Long-read sequencing identifies a common transposition haplotype predisposing for CLCNKB deletions.

BACKGROUND: Long-read sequencing is increasingly used to uncover structural variants in the human genome, both functionally neutral and deleterious. Structural variants occur more frequently in regions with a high homology or repetitive segments, and one rearrangement may predispose to additional events. Bartter syndrome type 3 (BS 3) is a monogenic tubulopathy caused by deleterious variants in the chloride channel gene CLCNKB, a high proportion of these being large gene deletions. Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification, the current diagnostic gold standard for this type of mutation, will indicate a simple homozygous gene deletion in biallelic deletion carriers. However, since the phenotypic spectrum of BS 3 is broad even among biallelic deletion carriers, we undertook a more detailed analysis of precise breakpoint regions and genomic structure. METHODS: Structural variants in 32 BS 3 patients from 29 families and one BS4b patient with CLCNKB deletions were investigated using long-read and synthetic long-read sequencing, as well as targeted long-read sequencing approaches. RESULTS: We report a ~3 kb duplication of 3'-UTR CLCNKB material transposed to the corresponding locus of the neighbouring CLCNKA gene, also found on ~50 % of alleles in healthy control individuals. This previously unknown common haplotype is significantly enriched in our cohort of patients with CLCNKB deletions (45 of 51 alleles with haplotype information, 2.2 kb and 3.0 kb transposition taken together, p=9.16×10-9). Breakpoint coordinates for the CLCNKB deletion were identifiable in 28 patients, with three being compound heterozygous. In total, eight different alleles were found, one of them a complex rearrangement with three breakpoint regions. Two patients had different CLCNKA/CLCNKB hybrid genes encoding a predicted CLCNKA/CLCNKB hybrid protein with likely residual function. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of multiple different deletion alleles in our cohort suggests that large CLCNKB gene deletions originated from many independently recurring genomic events clustered in a few hot spots. The uncovered associated sequence transposition haplotype apparently predisposes to these additional events. The spectrum of CLCNKB deletion alleles is broader than expected and likely still incomplete, but represents an obvious candidate for future genotype/phenotype association studies. We suggest a sensitive and cost-efficient approach, consisting of indirect sequence capture and long-read sequencing, to analyse disease-relevant structural variant hotspots in general.

Germline C1GALT1C1 mutation causes a multisystem chaperonopathy.

Mutations in genes encoding molecular chaperones can lead to chaperonopathies, but none have so far been identified causing congenital disorders of glycosylation. Here we identified two maternal half-brothers with a novel chaperonopathy, causing impaired protein O-glycosylation. The patients have a decreased activity of T-synthase (C1GALT1), an enzyme that exclusively synthesizes the T-antigen, a ubiquitous O-glycan core structure and precursor for all extended O-glycans. The T-synthase function is dependent on its specific molecular chaperone Cosmc, which is encoded by X-chromosomal C1GALT1C1. Both patients carry the hemizygous variant c.59C>A (p.Ala20Asp; A20D-Cosmc) in C1GALT1C1. They exhibit developmental delay, immunodeficiency, short stature, thrombocytopenia, and acute kidney injury (AKI) resembling atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome. Their heterozygous mother and maternal grandmother show an attenuated phenotype with skewed X-inactivation in blood. AKI in the male patients proved fully responsive to treatment with the complement inhibitor Eculizumab. This germline variant occurs within the transmembrane domain of Cosmc, resulting in dramatically reduced expression of the Cosmc protein. Although A20D-Cosmc is functional, its decreased expression, though in a cell or tissue-specific manner, causes a large reduction of T-synthase protein and activity, which accordingly leads to expression of varied amounts of pathological Tn-antigen (GalNAcα1-O-Ser/Thr/Tyr) on multiple glycoproteins. Transient transfection of patient lymphoblastoid cells with wild-type C1GALT1C1 partially rescued the T-synthase and glycosylation defect. Interestingly, all four affected individuals have high levels of galactose-deficient IgA1 in sera. These results demonstrate that the A20D-Cosmc mutation defines a novel O-glycan chaperonopathy and causes the altered O-glycosylation status in these patients.

Epigenetic regulation of plastin 3 expression by the macrosatellite DXZ4 and the transcriptional regulator CHD4.

Dysregulated Plastin 3 (PLS3) levels associate with a wide range of skeletal and neuromuscular disorders and the most common types of solid and hematopoietic cancer. Most importantly, PLS3 overexpression protects against spinal muscular atrophy. Despite its crucial role in F-actin dynamics in healthy cells and its involvement in many diseases, the mechanisms that regulate PLS3 expression are unknown. Interestingly, PLS3 is an X-linked gene and all asymptomatic SMN1-deleted individuals in SMA-discordant families who exhibit PLS3 upregulation are female, suggesting that PLS3 may escape X chromosome inactivation. To elucidate mechanisms contributing to PLS3 regulation, we performed a multi-omics analysis in two SMA-discordant families using lymphoblastoid cell lines and iPSC-derived spinal motor neurons originated from fibroblasts. We show that PLS3 tissue-specifically escapes X-inactivation. PLS3 is located ∼500 kb proximal to the DXZ4 macrosatellite, which is essential for X chromosome inactivation. By applying molecular combing in a total of 25 lymphoblastoid cell lines (asymptomatic individuals, individuals with SMA, control subjects) with variable PLS3 expression, we found a significant correlation between the copy number of DXZ4 monomers and PLS3 levels. Additionally, we identified chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein 4 (CHD4) as an epigenetic transcriptional regulator of PLS3 and validated co-regulation of the two genes by siRNA-mediated knock-down and overexpression of CHD4. We show that CHD4 binds the PLS3 promoter by performing chromatin immunoprecipitation and that CHD4/NuRD activates the transcription of PLS3 by dual-luciferase promoter assays. Thus, we provide evidence for a multilevel epigenetic regulation of PLS3 that may help to understand the protective or disease-associated PLS3 dysregulation.

Unraveling Structural Rearrangements of the CFH Gene Cluster in Atypical Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome Patients Using Molecular Combing and Long-Fragment Targeted Sequencing.

Complement factor H (CFH) and its related proteins have an essential role in regulating the alternative pathway of the complement system. Mutations and structural variants (SVs) of the CFH gene cluster, consisting of CFH and its five related genes (CFHR1-5), have been reported in renal pathologies as well as in complex immune diseases like age-related macular degeneration and systemic lupus erythematosus. SV analysis of this cluster is challenging because of its high degree of sequence homology. Following first-line next-generation sequencing gene panel sequencing, we applied Genomic Vision's Molecular Combing Technology to detect and visualize SVs within the CFH gene cluster and resolve its structural haplotypes completely. This approach was tested in three patients with atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome and known SVs and 18 patients with atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome or complement factor 3 glomerulopathy with unknown CFH gene cluster haplotypes. Three SVs, a CFH/CFHR1 hybrid gene in two patients and a rare heterozygous CFHR4/CFHR1 deletion in trans with the common CFHR3/CFHR1 deletion in a third patient, were newly identified. For the latter, the breakpoints were determined using a targeted enrichment approach for long DNA fragments (Samplix Xdrop) in combination with Oxford Nanopore sequencing. Molecular combing in addition to next-generation sequencing was able to improve the molecular genetic yield in this pilot study. This (cost-)effective approach warrants validation in larger cohorts with CFH/CFHR-associated disease.

Alport syndrome and autosomal dominant tubulointerstitial kidney disease frequently underlie end-stage renal disease of unknown origin-a single-center analysis.

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of end-stage renal disease of unknown etiology in adult patients is globally high and accounts for almost 20% of all dialysis patients. Recent studies have suggested that the percentage of adult patients with a causal genetic variant has been underestimated so far. Despite severe prognostic and therapeutic implications, awareness about prevalence and manifestations of genetic kidney diseases in adult renal patients is still limited. METHODS: We recruited 58 individuals from 39 families at our transplantation center, fulfilling at least one of the following criteria: (i) unclear etiology of kidney disease, (ii) clinically suspected genetic kidney disease and (iii) positive family history for nephropathies. The cohort consisted of patients waitlisted for kidney transplantation and patients in the follow-up after transplantation. Detailed documentation of family history and phenotype was obtained before initiating gene panel sequencing of 479 nephropathy-associated genes. RESULTS: With this study design, a molecular genetic diagnosis was established in one-third of all patients. Mutations in the collagen COL4A genes, and mutations in MUC1 and UMOD were the most frequent among all detected causal variants. Overall, rare genetic variants were detected in more than half of all cases. CONCLUSION: The combination of detailed phenotyping prior to next-generation sequencing diagnostics was highly efficient. Elucidating the underlying genetic causes in a cohort of adult renal patients has considerable clinical impact on medical management.

Expanding the Spectrum of FAT1 Nephropathies by Novel Mutations That Affect Hippo Signaling.

INTRODUCTION: Disease-causing mutations in the protocadherin FAT1 have been recently described both in patients with a glomerulotubular nephropathy and in patients with a syndromic nephropathy. METHODS: We identified 4 patients with FAT1-associated disease, performed clinical and genetic characterization, and compared our findings to the previously published patients. Patient-derived primary urinary epithelial cells were analyzed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and immunoblotting to identify possible alterations in Hippo signaling. RESULTS: Here we expand the spectrum of FAT1-associated disease with the identification of novel FAT1 mutations in 4 patients from 3 families (homozygous truncating variants in 3, compound heterozygous missense variants in 1 patient). All patients show an ophthalmologic phenotype together with heterogeneous renal phenotypes ranging from normal renal function to early-onset end-stage kidney failure. Molecular analysis of primary urine-derived urinary renal epithelial cells revealed alterations in the Hippo signaling cascade with a decreased phosphorylation of both the core kinase MST and the downstream effector YAP. Consistently, we found a transcriptional upregulation of bona fide YAP target genes. CONCLUSION: A comprehensive review of the here identified patients and those previously published indicates a highly diverse phenotype in patients with missense mutations but a more uniform and better recognizable phenotype in the patients with truncating mutations. Altered Hippo signaling and de-repressed YAP activity might be novel contributing factors to the pathomechanism in FAT1-associated renal disease.

Post-COVID syndrome in non-hospitalised patients with COVID-19: a longitudinal prospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: While the leading symptoms during coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are acute and the majority of patients fully recover, a significant fraction of patients now increasingly experience long-term health consequences. However, most data available focus on health-related events after severe infection and hospitalisation. We present a longitudinal, prospective analysis of health consequences in patients who initially presented with no or minor symptoms of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Hence, we focus on mild COVID-19 in non-hospitalised patients. METHODS: 958 Patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection were observed from April 6th to December 2nd 2020 for long-term symptoms and SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. We identified anosmia, ageusia, fatigue or shortness of breath as most common, persisting symptoms at month 4 and 7 and summarised presence of such long-term health consequences as post-COVID syndrome (PCS). Predictors of long-term symptoms were assessed using an uni- and multivariable logistic regression model. FINDINGS: We observed 442 and 353 patients over four and seven months after symptom onset, respectively. Four months post SARS-CoV-2 infection, 8•6% (38/442) of patients presented with shortness of breath, 12•4% (55/442) with anosmia, 11•1% (49/442) with ageusia and 9•7% (43/442) with fatigue. At least one of these characteristic symptoms was present in 27•8% (123/442) and 34•8% (123/353) at month 4 and 7 post-infection, respectively. A lower baseline level of SARS-CoV-2 IgG, anosmia and diarrhoea during acute COVID-19 were associated with higher risk to develop long-term symptoms. INTERPRETATION: The on-going presence of either shortness of breath, anosmia, ageusia or fatigue as long-lasting symptoms even in non-hospitalised patients was observed at four and seven months post-infection and summarised as post-COVID syndrome (PCS). The continued assessment of patients with PCS will become a major task to define and mitigate the socioeconomic and medical long-term effects of COVID-19. FUNDING: COVIM:"NaFoUniMedCovid19"(FKZ: 01KX2021).

MTBP phosphorylation controls DNA replication origin firing.

Faithful genome duplication requires regulation of origin firing to determine loci, timing and efficiency of replisome generation. Established kinase targets for eukaryotic origin firing regulation are the Mcm2-7 helicase, Sld3/Treslin/TICRR and Sld2/RecQL4. We report that metazoan Sld7, MTBP (Mdm2 binding protein), is targeted by at least three kinase pathways. MTBP was phosphorylated at CDK consensus sites by cell cycle cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK) and Cdk8/19-cyclin C. Phospho-mimetic MTBP CDK site mutants, but not non-phosphorylatable mutants, promoted origin firing in human cells. MTBP was also phosphorylated at DNA damage checkpoint kinase consensus sites. Phospho-mimetic mutations at these sites inhibited MTBP's origin firing capability. Whilst expressing a non-phospho MTBP mutant was insufficient to relieve the suppression of origin firing upon DNA damage, the mutant induced a genome-wide increase of origin firing in unperturbed cells. Our work establishes MTBP as a regulation platform of metazoan origin firing.

Long-term data on two sisters with C3GN due to an identical, homozygous CFH mutation and autoantibodies.

C3 glomerulonephritis (C3GN) is a rare but severe form of kidney disease caused by fluid-phase dysregulation of the alternative complement pathway. Causative mutations in complement regulating genes as well as auto-immune forms of C3GN have been described. However, therapy and prognosis in individual patients remain a matter of debate and long-term data are scarce. This also applies for the management of transplant patients as disease recurrence post-transplant is frequent. Here, we depict the clinical courses of two sisters with the unique combination of an identical, homozygous mutation in the complement factor H (CFH) gene as well as autoantibodies with a clinical follow-up of more than 20 years. Interestingly, the sisters presented with discordant clinical courses of C3GN with normal kidney function in one (patient A) and end-stage kidney disease in the other sister (patient B). In patient B, eculizumab was administered immediately prior to and in the course after kidney transplantation, with the result of a stable graft function without any signs of disease recurrence. Comprehensive genetic work-up revealed no further disease-causing mutation in both sisters. Intriguingly, the auto-antibody profile substantially differed in both sisters: autoantibodies in patient A reduced the C3b deposition, while the antibodies identified in patient B increased complement activation and deposition of split products. This study underlines the concept of a personalized-medicine approach in complement-associated diseases after thorough evaluation of the individual risk profile in each patient.

Unstable TTTTA/TTTCA expansions in MARCH6 are associated with Familial Adult Myoclonic Epilepsy type 3.

Familial Adult Myoclonic Epilepsy (FAME) is a genetically heterogeneous disorder characterized by cortical tremor and seizures. Intronic TTTTA/TTTCA repeat expansions in SAMD12 (FAME1) are the main cause of FAME in Asia. Using genome sequencing and repeat-primed PCR, we identify another site of this repeat expansion, in MARCH6 (FAME3) in four European families. Analysis of single DNA molecules with nanopore sequencing and molecular combing show that expansions range from 3.3 to 14 kb on average. However, we observe considerable variability in expansion length and structure, supporting the existence of multiple expansion configurations in blood cells and fibroblasts of the same individual. Moreover, the largest expansions are associated with micro-rearrangements occurring near the expansion in 20% of cells. This study provides further evidence that FAME is caused by intronic TTTTA/TTTCA expansions in distinct genes and reveals that expansions exhibit an unexpectedly high somatic instability that can ultimately result in genomic rearrangements.