[Examination of the pleural effusion and its interpretation]. / Interpretacja wyników rutynowego badania plynu oplucnowego.

Pleural effusion appears in the course of respiratory diseases and disorders of other organs. Examination of the effusion enables differentiation between exudate or transudate. It allows to estimate the severity of the disease, helps to choose the way of treatment and assesses its effects. In most cases Light's criteria are sufficient for differentiation between exudate and transudate. If the patient has an exudative pleural effusion additional tests are indicated to determine the etiology of the effusion. Laboratory tests which are useful in the further diagnostics of pleural effusion include: bacterial cultures, cytological and biochemical tests.

Relationship between the intervertebral foramina and the spinal nerves at the level of C4-T2 of the human fetal vertebral column.

In 80 human fetuses of both sexes, aged 4 to 7 months the spatiality of the intervertebral foramina and the area of the cross-section of the spinal nerves at the level of C4-T2 of the vertebral column were investigated. It was found that the narrowness of the intervertebral foramen is not related to the sex of fetus. The most probable places for such narrowness are intervertebral foramina C4-C5 and T1-T2 on the right side and C7-T1 on the left side.

[Structure of antero-posterior spinal curvatures in manual workers in relation to their occupations]. / Uksztaltowanie przednio-tylnych krzywizn kregoslupa u pracowników fizycznych w zaleznosci od wykonywanego zawodu.

The authors examined spondylometrically 1572 (648 men and 924 women) labourers of the FAEL factory in Zabkowice Slaskie. Sixteen spondylometric features were taken into account. The results were analysed by generally adopted statistical methods. Calculations were made for men and women separately. The subjects were divided into those performing their work in sitting and standing positions. Furthermore, the workplace of each worker was examined. The studies demonstrated a considerable correlation between the antero-posterior curvatures of the spine and specific workplaces.

[The anatomic variability of the intervertebral foramina L4----L5 and L5----S1 in the light of planimetric studies]. / Die anatomische Veränderlichkeit der Intervertebrallöcher L4----L5 und L5----S1 im Lichte planimetrischer Untersuchungen.

The were studied 168 intervertebral foramina on the levels L4 to L5 and L5 to S1 as well as the thickness of the spinal nerve by application of the planimetric method. An index of the tightness of the intervertebral foramina has been established. The narrowness of intervertebral foramina has been found to occur much more frequently on the right side of both of the tested levels, what is the reason of increased occurrence of lumbosacral syndrome of pain on this side.

[Measurements and forms of intervertebral foramina of the posterior lumbar spine]. / Uber Messungen und Formen der Intervertebrallöcher im unteren Teil der Lendenwirbelsäule.

The authors carried out measurements of 168 intervertebral foramina on the level L4 to L5 and L5 to S1 as well as the thickness of the spinal nerve, and examined their form. They certified that the measurements of the intervertebral foramen L5 to S1 are really statistically lower as the measurements of the intervertebral foramen L4 to L5 at relatively the same average thickness of the spinal nerve.