Results and Prospects of Using Activator of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Differentiation in Complex Therapy for Patients with COVID-19.

The paper presents the results of a standard and complex treatment method using the peptide drug thymus thymalin in patients with COVID-19. One of the mechanisms of the immunomodulatory effect of thymalin is considered to be the ability of this peptide drug to influence the differentiation of human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). It was found that, as a result of standard treatment, patients in the control group showed a decrease in the concentration of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6, C-reactive protein, D-dimer. The addition of thymalin to standard therapy accelerated the decline in both these indicators and the indicators of the T cell system. This has helped reduce the risk of blood clots in COVID-19 patients. The revealed properties of the thymus peptide preparation are the rationale for its inclusion in the complex treatment of coronavirus infection. Peptideswith potential biological activity against SARS-CoV-2 virus [29]. Note: Nitrogen atoms are shown in blue, oxygen atoms - in red, carbon atoms - in gray, hydrogen atoms - in white, and phosphorus atoms - in yellow.

[Aging of skin fibroblasts: genetic and epigenetic factors.]

Gerontocosmetology is the rapid developing knowledge area that has a very large applied meaning. Herewith a lot of information about skin aging and geroprotectors for skin rejuvenation hasn't a scientific background. Thus, understanding the fundamental mechanisms of skin aging becomes the actual task of molecular gerontology. Skin fibroblasts are the polyfunctional cell population that synthesize a number of biologically active substances and participate in maintaining of extracellular matrix homeostasis, skin hydratation and endocrine and immune function. In the review genetic (accumulation of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA mistakes) and epigenetic factors of skin fibroblasts aging are described. Role of AP-1, NF-κB, c-jun, CCN1, TGF-ß, TNF-α, MMP-1, MMP-3, MMP-8, MMP-9 and glycation in skin fibroblasts aging are discussed. There are some data about decreasing of skin fibroblasts ability to migration and synthesis of paxillins and aquaporin-3 (AQP3) during aging. Role of hormonal regulation in skin fibroblasts aging are described. Geroprotective action of melatonin to skin fibroblasts are showed. Reviewed molecular-cellular aspects of skin fibroblasts aging can be take into consideration for scientific background of using of cosmetic products for retarding of skin aging rate.

[Modern approaches to the retinitis pigmentosa treatment in the older age patients (literature review).]

Retinitis pigmentosa is a hereditary degenerative retina disease, often severe and affecting the retinal pigment epithelium and photoreceptor layer. For the older age group, the disease is increased by the addition of age-related degenerative processes in the retina. Due to the diversity of development factors and forms of retinitis pigmentosa, there is no uniform concept for treating a disease. Applying gene therapy and the optogenetic method is currently impossible because they are at the stage of experimental studies. For patients with terminal stage of retinitis pigmentosa, the implantation of a bionic eye is possible - a device with the ability to restore residual vision. The main treatment method is therapeutic. There were a lot of experimental and clinical studies of various drugs, the efficiency of which varies. Peptide bioregulators are actively used, they support the structural and functional homeostasis of cell populations and have a retinoprotective effect. It is also particularly important to improve the somatic condition of the patient through the use of peptide drugs in the complex.

[Density of the endotheliocytic layer of the cornea of the eyeball as a function of age].

This article presents the results of measuring the number of corneal endotheliocytes in a unit area of descemet membrane surface in 546 volunteers of different ages. The average values of the density of the corneal posterior epithelium for the age intervals 40-49, 50-59, 60-69, 70-79, 80 years and older are shown, a constant decrease in the number of endotheliocyte cells as the number of years lived increases.

[Pineamin increased pineal melatonin synthesis in elderly people].

It was investigated the influence of polypeptide complex Pineamin on the 6-sulfatoxymelatonin (aMT6S) excretion in urine by ELISA test of 55 elderly patients with diminished melatoninsynthesis pineal gland function. Pineamin in course dose 100 mg has increased night level of aMT6S urine excretion in 1,9 times in comparison with relevant value untreated. Similar effect was obtained early for medical drug Epithalamin. Epithalamin also restored melatonin level in human and animals during aging. Thus, Pineamin and Epithalamin have similar stimulate effect on melatonin synthesis in elderly people pineal gland.

[Investigation of Free Radical Processes in Substrates and Biological Samples by Means of induced Chemiluminescence].

The possibility of applying induced chemiluminescence was investigated to evaluate oxidative capability of the substrate under the action of hydroxyl radicals and estimate the intensity of free radical processes in biological samples based on the analysis of the organic hydroperoxyde response in a probe. For this purpose the chemiluminescence light sum was measured in 3 steps: when Fe2+ was introduced into in a sample; in course of Fenton reaction (introducing Fe2+ and H202) and when Fe2+ was introduced into the sample after Fenton reaction. Light sum was measured depending on concentration (dilution) of the sample. It was shown that the light sum reaches the maximum value at certain dilution of the substrate studied. The maximum chemiluminescence's position is determined by concentration of RH fragments being oxidized, but the chemoluminescence light sum value is determined partially by the inhibitor [InH]/[RH] and organic hydroperoxides [ROOH]/[RH] found in the sample.

[Suitable working conditions for elderly people with different degrees of compensation of dysfunctional blood circulation of eyes].

In dealing with complex problems in labor and social rehabilitation of elderly people with different degrees of compensation of dysfunctional blood circulation of eyes, a great role play methods of rational and qualitative analysis of appropriate employment. The analysis of 110 patients of 55-70 years of age (220 eyes) with dysfunctional blood circulation of eyes has been done. Professional abilities of elderly patients with dysfunctional blood circulation of eyes depend on the state of functioning vision and the level of blood circulation of the eye. In our study we show the clinical and prognostic data and based on that we could develop the absolutely prohibited working conditions depending on the level dysfunctional blood circulation of eyes of elderly people.

[Ways of life quality improvement among elderly and older patients after phacoemulsification of cataract in postoperative period].

The article is devoted to the literature review of modern methods of diagnosis and surgical treatment of age-related cataract. The comparative analysis of morphologic characteristics of corneal endothelial cell before and after phacoemulsification in the age aspect has been given. The results of surgical treatment of this disease have been analyzed. The methods of prevention and therapy of the postoperative complications have been described. Drug administration scheme in the postoperative period is presented. The influence of peptides on the cellular immunity indices and stimulation of regenerative processes in eye's tissues in different diseases and pathological conditions after surgical operation are considered. It has been given the estimation of the ratio of visual function and quality of life in the elderly.

[Preventive geriatrics vs anti-aging medicine].

The article presents the main modern ideas of the new interdisciplinary direction at the junction of aesthetic medicine, geriatrics and valeology - preventive geriatrics, or the anti-aging medicine. Describes its purpose, namely effective individual programs of prevention of the development and progression of chronic diseases and age-related conditions; the overview of the diagnostic methods used in preventive geriatrics, individualized prevention programs with proven efficacy is given. Substantiates the importance of preventive geriatrics (anti-aging medicine) as a discipline with its own scientific methodological tools, points of application, and presents prospects of scientific study.

[Molecular-physiological aspects of peptide regulation of function of the retina in retinitis pigmentosa].

Peptide's bioregulators promotes restoration of the physiological activity of the retina in retinitis pigmentosa in older adults and in animal models. The molecular mechanism of physiological activity of peptides is connected with its ability to regulate synthesis of protein markers of differentiation of neurons and retinal pigment epithelium epigenetically.

[Molecular aspects of immunoprotective activity of peptides in spleen during the ageing process].

Vilon, Timogen, Crystagen and R-1 short peptides possess various immunoprotective effects in spleen during its ageing. Both R-1 and Vilon peptides activate T-helpers. The effect of Vilon is provided by decreased level of apoptosis, as well as the effect of R-1 peptide is provided by increased proliferation and differentiation processes. Timogen activates B-cells by decreasing apoptosis level and increasing the proliferation of spleen cells. Crystagen also activates B-cells of the immune system; however, the peptide doesn't cause cell renewal in spleen as it ages.

Peptidegic regulation of differentiation of embryonic retinal cells.

We studied Molecular mechanisms of the retinoprotective effect of short peptides AEDG and KE. The peptides stimulate differentiation of neurons and retinal pigment epithelium cells and therefore can be considered as potential retinoprotective preparations for the treatment of age-related degenerative changes in the retina.

[Evaluation of prooxidant properties of ascorbic acid].

Chemiluminescence of ascorbic acid in Fenton solution was investigated at acid concentration from 10(-7) to 1 mol/l. The yield of chemiluminescence exceeds spontaneous light from Fenton solution at [Asc] - 10(-4) - 10(-3) mol/l in the presence of dissolved oxygen, and prooxidant properties are displayed. When there is no oxygen in solution, this effect is not observed. A comparison of experimental data and oxidation process simulation shows that ascorbic acid is an antioxidant. Its transformation products in the presence of oxygen exert prooxidant properties.

[Molecular-cellular mechanisms of retina pathology development in people of various age].

The review considers the molecular-cellular mechanisms of retina pathology in people of various age. Dysfunction of retinal cells (retinal pigment epithelium, photoreceptors, neurons) causes the development of age-related macular degeneration, retinal ischemia and a variety of hereditary diseases. This is the description of involvement of genes and signaling molecules in the dysfunction of retinal cell types. It is established that a breach of RPE65 gene expression leads to age-related macular degeneration, retinitis pigmentosa and Leber's congenital amaurosis. Mutations in the CRX gene are the cause of progressive states such as cone-rod dystrophy. In addition, more than 100 mutations in RHO have been identified, leading to different variants of retinitis pigmentosa. The involvement of TGF-(beta2 in the formation of retinal cells and the regulation of secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor VEGF, which synthesis is increased by ischemic lesions of the retina, is described.

[The role of melatonin in progress of pathology of a retina in patients of senior age group].

Epiphysis cerebri and its hormone melatonin play a leading role in aging. Melatonin affects many biochemical processes in a human body. The authors assume that there is a correlation between the level of melatonin and development of macular degeneration by age.

[Brain natriuretic peptide detection in patients with chronic heart failure of elderly and senile age].

This article describes the diagnostic possibilities of research of NT-BNP level in blood of the patients of elderly and senile age with congestive heart failure. Statistically significant correlation between BNP concentration and a functional class of heart insufficiency is revealed. Definition of BNP level enables to diagnose differentially the difficult forms of congestive heart failure.

[Peculiarities of the professional sport occupation and risk of developing accelerated aging].

A study of professional occupational activity of the sportsmen and its effect on the risk of developing accelerated aging was conducted. Despite relatively small proportion of sport injuries and occupational diseases in the structure of morbidity (though sports are acknowledged as an occupation) it is a question of vital importance to study reasons for these injuries and diseases, and ways for their prevention and follow-up rehabilitation.

[Effect of medical and social factors on quality of life of elderly inhabitants of St. Petersburg].

The study of health and social well-being of elderly inhabitants was carried out in St. Petersburg in 2004. The original questionnaire was developed and approved by the specialists of St. Petersburg City geriatric medical and social center. Using this questionnaire enables to evaluate an influence of medical and social factors on quality of life of elderly people living in mega polls. There has been discovered that the reduction of quality of life is connected not only with aged-related social and physical dependencies but with insufficient quality of healthcare and social protection system and also with reduction of availability of healthcare for elderly people in general.

[Bioregulating therapy and life quality in aged patients with hypertonic angioretinopathy].

The researches data of influence of vascular impair of a retina in aged patients with arterial hypertension (AH) on their life quality (LQ) are given in the article. The questionnaires "The Scale of an estimation of life quality", SF-36 and VF-16 in authors updating were used. Ultrasonic dopplerography of retina vessels in patients with hypertonic angioretinopathy showed the authentic decrease of maximal systolic speeds of a blood-groove of an orbital artery, increase in its index of resistance and decrease of ophthalmic-retinal factor in comparison with normal parameters in the given age group. The studying of the comparative analysis of change of LQ and visual functions of aged patients with hypertonic angioretinopathy under adding to complex hypotensive therapies the Cortexin (the basic group, 28 people) and Actovegin (control group, 30 people) was held. As a result of treatment disappearance or reduction of visual discomfort and improvement of the emotional condition of 61% of patients of the basic group and 36% of patients of control group were marked. Improvement of LQ and subjective quality of eyesight correlated with improvement of visual functions. Thus, the researches enable to include people of elderly and senile age with AH into group of risk with probable decrease in visual functions; inclusion the neuro-protector cortexin in complex treatment of elderly and senile patients with AH and changes in eye-bottom considerably raises and stabilizes LQ and quality of eyesight of these patients.

[Factors of development and clinical outcome of stroke in patients of elderly and senile age].

Patients with acute stroke have been examined, in order to determine the factors leading to disposition to stroke development and sufficiently predetermining the outcome. The relation between the risk of stroke development on the background of hypertension, atherosclerosis, heart pathology, diabetes mellitus, has been established. It has been shown that the majority of the above factors tend, as a rule, to develop with age. It has been established that complications in patients older than 60 years cause death in more than half of cases, while direct severity of vascular affection--in only one third of cases. Frequency of stroke complications makes practically 70%. At the same time, frequency of complications was 5 times higher in groups of patients with unfavorable outcome than in groups of patients with favorable outcome.