Electrooptical effects in colloid systems subjected to short pulses of strong electric field.

Existing electrooptical experimental techniques applied to a colloid solution allow the determination of different particle parameters, such as rotary diffusion coefficient, size, polarizability anisotropy and others. If the solution is polydisperse, numerical methods can be used to determine the distribution of particles in the solution on their parameters. These techniques can be applied to systems that are prone to lengthy application of electric field. To study polydisperse systems that cannot stand lengthy application of electric field it is proposed to apply short pulses of strong sine-shaped electric field. It is shown that it is still possible to determine the main particle parameters from the experimental data obtained in this technique. The limitations of this approach are studied. This technique was experimentally probed on aqueous colloid solutions of diamond, graphite and palygorskite. It is shown that for these systems the relaxation of the electrooptical effect after application of strong pulses of sine-shaped electric field is similar to the relaxation of the electrooptical effect from the state of saturated orientation induced by sine-shaped electric field, which is proven by the presented correlation coefficients.

[Organization and contents of the specialized surgical care in multiprofile military hospitals of the 1st level during counter-terrorist operations on the northern Caucasus (report V)].

The principle difference of the work of multiprofile military hospitals (MMH) of the Ist level during the armed conflicts on the Northern Caucasus, particularly during the second, was rendering specialized surgical care to the primary contingent of the wounded, evacuated during the nearest hours after a wound. The incoming flow to MMH of the 1st level - in connection with the primary entering of the wounded practically from a battle field - was characterized by severity (one third of the wounded had severe and extremely severe wounds) and the significant number of the wounded with multiple and combined injuries (up to 60% of the wounded). Effective treatment of the above-mentioned wounded can only be carried by specially trained surgeons in appropriately-equipped multiprofile medical hospitals. The rendered volume of specialized surgical care in MMH of the 1st level included the following operations: neurosurgical (2,4%), thoracoabdominal (19,8%), traumatologic (17,0%), angiosurgical (8,2%), special (otorhinolaryngologic, maxillofacial, ophthalmologic, urologic) - 17,7%, general surgery (35,4%). During the armed conflict of 1999-2002 due to the introduction of the early specialized surgical care concept three MMH of the 1st level in the advanced way executed 86,4 % of all complex operations in medical units and hospitals of the combat zone.

[Surgical care rendered to the wounded during the antiterrorist operations in the Northern Caucasus in the distant medical battalions of divisions. (Communication 3)].

Broad usage of helicopters for an evacuation of wounded from the battle orders and forward aid station directly to Multiprophyle Military Hospitals of 1-st level during armed conflicts on Northern Caucasus has essentially changed the purposes and nature of a medical care to wounded in Separate Medical Battalions (SMB) of divisions. The primary goal of SMB became valuable preparedness of wounded to an evacuation from the battle orders of a division, that was reached by moving out of the surgeons and anesthesiologists to regimental aid station and medical companies. For adding up during armed conflicts on Northern Caucasus of medico tactical conditions it was justified: 73% wounded, admitted in SMB with damages of minimal and mean severity and not required emergency operations, after rendering them of initial physician care were evacuated by helicopters to Multiprophyle Military Hospitals of 1-st level. The analysis of experience of three SMB in Armed conflict 1999-2002 has shown, that the measures of initial surgical care should appear only for saving life of injured under the specially designed indications and with observance of a number of the relevant technical features, directional on acceleration and decreasing of surgical operations severity.

[Surgical care rendered to the wounded in the antiterrorist operations on the Northern Caucasus: premedical and initial medical care in the combat zone (Report II)].

The analysis of organization and contents of the first aid, premedical and initial medical care rendered to the wounded in the armed conflicts on the Northern Caucasus (1994-1996, 1999-2002) was conducted. It was established that the first aid was rendered to the most casualties who needed it (65% in the first conflict and 79% in the second conflict). The mean terms of rendering the first aid in the second conflict as compared with the conflict of 1994-1996 were decreased from 29 +/- 2 min to 18 +/- min. The role of premedical care was minimal in both conflicts: it was rendered to 3% casualties only. The premedical care was rendered in those cases when the first aid appeared to be ineffective, had obvious defects or in the delay of further evacuation of the wounded. The initial medical care became the central type or pre-hospital care in the combat zone. It was rendered to 56% casualties in the first conflict and to 59% in the second conflict. The mean terms of initial medical care rendered in the second armed conflict were 1.5 +/- 0.2 h. They have considerably decreased as compare with the first conflict (2.5 +/- 0.4 h). The introduction of the physicians with initial surgery and intensive care training in the staffs of regimental medical companies was resulted in significant improvement of initial medical care quality. It provided the adequate preparedness of the wounded for aeromedical evacuation to multipurpose military hospitals of the first level.

[Principles of surgical care organization and structural characteristics of sanitary casualties in counter-terrorist operations in the Northern Caucasus (Report I)].

Two operational-and-tactical factors had the main influence on organization of the surgical care rendered to the casualties on the Northern Caucasus: the fulminant and maneuverable nature of combat operations at the beginning of both armed conflicts and rather small territory of war theatre. The main special features of organization of surgical care to the casualties were the use of Medical Squads of Special Purpose in the combat conditions and maximal approximation of the specialized surgical care to the wounded by echelonment of medical units and wide use of helicopter evacuation. The structure of sanitary losses was characterized by the increase in the frequency of mechanical traumas, thermal and combined injuries, by the high share of the casualties with head injuries. Besides the number of seriously wounded and critical casualties has increased.

[Surgical care for the wounded in an armed conflict: the organization and support of first aid, prehospital and initial medical care (1)]. / Khirurgicheskaia pomoshch' ranenym v vooruzhennom konflikte: organizatsiia i soderzhanie pervoi, dovrachebnoi i pervoi vrachebnoi pomoshchi (soobshchenie pervoe).

The article is devoted to surgical care organization to the battle casualties in Northern Caucasus, analysis of size and structure of "sanitary losses" (wounded in actions), questions of rendering first aid, battalion medical specialist aid and initial physician care. Gunshot wounds prevailed (64.1%) in the structure of battle surgical casualties. The blunt traumas and non-gunshot injuries have made of 33.2%, burns--4.1%, frost-bites--1.3%. The efficiency of medical care in this armed conflict is investigated on the own experience and retrospective analysis of graduated care to the 1030 casualties. Significance of duly rendering of the first aid to battle casualties is shown: the morality in this group had made 1.3%. Among wounded, which the first aid did not appear, the morality was of 7.0%.

[The role and place of surgical efforts in the medical evacuation support of the troops]. / Rol' i mesto khirurgicheskogo usileniia v lechebno-évakuatsionnom obespechenii voisk.

Considering the experience obtained by the collaborators of the Fuild Surgery Chair (Medical-Military Academy) there was suggested the following conception of using surgical strengthening in the Troops medical-and-evacuation security. By strengthening the battalion medical station with physician, including the surgeon the pre-medical care is rendered; in the case of evacuation delay the emergency measures of first aid are conducted. In the regiment medical station the surgical team renders the first medical aid in whole volume and emergency measures of qualified surgical aid respectively; in the leading medical institution the qualified and specialized emergency surgery as well as specialized medical aid in whole volume are rendered by specialized surgical group.

[Precise resection of the lung using neodymium YAG laser]. / Pretsizionnaia rezektsiia legkogo s ispol'zovaniem neodimovogo AIG-lazera.

Radiation of the neodymium YAG laser in the noncontact and contact regimens with a sapphire tips was employed for maximally sparing removal of different pathological formations from the lung. The laser was used for dissection and coagulation of lung tissue to obtain reliable air- and hemostasis of the wound surface of the lung. A total of 29 patients were operated on. A noncontact photocoagulation regimen produces a strong coagulation layer that sustains the intrapulmonary pressure up to 40 cm H2O. Preliminary ligation of large bronchial branches in the resection zone is obligatory. The postoperative period showed a rapid restoration of lung tissue structure at the site of intervention.

[Structure of an Escherichia coli bacterial suspension]. / Struktura bakterial'noi suspenzii Escherichia coli.

The structure of bacterial suspensions of Escherichia coli M-17 at the counting concentrations of the cells 10(7), 10(8), 10(9) i/ml and in the temperature range of (18-50) degrees C has been investigated by means of orientational conductometric, electron microscopic and UV-spectroscopic methods. On the basis of experimental relationships of the anisotropy of suspensions electric conductivity upon the intensity of a sinusoidal electric field and relaxation of anisotropy after switching off the field the function of the distribution of bacteria with respect to their sizes was evaluated at different temperatures and concentrations. The conductometric function of bacteria distribution is in a good agreement with the analogous function obtained with the help of the electron microscope. In accordance with the functions the suspension of E. coli contained three kinds of cells: high electronic density, low electronic density bacteria and bacteria aggregates. Relative amounts of every kind of bacteria depended on temperature and concentration of cells. The minimum of bacteria aggregates and maximum of low electronic density cells were obtained in the temperature range of (32-42) degrees C. This fact could be explained by the activation of the transport membrane systems in this temperature range. This hypothesis was confirmed by the UV-spectroscopic method.

[The use of the principles of military field surgery in rendering medical care to the victims during catastrophes]. / Ispol'zovanie printsipov voenno-polevoi khirurgii pri okazanii meditsinskoi pomoshchi postradavshim vo vremia katastrof.

Despite the existing differences in medical care of war and catastrophe casualties it is possible to apply a variety of organizational and management principles of military medicine for the disaster medicine. The authors express the opinion that in case of big catastrophes the medical service could operate by means of rapid deployment units formed on the basis of territorial principle.

[Study of the orientation of DNA molecules in an electrical field by anisotropy of electrical conductivity of their aqueous solution]. / Issledovanie orientatsii molekul DNK v élektricheskom pole po anizotropii élektroprovodnosti ikh vodnykh rastvorov.

Electro-conductive anisotropy of DNA solution caused by the molecular orientation in the external electric field was investigated. The dependence of a relative change of the conductivity of aqueous-salt DNA solution on the electric field in the amplitude range 0-700 V/cm and in the frequency range 100 Hz-10 kHz was studied. It was pointed out that the field thermal effect is an overcoming factor when the orientation of DNA molecules is investigated by field-free relaxation.

[Anisotropic electric conductivity of bacterial suspensions induced by external electric field]. / Anizotropnaia élektroprovodnost' bakterial'nykh suspenzii, navedennaia vneshnim élektricheskim polem.

The anisotropy of electrical conductivity of suspensions of such bacteria, as E. coli, Serratia marcescens, Pseudomonas fluorescens induced by a sinusoidal external electric field and relaxation of the anisotropy after switching off the field were investigated. On the basis of the experimental relationships the anisotropy of electrical polarizability and coefficient of rotational diffusion of the cells were evaluated. The anisotropy of electrical polarizability and coefficient of the rotational diffusion obtained are in a good agreement with the available data of other methods.

[A method of thoracoscopic electrosurgical biopsy in the diagnosis of diffuse lung diseases]. / Metod torakoskopicheskoi élektrokhirurgicheskoi biopsii v diagnostike diffuznykh zabolevanii legkikh.

A new method of thoracoscopic electrosurgical biopsy proposed by the authors implies usage of a standard set of thoracoscopic appliances and a diathermic loop. The method warrants obtaining biopsy specimens of an adequate size from any site under visual control, provides reliable aero- and hemostasis.