Radiation Doses in Cardiovascular Computed Tomography.

We discussed the contemporary views on the effects of ionising radiation on living organisms and the process of estimating radiation doses in CT examinations and the definitions of the CTDI, CTDIvol, DLP, SSDE, ED. We reviewed the reports from large analyses on the radiation doses in CT examinations of the coronary arteries prior to TAVI procedures, including the CRESCENT, PROTECTION, German Cardiac CT Registry studies. These studies were carried out over the last 10 years and can help confront the daily practice of performing cardiovascular CT examinations in most centres. The reference dose levels for these examinations were also collected. The methods to optimise the radiation dose included tube voltage reduction, ECG-monitored tube current modulation, iterative and deep learning reconstruction techniques, a reduction in the scan range, prospective study protocols, automatic exposure control, heart rate control, rational use of the calcium score, multi-slices and dual-source and wide-field tomography. We also present the studies that indicated the need to raise the organ conversion factor for cardiovascular studies from the 0.014-0.017 mSv/mGy*cm used for chest studies to date to a value of 0.0264-0.03 mSv/mGy*cm.

Radiological Cardiothoracic Ratio as a Potential Marker of Left Ventricular Hypertrophy Assessed by Echocardiography.

The aim of the study was to verify the usefulness of the radiological cardiothoracic ratio as a potential marker of left ventricular hypertrophy assessed by echocardiography. The study included 96 patients (mean age: 49.52 ± 9.64 years). Chest radiograph in the PA projection and echocardiography were performed. In CR the measurement of the cardiothoracic ratio (CTR) was performed. Assuming CTR > 0.50, heart silhouette enlargement was diagnosed. In echocardiography, four types of left ventricular geometry were assessed: normal geometry (NG), concentric remodeling (CR), concentric hypertrophy (CH), and eccentric hypertrophy (EH). It was shown that patients with an enlarged heart silhouette were characterized by a significantly more frequent occurrence of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) on echocardiography than patients with a nonenlarged heart silhouette. In the subgroup of patients with LVH compared to the subgroup of patients with normal left ventricular geometry, CTR values are statistically significantly higher, and heart silhouette enlargement is significantly more frequent. The criterion "CTR > 0.49" estimates LVH with a sensitivity of 93.3% and specificity of 82.7%, which translates into a high accuracy of 84.4%. By analyzing the prediction of left ventricular geometry types, high accuracy of CH prediction was obtained using the "CTR > 0.49" criterion of 80.2% (with a high sensitivity of 84.0% and a satisfactory specificity of 60.0%) and a high accuracy of EH prediction using the "CTR > 0.52" criterion of 71.9% (with high sensitivity 80.5% and low specificity 36.8%), as well as low CR prediction accuracy of only 57.3% (with low sensitivity 36.7%, even if high specificity 78.7%). In summary, the radiological cardiothoracic ratio may be a moderate marker of left ventricular hypertrophy assessed according to standard echocardiographic criteria, provided that its cut-off point is standardized in each population of subjects.

Radiological Cardiothoracic Ratio as a Potential Predictor of Right Ventricular Enlargement in Patients with Suspected Pulmonary Embolism Due to COVID-19.

The aim of the study was to determine the usefulness of the radiological cardiothoracic ratio (CTR) as a predictor of right ventricular enlargement in patients with suspected pulmonary embolism during COVID-19. The study group consisted of 61 patients with confirmed COVID-19, suspected of pulmonary embolism based on physical examination and laboratory tests (age: 67.18 ± 12.47 years). Computed tomography angiography (CTA) of pulmonary arteries and chest radiograph in AP projection with cardiothoracic ratio assessment were performed in all patients. Right ventricular enlargement was diagnosed by the ratio of right ventricular to left ventricular (RV/LV) dimensions in pulmonary CTA with two cut-off points: ≥0.9 and ≥1.0. Heart silhouette enlargement was found when CTR on the chest radiograph in the projection AP > 0.55. The mean values of RV/LV and CTR in the studied group were 0.96 ± 0.23 and 0.57 ± 0.05, respectively. Pulmonary embolism was diagnosed in 45.9%. Right ventricular enlargement was documented in 44.3% or 29.5% depending on the adopted criterion RV/LV ≥ 0.9 or RV/LV ≥ 1.0. Heart silhouette enlargement was found in 60.6%. Patients with confirmed pulmonary embolism (PE+) had a significantly higher RV/LV ratio and CTR than patients with excluded pulmonary embolism (PE-) (RV/LV: PE+ 1.08 ± 0.24, PE- 0.82 ± 0.12; CTR: PE+ 0.60 ± 0.05, PE- 0.54 ± 0.04; p < 0.05). The correlation analysis showed a statistically significant positive correlation between the RV/LV ratio and CTR (r = 0.59, p < 0.05). Based on the ROC curves, CTR values were determined as the optimal cut-off points for the prediction of right ventricular enlargement (RV/LV ≥ 0.9 or RV/LV ≥ 1.0), being 0.54 and 0.55, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the CTR criterion >0.54 as a predictor of RV/LV ratio ≥0.9 were 0.412, 0.963, and 0.656, respectively, while those of the CTR criterion >0.55 as a predictor of RV/LV ratio ≥1.0 were 0.488, 0.833, and 0.590, respectively. In summary, in patients with suspected pulmonary embolism during COVID-19, the radiographic cardiothoracic ratio can be considered as a prognostic factor for right ventricular enlargement, especially as a negative predictor of right ventricular enlargement in the case of lower CTR values.

Radiological Cardiothoracic Ratio in Evidence-Based Medicine.

The cardiothoracic ratio (CTR), expressing the relationship between the size of the heart and the transverse dimension of the chest measured on a chest PA radiograph, is a commonly used parameter in the assessment of cardiomegaly with a cut-off value of 0.5. A value of >0.5 should be interpreted as enlargement of the heart. The following review describes the current state of available knowledge in terms of contentious issues, limitations and useful aspects regarding the CTR. The review was carried out on the basis of an analysis of scientific articles available in the PubMed database, searched for using the following keywords: "CTR", "cardiothoracic ratio", "cardiopulmonary ratio", "cardiopulmonary index", and "heart-lung ratio". According to the accumulated knowledge, the CTR can still be used as an important parameter that can be easily determined in establishing enlargement of the heart. However, an increased CTR does not directly relate to heart function. In the era following the development of diagnostic methods such as computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and ultrasonography, CTR modifications based on these methods are used with varying clinical usefulness. It is important to consider the definition of the CTR and remember to base measurements on PA radiographs, as attempts to mark it in other projections face many limitations.

[Computed tomography imaging in ureteropelvic junction obstruction--case report]. / Przeszkoda w polaczeniu miedniczkowo-moczowodowym w obrazach wielorzedowej spiralnej tomografii komputerowej--opis przypadku.

Ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO) is defined as an impedance in the normal flow of urine from the renal pelvis into the proximal ureter. This leads to an increase urine pressure in the pelvicalyceal system and as a consequence cause hydronephrosis and damage of renal parenchyma. Presence of anomalous vessels crossing the ureter (crossing vessels) is one of the many reasons of UPJ obstruction. We report a case of 32-year-old female patient with chronic abdominal pain and recurrent episodes of pyelonephritis in the past. Contrast enhanced URO-CT was performed in order to determine the cause of complaints. This examination revealed right pelvicalyceal system dilatation and ipsilateral UPJ obstruction. After urological consultation patient was qualified for surgery, which aimed to decompress right pelvicalyceal system by changing anatomical conditions between the ureter and presumably crossing vessels. We demonstrate in the described case the value of contrast enhanced computed tomography URO-CT) in the diagnostic process of UPJ pathology. A multitude of information that we obtain from URO-CT examination allows the surgeon to reveal the cause of abnormal urine flow and choose the optimal operating method to minimize the risk of adverse events (such as intraoperative bleeding from mutilated crossing vessels).