Echocardiography predictors of sustained sinus rhythm after cardioversion of supraventricular arrhythmia in patients with septic shock.

PURPOSE: The echocardiography parameters may predict the maintenance of sinus rhythm after cardioversion of a supraventricular arrhythmia (SVA). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients in septic shock with onset of an SVA, normal to moderately reduced LV systolic function (EF_LV˃̳35%) and on a continuous noradrenaline of <1.0 µg/kg.min were included. Echocardiography was performed at the arrhythmia onset, 1 h and 4 h post cardioversion on an infusion of propafenone or amiodarone. RESULTS: Cardioversion was achieved in 96% of the 209 patients within a median time of 6(1.8-15.6)h, 134(64.1%) patients experienced at least one SVA recurrence after cardioversion. At 4 h the left atrial emptying fraction (LA_EF, cut-off 38.4%, AUC 0.69,p˂0.001), and transmitral A wave velocity-time-integral (Avti, cut-off 6.8 cm, AUC 0.65,p = 0.001) showed as limited predictors of a single arrhythmia recurrence. The LA_EF 44(36,49)%, (p = 0.005) and the Avti 8.65(7.13,9.50)cm, (p < 0.001) were associated with sustained sinus rhythm and decreased proportionally to increasing numbers of arrhythmia recurrences (p < 0.001 and p = 0.007, respectively). The enlarged left atrial end-systolic diameter at the arrhythmia onset (p = 0.04) and elevated systolic pulmonary artery pressure at 4 h (p = 0.007) were weak predictors of multiple(˃3) recurrences. CONCLUSION: The LA_EF and Avti are related to arrhythmia recurrences post-cardioversion suggesting potential guidance to the choice between rhythm and rate control strategies. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03029169, registered on 24th of January 2017.

The impact of obesity on the outcome of severe SARS-CoV-2 ARDS in a high volume ECMO centre: ECMO and corticosteroids support the obesity paradox.

PURPOSE: The aim was to verify the impact of obesity on the long-term outcome of patients with severe SARS-CoV-2 ARDS. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The retrospective study included patients admitted to the high-volume ECMO centre between March 2020 and March 2022. The impact of body mass index (BMI), co-morbidities and therapeutic measures on the short and 90-day outcomes was analysed. RESULTS: 292 patients were included, of whom 119(40.8%) were treated with veno-venous ECMO cannulated mostly (73%) in a local hospital. 58.5% were obese (64.7% on ECMO), the ECMO was most frequent in BMI > 40(49%). The ICU mortality (36.8% for obese vs 33.9% for the non-obese, p = 0.58) was related to ECMO only for the non-obese (p = 0.04). The 90-day mortalities (48.5% obese vs 45.5% non-obese, p = 0.603) of the ECMO and non-ECMO patients were not significantly influenced by BMI (p = 0.47, p = 0.771, respectively). The obesity associated risk factors for adverse outcome were age <50 (RR 2.14) and history of chronic immunosuppressive therapy (RR 2.11, p = 0.009). The higher dosage of steroids (RR 0.57, p = 0.05) associated with a better outcome. CONCLUSIONS: The high incidence of obesity was not associated with worse short and long-term outcomes. ECMO in obese patients together with the use of steroids in the later stage of ARDS may improve survival.

Increased intestinal permeability in patients with short bowel syndrome is not affected by parenteral nutrition.

The aim of our study was to assess the presence and degree of intestinal leakage in subjects suffering from short bowel syndrome (SBS) and its modification by parenteral nutrition. To this end we assessed circulating levels of selected makers of intestinal permeability including zonulin, fatty acid binding protein 2 (FABP-2), citrulline and glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2). We also measured lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP) as a marker of circulating levels of lipopolysaccharide acting through the CD14 molecule. Eleven SBS and 10 age- and BMI-matched control subjects were included into the study. The effect of parenteral nutrition was assessed after 14 days, 6 and 12 months from its initiation, respectively. At baseline, SBS patients had increased gut permeability as measured by zonulin (47.24+/-2.14 vs. 39.48+/-1.20 ng/ml, p=0.006) and LBP (30.32+/-13.25 vs. 9.77+/-0.71 microg/ml, p<0.001) compared to healthy controls. Furthermore, SBS subjects had reduced FABP-2, unchanged citrulline and increased sCD14 and GLP-2 relative to control group. Throughout the whole study period the administered parenteral nutrition had no significant effect on any of the studied parameters. Taken together, our data show that patients with short bowel syndrome have increased intestinal permeability that is not affected by parenteral nutrition.

The effect of very-low-calorie diet on mitochondrial dysfunction in subcutaneous adipose tissue and peripheral monocytes of obese subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Mitochondrial dysfunction is a potentially important player in the development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). We investigated the changes of mRNA expression of genes encoding main enzymatic complexes of mitochondrial respiratory chain in subcutaneous adipose tissue (SCAT) and peripheral monocytes (PM) of 11 subjects with simple obesity (OB), 16 obese patients with T2DM and 17 healthy lean subjects (C) before and after very low-calorie diet (VLCD) using quantitative real time PCR. At baseline in SCAT, both T2DM and OB group had decreased mRNA expression of all investigated mitochondrial genes with the exception of 2 complex I (NDUFA 12) and complex IV (COX 4/1) enzymes in OB subjects. In contrast, in PM only the expression of complex I enzymes NDUFA 12 and MT-ND5 was reduced in both T2DM and OB subjects along with decreased expression of citrate synthase (CS) in T2DM group. Additionally, T2DM subjects showed reduced activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase and complex IV in peripheral blood elements. VLCD further decreased mRNA expression of CS and complex I (NT-ND5) and II (SDHA) enzymes in SCAT and complex IV (COX4/1) and ATP synthase in PM of T2DM group, while increasing the activity of complex IV in their peripheral blood elements. We conclude that impaired mitochondrial biogenesis and decreased activity of respiratory chain enzymatic complexes was present in SCAT and PM of obese and diabetic patients. VLCD improved metabolic parameters and ameliorated mitochondrial oxidative function in peripheral blood elements of T2DM subjects but had only minor and inconsistent effect on mitochondrial gene mRNA expression in SCAT and PM.

An alternatively activated macrophage marker CD163 in severely obese patients: the influence of very low-calorie diet and bariatric surgery.

CD163 is a marker of macrophages with anti-inflammatory properties and its soluble form (sCD163) is considered a prognostic predictor of several diseases including type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). We explored sCD163 levels at baseline and after very low-calorie diet (VLCD) or bariatric surgery in 32 patients with obesity (20 undergoing VLCD and 12 bariatric surgery), 32 obese patients with T2DM (22 undergoing VLCD and 10 bariatric surgery), and 19 control subjects. We also assessed the changes of CD163 positive cells of monocyte-macrophage lineage in peripheral blood and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) in subset of patients. Plasma sCD163 levels were increased in obese and T2DM subjects relative to control subjects (467.2+/-40.2 and 513.8+/-37.0 vs. 334.4+/-24.8 ng/ml, p=0.001) and decreased after both interventions. Obesity decreased percentage of CD163+CD14+ monocytes in peripheral blood compared to controls (78.9+/-1.48 vs. 86.2+/-1.31 %, p=0.003) and bariatric surgery decreased CD163+CD14+HLA-DR+ macrophages in SAT (19.4+/-2.32 vs. 11.3+/-0.90 %, p=0.004). Our data suggest that increased basal sCD163 levels are related to obesity and its metabolic complications. On the contrary, sCD163 or CD163 positive cell changes do not precisely reflect metabolic improvements after weight loss.

Plasma concentrations and subcutaneous adipose tissue mRNA expression of clusterin in obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus: the effect of short-term hyperinsulinemia, very-low-calorie diet and bariatric surgery.

Clusterin is a heterodimeric glycoprotein with wide range of functions. To further explore its possible regulatory role in energy homeostasis and in adipose tissue, we measured plasma clusterin and its mRNA expression in subcutaneous adipose tissue (SCAT) of 15 healthy lean women, 15 obese women (OB) and 15 obese women with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) who underwent a 2-week very low-calorie diet (VLCD), 10 obese women without T2DM who underwent laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) and 8 patients with T2DM, 8 patients with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and 8 normoglycemic patients who underwent hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp (HEC). VLCD decreased plasma clusterin in OB but not in T2DM patients while LSG and HEC had no effect. Clusterin mRNA expression in SCAT at baseline was increased in OB and T2DM patients compared with controls. Clusterin mRNA expression decreased 6 months after LSG and remained decreased 12 months after LSG. mRNA expression of clusterin was elevated at the end of HEC compared with baseline only in normoglycemic but not in IGT or T2DM patients. In summary, our data suggest a possible local regulatory role for clusterin in the adipose tissue rather than its systemic involvement in the regulation of energy homeostasis.

The possible role of mRNA expression changes of GH/IGF-1/insulin axis components in subcutaneous adipose tissue in metabolic disturbances of patients with acromegaly.

We explored the effect of chronically elevated circulating levels of growth hormone (GH)/insulin-like-growth-factor-1 (IGF-1) on mRNA expression of GH/IGF-1/insulin axis components and p85alpha subunit of phosphoinositide-3-kinase (p85alpha) in subcutaneous adipose tissue (SCAT) of patients with active acromegaly and compared these findings with healthy control subjects in order to find its possible relationships with insulin resistance and body composition changes. Acromegaly group had significantly decreased percentage of truncal and whole body fat and increased homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). In SCAT, patients with acromegaly had significantly increased IGF-1 and IGF-binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) expression that both positively correlated with serum GH. P85alpha expression in SCAT did not differ from control group. IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 expression in SCAT were not independently associated with percentage of truncal and whole body fat or with HOMA-IR while IGFBP-3 expression in SCAT was an independent predictor of insulin receptor as well as of p85alpha expression in SCAT. Our data suggest that GH overproduction in acromegaly group increases IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 expression in SCAT while it does not affect SCAT p85alpha expression. Increased IGF-1 or IGFBP-3 in SCAT of acromegaly group do not appear to contribute to systemic differences in insulin sensitivity but may have local regulatory effects in SCAT of patients with acromegaly.

Three months of regular aerobic exercise in patients with obesity improve systemic subclinical inflammation without major influence on blood pressure and endocrine production of subcutaneous fat.

The aim of our study was to explore the effects of regular aerobic exercise on anthropometric, biochemical and hormonal parameters and mRNA expression of selected factors involved in metabolic regulations in subcutaneous adipose tissue of patients with obesity. Fifteen obese women with arterial hypertension underwent a three-month exercise program consisting of 30 min of aerobic exercise 3 times a week. Fifteen healthy lean women with no intervention served as a control group. Obese group underwent anthropometric measurements, blood sampling, subcutaneous adipose tissue (SCAT) biopsy and 24-h blood pressure monitoring at baseline and after three months of exercise, while control group was examined only once. At baseline, obese group had increased SCAT expression of proinflammatory cytokines and adipokines relative to control group. Three months of regular exercise improved anthropometric parameters, decreased CRP, blood glucose and HOMA-IR, while having no significant effect on lipid profile and blood pressure. Gene expressions in SCAT were not affected by physical activity with the exception of increased aquaporin-3 mRNA expression. We conclude that three months of regular exercise decrease systemic subclinical inflammation with only minor influence on the blood pressure and the endocrine function of subcutaneous fat.

Serum concentrations and subcutaneous adipose tissue mRNA expression of omentin in morbid obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus: the effect of very-low-calorie diet, physical activity and laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy.

Omentin is a novel adipokine with insulin-sensitizing effects expressed predominantly in visceral fat. We investigated serum omentin levels and its mRNA expression in subcutaneous adipose tissue (SCAT) of 11 women with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), 37 obese non-diabetic women (OB) and 26 healthy lean women (C) before and after various weight loss interventions: 2-week very-low-calorie diet (VLCD), 3-month regular exercise and laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG). At baseline, both T2DM and OB groups had decreased serum omentin concentrations compared with C group while omentin mRNA expression in SCAT did not significantly differ among the groups. Neither VLCD nor exercise significantly affected serum omentin concentrations and its mRNA expression in SCAT of OB or T2DM group. LSG significantly increased serum omentin levels in OB group. In contrast, omentin mRNA expression in SCAT was significantly reduced after LSG. Baseline fasting serum omentin levels in a combined group of the studied subjects (C, OB, T2DM) negatively correlated with BMI, CRP, insulin, LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides and leptin and were positively related to HDL-cholesterol. Reduced circulating omentin levels could play a role in the etiopathogenesis of obesity and T2DM. The increase in circulating omentin levels and the decrease in omentin mRNA expression in SCAT of obese women after LSG might contribute to surgery-induced metabolic improvements and sustained reduction of body weight.

Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy ameliorates mRNA expression of inflammation-related genes in subcutaneous adipose tissue but not in peripheral monocytes of obese patients.

Low-grade inflammation links obesity, insulin resistance, and cardiovascular diseases. We investigated the effects of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) on expression profile of genes involved in inflammatory pathways in subcutaneous adipose tissue (SCAT) and peripheral monocytes (PM). At baseline, obese group had significantly increased mRNA expression of proinflammatory chemokines (CCL-3, -17, -22), chemokine receptor CCR1 and cytokines (IL-10, IL-18) in SCAT and chemokine and other proinflammatory receptors (CCR-1, -2, -3, TLR-2, -4) in PM relative to control group. LSG decreased body weight, improved metabolic profile and reduced mRNA expression of up-regulated chemokine receptors, chemokines and cytokines in SCAT. In contrast, expression profiles in PM were largely unaffected by LSG. We conclude that LSG improved proinflammatory profile in subcutaneous fat but not in peripheral monocytes. The sustained proinflammatory and chemotactic profile in PM even 2 years after LSG may contribute to partial persistence of metabolic complications in obese patients after metabolic surgery.

Serum preadipocyte factor-1 concentrations in females with obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus: the influence of very low calorie diet, acute hyperinsulinemia, and fenofibrate treatment.

Appropriate differentiation capacity of adipose tissue significantly affects its ability to store lipids and to protect nonadipose tissues against lipid spillover and development of insulin resistance. Preadipocyte factor-1 (Pref-1) is an important negative regulator of preadipocyte differentiation. The aim of our study was to explore the changes in circulating Pref-1 concentrations in female subjects with obesity (OB) (n=19), females with obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) (n=22), and sex- and age-matched healthy control subjects (C) (n=22), and to study its modulation by very low calorie diet (VLCD), acute hyperinsulinemia during isoglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp, and 3 months' treatment with PPAR-α agonist fenofibrate. At baseline, serum Pref-1 concentrations were significantly higher in patients with T2DM compared to control group, while only nonsignificant trend towards higher levels was observed in OB group. 3 weeks of VLCD decreased Pref-1 levels in both OB and T2DM group, whereas 3 months of fenofibrate treatment had no significant effect. Hyperinsulinemia during the clamp significantly suppressed Pref-1 levels in both C and T2DM subjects and this suppression was unaffected by fenofibrate treatment. In a combined population of all groups, circulating Pref-1 levels correlated positively with insulin, leptin and glucose levels and HOMA (homeostasis model assessment) index. We conclude that elevated Pref-1 concentrations in T2DM subjects may contribute to impaired adipose tissue differentiation capacity associated with insulin resistance in obese patients with T2DM. The decrease of Pref-1 levels after VLCD may be involved in the improvement of metabolic status and the amelioration of insulin resistance in T2DM patients.

Serum concentrations and tissue expression of components of insulin-like growth factor-axis in females with type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity: the influence of very-low-calorie diet.

We explored serum concentrations and mRNA expression of insulin-like-growth factor-1 (IGF-1) axis components in subcutaneous adipose tissue (SCAT) and peripheral monocytes (PM) of 18 healthy females, 11 obese non-diabetic females (OB) and 13 obese women with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) examined at baseline and after very-low-calorie diet (VLCD). T2DM women had decreased expression of IGF-1, IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R), IGFBP-2 (IGF binding protein-2) and IGFBP-3 in SCAT and increased expression of IGF-1R in PM compared to control group. IGF-1R and IGFBP-3 mRNA expression in SCAT of OB was comparable to control group. In T2DM women VLCD increased serum levels and SCAT expression of IGFBP-2 and PM expression of IGFBP-3. We conclude that decreased IGF-1, IGF-1R and IGFBP-3 expression in SCAT and increased IGF-1R expression in PM of T2DM subjects might contribute to changes of fat differentiation capacity and to regulation of subclinical inflammation by PM, respectively. Increased SCAT and circulating IGFBP-2 and IGFBP-3 in PM might participate in metabolic improvements after VLCD.

Preadipocyte factor-1 concentrations in patients with anorexia nervosa: the influence of partial realimentation.

Preadipocyte factor-1 (Pref-1) is a member of epidermal growth-factor like family of proteins that regulates adipocyte and osteoblast differentiation. Experimental studies suggest that circulating Pref-1 levels may be also involved in the regulation of lipid and glucose metabolism and energy homeostasis. We hypothesized that alterations in Pref-1 levels may contribute to the ethiopathogenesis of anorexia nervosa or its underlying metabolic abnormalities. We measured Pref-1 concentrations and other hormonal, biochemical and anthropometric parameters in eighteen patients with anorexia nervosa and sixteen healthy women and studied the influence of partial realimentation of anorexia nervosa patients on these parameters. The mean duration of realimentation period was 46±2 days. At baseline, anorexia nervosa patients had significantly decreased body mass index, body weight, body fat content, fasting glucose, serum insulin, TSH, free T4, leptin and total protein. Partial realimentation improved these parameters. Baseline serum Pref-1 levels did not significantly differ between anorexia nervosa and control group (0.26±0.02 vs. 0.32±0.05 ng/ml, p=0.295) but partial realimentation significantly increased circulating Pref-1 levels (0.35±0.04 vs. 0.26±0.02 ng/ml, p<0.05). Post-realimentation Pref-1 levels significantly positively correlated with the change of body mass index after realimentation (r=0.49, p<0.05). We conclude that alterations in Pref-1 are not involved in the ethiopathogenesis of anorexia nervosa but its changes after partial realimentation could be involved in the regulation of adipose tissue expansion after realimentation.

[Pathophysiological background for incretin therapy: is it capable of more than we think?]. / Patofyziologické podklady inkretinové lécby: dokáze jeste více, nez si myslíme?

Incretin-based therapy functions through the increase of endogenous glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) levels due to inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase-4--an enzyme degrading GLP-1 (gliptins) or through the administration of drugs activating GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1 agonists). Both approaches increase insulin and decrease glucagon secretion leading to improved diabetes compensation. The advantages of gliptins include little side effects, body weight neutrality and potential protective effects on pancreatic beta cells. GLP-1 agonists on the top of that consistently decrease body weight and blood pressure and their effects on diabetes compensation and likelihood of protective effects on beta cells is somewhat higher than those of gliptins. Another advantage of both approaches includes their safety with respect to induction of hypoglycemia. In addition to well-known metabolic effects, other potentially benefitial consequences of incretin based therapy in both type 2 diabetic and non-diabetic patients are anticipated. Direct positive effects of incretin-based therapy on myocardial metabolism and function as well as its positive influence on endothelial dysfunction and neuroprotective effects are intensively studied. The possible indications for GLP-1 agonists could be in future further widened to obese patients with type 1 diabetes and obese patients without diabetes. The aim of this review is to summarize both metabolic and extrapancreatic effects of incretin-based therapies and to outline perspectives of potential wider use of this treatment approach.

[Treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus with GLP-1 agonists]. / Lécba diabetes mellitus 2. typu GLP-1 agonisty.

Increased prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its close clustering with obesity, arterial hypertension, dyslipidemia and other pathologies commonly referred to as metabolic or insulin resistance syndrome, represents one of the major health problem worldwide. The side effects of most of oral antidiabetics and insulin include increase in body weight and/or hypoglycemia that may limit its use in some patients. GLP-1 agonists are medicaments stimulating GLP-1 receptor similarly as endogenous GLP-1. These substances are in contrast to endogenous GLP-1 resistant to inactivation by ubiquitous enzyme dipeptidyl-peptidase 4 which enables its administration once or twice daily. GLP-1 agonists not only significantly improve diabetes compensation with minimal risk of hypoglycemia but also decrease body weight, blood pressure and improve numerous parameters of cardiovascular risk. The aim of this review is to summarize current knowledge with respect to use of GLP-1 agonists in the treatment of type 2 diabetes and its future perspectives. We will focus mostly on the two drugs that are currently available in Czech Republic--exenatide and liraglutide.

Serum concentrations of fibroblast growth factor 19 in patients with obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus: the influence of acute hyperinsulinemia, very-low calorie diet and PPAR-α agonist treatment.

The aim of our study was to measure serum concentrations of fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF-19) in patients with obesity (OB), obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and healthy subjects (C) at baseline and after selected interventions. We measured serum FGF-19 levels and other biochemical and hormonal parameters in 29 OB and 19 T2DM females and 30 sex- and age-matched control subjects. The interventions were acute hyperinsulinemia during isoglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp (n=11 for T2DM and 10 for C), very-low calorie diet (VLCD, n=12 for OB) and 3 months treatment with PPAR-alpha agonist fenofibrate (n=11 for T2DM). Baseline serum FGF-19 levels were significantly lower in OB relative to C group (132.1+/-12.7 vs. 202.2+/-16.7 pg/ml, p<0.05), while no significant difference was observed between T2DM and OB or control group. Acute hyperinsulinemia tended to decrease FGF-19 levels in both healthy and T2DM subjects. Three weeks of VLCD in OB group had no significant effect on FGF-19, whereas three months of fenofibrate treatment markedly reduced FGF-19 levels in T2DM patients (194.58+/-26.2 vs. 107.47+/-25.0 pg/ml, p<0.05). We conclude that FGF-19 levels in our study were at least partially dependent upon nutritional status, but were not related to parameters of glucose metabolism or insulin sensitivity.

The effect of very-low-calorie diet on mRNA expression of inflammation-related genes in subcutaneous adipose tissue and peripheral monocytes of obese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

CONTEXT: Low-grade inflammation links obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and cardiovascular diseases. OBJECTIVE: To explore the expression profile of genes involved in inflammatory pathways in adipose tissue and peripheral monocytes (PM) of obese patients with and without T2DM at baseline and after dietary intervention. DESIGN: Two-week intervention study with very-low-calorie diet (VLCD). SETTING: University hospital. PATIENTS: Twelve obese females with T2DM, 8 obese nondiabetic females (OB) and 15 healthy age-matched females. INTERVENTION: Two weeks of VLCD (2500 kJ/d). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Metabolic parameters, circulating cytokines, hormones, and mRNA expression of 39 genes in sc adipose tissue (SCAT) and PM. RESULTS: Both T2DM and OB group had significantly increased serum concentrations of circulating proinflammatory factors (C-reactive protein, TNFα, IL-6, IL-8), mRNA expression of macrophage antigen CD68 and proinflammatory chemokines (CCL-2, -3, -7, -8, -17, -22) in SCAT and complementary chemokine receptors (CCR-1, -2, -3, -5) and other proinflammatory receptors (toll-like receptor 2 and 4, TNF receptor superfamily 1A and 1B, IL-6R) in PM, with OB group showing less pronounced chemoattracting and proinflammatory profile compared to T2DM group. In T2DM patients VLCD decreased body weight, improved metabolic profile, and decreased mRNA expression of up-regulated CCRs in PM and chemokines [CCL 8, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 10] in SCAT. VLCD markedly increased mRNA expression of T-lymphocyte attracting chemokine CCL-17 in SCAT. CONCLUSION: Obese patients with and without T2DM have increased mRNA expression of chemotactic and proinflammatory factors in SCAT and expression of corresponding receptors in PM. Two weeks of VLCD significantly improved this profile in T2DM patients.

[Adipose tissue hormones]. / Hormony tukové tkáne.

Adipose tissue had been traditionally considered a passive energy storage site without direct influence on energy homeostasis regulation. This view has been principally changed during early nineties by the discovery of hormonal production of adipose tissue. At present, the list of hormonally active substances of adipose tissue includes more than one hundred factors with paracrine or endocrine activity that play an important role in metabolic, food intake a inflammatory regulations and many other processes. Only minority of adipose tissue-derived hormones is produced exclusively in fat. Most of these factors is primarily put out by other tissues and organs. Adipose tissue-derived hormones are produced not only by adipocytes but also by preadipocytes, immunocompetent and endothelial cells and other cell types residing in fat. This paper summarizes current knowledge about endocrine function of adipose tissue with special respect to its changes in obesity. It also describes its possible role in the ethiopathogenesis of insulin resistance, atherosclerosis and other obesity-related pathologies.

[The influence of 6-months treatment with exenatide on type 2 diabetes mellitus compensation, anthropometric and biochemical parameters]. / Vliv 6mesícního podávání exenatidu na kompenzaci diabetes mellitus 2. typu, antropometrické a biochemické parametry.

OBJECTIVES: Exenatide, a synthetic GLP-1 analogue, is a new antidiabetic agent from the group ofincretine mimetics coming into the daily clinical practice. In our study we evaluated the effect of 6-months treatment with exenatide on diabetes compensation, anthropometric and biochemical parameters in the patients with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity. METHOD: We included 18 patients with poorly controlled diabetes (mean HbA1c 8.5 +/- 0.3%) treated with diet and peroral antidiabetic agents (4 patients were treated with insulin in the past). Exenatide was administered via subcutaneous injection twice daily for 6 months. Patients were examined after 1 month, when the dose ofexenatide was increased from 5 microg twice daily to 10 microg twice daily and after 3 and 6 months. We evaluated the diabetes compensation, biochemical parameters, body weight changes and side effects ofexenatide. RESULTS: 6-months exenatide treatment significant decreased body weight (baseline vs 6 month treatment 107.3 +/- 4.4 kg vs 103.7 +/- 4.6 kg, p = 0.02), BMI (36.7 +/- 1.2 kg/m2 vs 35.3 +/- 1.3 kg/m2, p = 0.01) a HbA1c (8.5 +/- 0.3% vs 7.4 +/- 0.4%, p = 0.04) and increased HDL-cholesterol (0.92 +/- 0.1 mmol/l vs 0.98 +/- 0.1 mmol/l, p = 0.02). Fasting glycemia tended to decline at the end of the study, but the difference did not reach the statistical significance. The area under the curve of glycemia levels after the standardized breakfast in the subgroup of 8 patients after the 6-months exenatide treatment was significantly lower when compared to baseline values (2,908 +/- 148 vs 2,093 +/- 194, p = 0.03). Concentrations of total and LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides did not change significantly. The most frequent side effects of exenatide treatments were transient anorexia and nausea (38.5%), dyspepsia and functional gastrointestinal discomfort (38.5%) and various neuropsychical symptoms (nervosity and insomnia - 30.8%). Most of the side effects disappeared during the treatment, none of these side effects was a reason for discontinuation of a treatment. 3 minor hypoglycemic episodes occured in patients simultaneously treated with derivates of sulfonylurea, but no serious hypoglycemia occured during the entire study. CONCLUSION: Exenatide treatment in obese patients with poor diabetes control was accompanied by statistically significant decrease of body weight, improvement of diabetes control and increase in HDL-cholesterol.