at last sex among Black youth. The need for sexual validation mediated perceived powerlessness and concurrent sexual partnerships among White youth and depended on levels of socioeconomic status. Sexual risk behavior interventions should provide youth with increased opportunities that encourage feelings of validation from other personal achievements in addition to sex while simultaneously addressing the structural conditions that drive young people to feel powerless.
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Emoções , Assunção de Riscos , Comportamento Sexual , Adolescente , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Poder Psicológico , Comportamento Sexual/psicologia , Parceiros Sexuais , Adulto JovemRESUMO
We conducted a randomized controlled trial to determine whether, for homeless persons living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA), rapid re-housing can improve housing and HIV viral suppression more than standard housing assistance. We recruited 236 PLWHA from HIV emergency housing in New York City (NYC) and randomized them to: (1) Enhanced Housing Placement Assistance (EHPA), i.e., immediate assignment to a case manager to rapidly re-house the client and provide 12 months of case management or (2) usual services, i.e., referral to an NYC housing placement program for which all HIV emergency housing residents were eligible. We compared time to stable housing placement and percentage virally suppressed from baseline to 12 months. EHPA clients were placed faster than usual services clients (p = 0.02; 25% placed by 150 days vs. 243 days, respectively), more likely to be placed [adjusted hazards ratio = 1.8; 95% confidence interval(CI) 1.1-2.8], and twice as likely to achieve or maintain suppression (adjusted odds ratio 2.1; 95% CI 1.1-4.0).
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Fármacos Anti-HIV/uso terapêutico , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Pessoas Mal Alojadas/estatística & dados numéricos , Assistência Pública/estatística & dados numéricos , Habitação Popular , Adulto , Administração de Caso , Feminino , Infecções por HIV/diagnóstico , Infecções por HIV/psicologia , Humanos , Masculino , Cidade de Nova Iorque , Avaliação de Resultados em Cuidados de Saúde , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
The mental health system often does not reach all individuals who need mental health services. The Connections to Care (C2C) program, a $30 million public-private partnership under the federal Social Innovation Fund, with oversight from the C2C Collaborative, aims to address this problem by reaching up to 40,000 New Yorkers over five years by encouraging formal collaborations between community-based organizations (CBOs) and mental health providers (MHPs). In the C2C task-shifting model, mental health specialists equip non-specialist direct service staff at CBOs with the skills to deliver nonmedical mental health services while also facilitating referrals for more intensive care, if needed. By the end of the first year of C2C implementation, CBOs had contracted with MHPs, and together they developed operational plans, and delivered C2C services to over 4,000 CBO clients. The RAND Corporation is evaluating the results of the C2C program from three vantage points: the effect of C2C on participating clients, relative to a comparison group of New Yorkers not receiving C2C services (impact); the program's implementation across different CBOs; and the effects of the program on government and CBO spending. The purpose of this brief research study is to present preliminary key findings from interviews with CBO leadership, conducted between June and August of 2017, which focused on CBO leaders' experiences launching C2C at their organizations. We share these findings to support CBOs and additional stakeholders in decisionmaking for C2C during the implementation phase. Other findings from the evaluation will be released as data become available.
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Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) are being integrated into U.S. strategies to expand the services that are available during health security threats like disasters. Identifying better ways to classify NGOs and their services could optimize disaster planning. We surveyed NGOs about the types of services they provided during different disaster phases. Survey responses were used to categorize NGO services as core-critical to fulfilling their organizational mission-or adaptive-services implemented during a disaster based on community need. We also classified NGOs as being core or adaptive types of organizations by calculating the percentage of each NGO's services classified as core. Service types classified as core were mainly social services, while adaptive service types were those typically relied upon during disasters (e.g., warehousing, food services, etc.). In total, 120 NGOs were classified as core organizations, meaning they mainly provided the same services across disaster phases, while 100 NGOs were adaptive organizations, meaning their services changed. Adaptive NGOs were eight times more likely to report routinely participating in disaster planning as compared to core NGOs. One reason for this association may be that adaptive NGOs are more aware of the changing needs in their communities across disaster phases because of their involvement in disaster planning.
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Planejamento em Desastres/organização & administração , Organizações/organização & administração , Desastres , Humanos , Serviço SocialRESUMO
Cross-sector collaborations and partnerships are an essential component of the strategy to improve health and well-being in the United States. While their importance is unquestioned, their impact on population health has not yet been fully observed. Cross-sector collaboration also is the second Action Area of the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation's four-part Action Framework to build a Culture of Health in the United States. This Action Area has three constituent parts or drivers: the number, breadth, and quality of successful cross-sector partnerships; the adequacy of investment in these partnerships; and the adoption of policies needed to support them. In this article we analyze outstanding examples of partnership-driven work. We also study the challenges of how partner sectors outside the formal health system, such as organizations working in the education or housing sectors, can effectively lead collaborations. We identify models of leadership that maximize the potential of all participants. We also propose the adoption of models better suited to supporting effective cross-sector collaborations. The analysis builds the evidence base for understanding and sustaining the impact of cross-sector collaboration on population health.
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Comportamento Cooperativo , Política de Saúde , Promoção da Saúde/organização & administração , Modelos Organizacionais , Humanos , Liderança , Estados UnidosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Given high rates of HIV among Baltimore men who have sex with men (MSM), we examined characteristics associated with HIV prevalence and unrecognized HIV infection among Baltimore MSM at two time points. METHODS: Cross-sectional behavioral surveys and HIV testing in 2004-2005 and 2008 using venue-based sampling among adult Baltimore men at MSM-identified locations. MSM was defined as sex with a male partner in the past year. Bivariate and backward stepwise regression identified characteristics associated with HIV and unrecognized infection. RESULTS: HIV prevalence was 37.7% overall in 2004-2005 (n = 645) and 37.5% in 2008 (n = 448), 51.4% and 44.7% among black MSM and 12.9% and 18.3% among non-Hispanic white MSM. Compared with non-Hispanic white MSM, black MSM were 4.0 times (95% confidence interval, 2.3-7.0) more likely to be HIV-positive in 2004-2005 and 2.5 times (95% confidence interval, 1.5-4.0) more likely in 2008. Prevalence of unrecognized HIV infection was 58.4% overall in 2004-2005 and 74.4% in 2008, 63.8% and 76.9% among black MSM and 15.4% and 47.4% among non-Hispanic white MSM. In adjusted models, unrecognized infection was significantly associated with minority race/ethnicity, younger age, and no prior year doctor visits in 2004-2005 and with younger age and no prior year doctor visits in 2008. CONCLUSION: High rates of HIV infection and substantial rates of unrecognized HIV infection among Baltimore MSM, particularly men of color and young men, require urgent public and private sector attention and increased prevention response.
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Infecções por HIV/diagnóstico , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , HIV-1/isolamento & purificação , Homossexualidade Masculina , Adolescente , Adulto , Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Baltimore/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Infecções por HIV/sangue , Infecções por HIV/virologia , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prevalência , Análise de Regressão , Fatores de Risco , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Inquéritos e Questionários , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Human immunodeficiency virus/sexually transmitted disease (HIV/STD) risk is determined in part by sexual network characteristics, which include spatial parameters. Geography and proximity of partner selection are important factors, which may explain neighborhood-level differences in HIV/STD morbidity. To study the effects of neighborhood factors on HIV/STD transmission in high-density urban areas, the geography of partner selection must be understood. METHODS: The Baltimore site of the National HIV Behavioral Surveillance system surveyed adults reporting one or more heterosexual partnerships. Spatial assortativity was defined as both partners residing in the same or adjacent census tracts and based on participant report. HIV core areas were defined as the census tracts in the top quartile for standardized HIV/AIDS case rates. RESULTS: Participants (n = 307) provided data on 776 recent sexual partnerships, and geographic information were obtained for 510 partnerships (66%). Almost half (47%) reported choosing spatially assortative partners. Participants who lived in high HIV-prevalence areas were more likely to choose spatially assortative partners than residents of lower prevalence areas after adjusting for partnership type, gender, and number of partners. Although this population exhibited assortative mixing in all types of partnerships, racial and age assortativities were not associated with choosing spatially assortative partners. CONCLUSIONS: Over 15 years ago, STD clinic patients in Baltimore were found to seek partners within close proximity. We confirm these results in a non-STD clinic population, indicating a continuing need for neighborhood approaches to intervention programs in urban areas.
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Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Comportamento Sexual/estatística & dados numéricos , Parceiros Sexuais , Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Baltimore/epidemiologia , Demografia , Feminino , HIV/fisiologia , Infecções por HIV/transmissão , Infecções por HIV/virologia , Heterossexualidade , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prevalência , Estudos Prospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis/transmissão , Inquéritos e Questionários , População Urbana , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Data from the 2007 heterosexual wave at the Baltimore site of the National HIV Behavioral Surveillance System, a cross-sectional, venue-based sample survey targeting high-risk heterosexuals, are presented on risks associated with reporting unprotected sex with casual/exchange partners. Recruitment areas were 10 census tracts within Baltimore City categorized as being in the top 20% of tracts most affected by poverty and AIDS in the Baltimore-Towson metropolitan statistical area. Recruitment venues were not attended for the sole purpose of finding sexual partners. The study population was 301 men and women, aged 18-50, who reported sexual intercourse with a member of the opposite sex in the past 12 months. HIV prevalence was 3% overall. Factors independently associated with reporting sex with a casual or exchange partner in the past 12 months were homelessness, age, 4 or more sex partners during the past 12 months, concurrent sex partners in the past 12 months, binge drinking during the past 30 days, and history of sexually transmitted disease diagnoses. HIV testing results suggest that a generalized epidemic is occurring among the population having heterosexual sex in these areas. Furthermore, sexual risk behaviors were widespread in this population, suggesting that HIV prevention efforts in these geographic areas are needed.
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Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Heterossexualidade , Pobreza , Assunção de Riscos , Comportamento Sexual/estatística & dados numéricos , Adolescente , Adulto , Baltimore/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prevalência , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Throughout the developing world, children living on urban streets is a byproduct of economic deprivation. In Lahore, Pakistan, there are an estimated 5,000-7,000 street children. PURPOSE: The study examined HIV risk behaviors and factors associated with exchanging sex among male street children in Lahore, Pakistan. METHODS: The survey was conducted from August 2003 to March 2004 among 565 registrants, ages 5-19, of Project Smile, a program that aimed to enhance the lives of street children in Lahore. We analyzed the frequency of and correlates of recent (past 3 months) sex exchange for money, drugs, or goods. Multivariate log-binomial regression was used to evaluate the independent effect of covariates on exchange sex. RESULTS: Approximately 40% of participants reported having exchanged sex during the past 3 months. In multivariate analysis, the factors associated with exchanging sex were living on the street for longer than 48 months (Prevalence Ratio [PR]=1.36, 95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 0.99-1.85), reporting ever having used drugs (PR=1.87, 1.10-3.16), cutting one's self (PR=1.66, 95% CI: 1.26-2.19), and having heard of HIV/AIDS (PR=1.36, 95% CI: 1.03-1.80) after adjusting for demographic and street life variables. CONCLUSIONS: We found high rates of sex exchange among a sample of street children in Lahore, Pakistan. The finding that children who have heard about HIV/AIDS are more likely to exchange sex suggests that children at HIV risk talk about HIV, but accuracy of their conversations is unclear. Street children in Pakistan are in great need of HIV education and safe alternatives for generating income.