Changes in antiparasitical activity of gold nanorods according to the chosen synthesis.

Gold nanorods (GNRs) are increasingly being studied for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Green synthesis based methods with natural compounds as additives stand out as a hope in terms of better synthesis methodology, with advantages of producing potentially less toxic and, perhaps, biologically active GNRs due to influence of natural additives used during synthesis. Exploring green chemistry using different natural phenolic compounds, the present work reveals different in vitro activity of GNRs evaluated against different parasites that causes skin infectious diseases compared to GNRs produced by convencional seed mediated method. This approach brings advantages in producing active GNRs, with ease calling, less cytotoxic and with a better selectivity index (SI) than GNRs synthesized by conventional seed mediated synthesis, opening new possibilities for therapies. Natural compounds used in green syntheses were gallic acid (GA), resveratrol (RSV) and a purified fraction of the hydroalcoholic extract of Stryphnodendron obovatum. GNRs exhibited great activity against Leishmania braziliensis, and the dermatophytes Tricophyton rubrum, T. interdigitale and Microsporum gypseum. The anti-Leishmania and antidermatophytic activity of GNRs reinforce the applicability of GNRs in biomedical field and the influence of synthesis method in biological activity, showing benefits related to the seedless synthesis with natural compounds. In addition, these preliminary results indicate the possibility of exploring at maximum the physical and chemical properties of GNRs in addition to the biological activity itself, such as the development of topical antiparasitic formulations for association with phototherapy.

Trypanocidal Trixikingolides From Trixis Vauthieri.

Chagas disease is an illness caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. Only two drugs are available, with the drawback of low rate of cure in the chronic phase of the disease and undesirable side effects. These facts highlight the need to find new compounds for Chagas disease chemotherapy. We describe the isolation and identification of an inseparable mixture of two new trixikingolides from Trixis vauthieri, a plant from family Asteraceae, which present outstanding in vitro trypanocidal activity, with IC50 value of 0.053 µM against the intracellular trypomastigotes and amastigotes forms of T. cruzi infecting L929 cells. The IC50 of the mixture against the host cells is 68 times higher and about 70 times more potent than benznidazole, the reference drug used as control at the experiments. The next step, which depends on obtaining larger quantities of the mixture, is to test it on mice infected with T. cruzi.

Anticancer and antileishmanial in vitro activity of gold(I) complexes with 1,3,4-oxadiazole-2(3H)-thione ligands derived from δ-D-gluconolactone.

Four gold(I) complexes conceived as anticancer agents were synthesized by reacting [Au(PEt3 )Cl] and [Au(PPh3 )Cl] with ligands derived from δ-d-gluconolactone. The ligands' structure was designed to combine desired biological properties previously reported for each group. Ligands were synthesized from δ-d-gluconolactone via ketal protection and hydrazide formation followed by cyclization with CS2 to produce the novel oxadiazolidine-2-thione 7 and 8. Increasing of the ligands' lipophilicity via ketal protection proved useful since all four gold(I) complexes showed anticancer and antileishmanial properties. The IC50 values are at low micromolar range, varying from 2 to 3 µm for the most active compounds. The free D-gluconate 1,3,4 oxadiazole-derived ligands were neither toxic nor presented anticancer or antileishmanial properties. Triethylphosphine-derived compounds 9 and 10 were more selective against B16-F10 melanoma cell line. Although similar in vitro antileishmanial activity was observed for the gold(I) precursors themselves and their derived complexes, the latter were three times less toxic for human THP-1 macrophage cell line; this result is attributed to an isomeric variation of the D-gluconate ligand and the oxadiazole portion, which was one of the key concepts behind this work. These findings should encourage further research on gold(I) complexes to develop novel compounds with potential application in cancer and leishmaniasis chemotherapy.

Growth arrested live-attenuated Leishmania infantum KHARON1 null mutants display cytokinesis defect and protective immunity in mice.

There is no safe and efficacious vaccine against human leishmaniasis available and live attenuated vaccines have been used as a prophylactic alternative against the disease. In order to obtain an attenuated Leishmania parasite for vaccine purposes, we generated L. infantum KHARON1 (KH1) null mutants (ΔLikh1). This gene was previously associated with growth defects in L. mexicana. ΔLikh1 was obtained and confirmed by PCR, qPCR and Southern blot. We also generate a KH1 complemented line with the introduction of episomal copies of KH1. Although ΔLikh1 promastigote forms exhibited a growth pattern similar to the wild-type line, they differ in morphology without affecting parasite viability. L. infantum KH1-deficient amastigotes were unable to sustain experimental infection in macrophages, forming multinucleate cells which was confirmed by in vivo attenuation phenotype. The cell cycle analysis of ΔLikh1 amastigotes showed arrested cells at G2/M phase. ΔLikh1-immunized mice presented reduced parasite burden upon challenging with virulent L. infantum, when compared to naïve mice. An effect associated with increased Li SLA-specific IgG serum levels and IL-17 production. Thus, ΔLikh1 parasites present an infective-attenuated phenotype due to a cytokinesis defect, whereas it induces immunity against visceral leishmaniasis in mouse model, being a candidate for antileishmanial vaccine purposes.

Leishmanicidal compounds of Nectria pseudotrichia, an endophytic fungus isolated from the plant Caesalpinia echinata (Brazilwood)

BACKGROUND In a screen of extracts from plants and fungi to detect antileishmanial activity, we found that the ethyl acetate extract of the fungus Nectria pseudotrichia, isolated from the tree Caesalpinia echinata (Brazilwood), is a promising source of bioactive compounds. OBJECTIVES The aims of this study were to isolate and determine the chemical structures of the compounds responsible for the antileishmanial activity of the organic extract from N. pseudotrichia. METHODS Compounds were isolated by chromatographic fractionation using semi-preparative high-performance liquid chromatography, and their chemical structures were determined by analytical and spectral data and by comparison with published data. The antileishmanial activity of the isolated compounds was evaluated in intracellular amastigote forms of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis expressing firefly luciferase as reporter gene, and cytotoxicity was determined in Vero and THP-1 mammalian cell lines by MTT assay. FINDINGS Fractionation of the extract yielded seven compounds: 10-acetyl trichoderonic acid A (1), 6′-acetoxy-piliformic acid (2), 5′,6′-dehydropiliformic acid (3), piliformic acid (4), hydroheptelidic acid (5), xylaric acid D (6), and cytochalasin D (7). Compounds 1, 2 and 3 are reported here for the first time. Compounds 1, 2, and 5 were more active, with IC50 values of 21.4, 28.3, and 24.8 µM, respectively, and showed low toxicity to Vero and THP-1 cells. MAIN CONCLUSIONS N. pseudotrichia produces secondary metabolites that are more toxic to intracellular amastigote forms of L. (V.) braziliensis than to mammalian cells.

Leishmanicidal compounds of Nectria pseudotrichia, an endophytic fungus isolated from the plant Caesalpinia echinata (Brazilwood).

BACKGROUND In a screen of extracts from plants and fungi to detect antileishmanial activity, we found that the ethyl acetate extract of the fungus Nectria pseudotrichia, isolated from the tree Caesalpinia echinata (Brazilwood), is a promising source of bioactive compounds. OBJECTIVES The aims of this study were to isolate and determine the chemical structures of the compounds responsible for the antileishmanial activity of the organic extract from N. pseudotrichia. METHODS Compounds were isolated by chromatographic fractionation using semi-preparative high-performance liquid chromatography, and their chemical structures were determined by analytical and spectral data and by comparison with published data. The antileishmanial activity of the isolated compounds was evaluated in intracellular amastigote forms of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis expressing firefly luciferase as reporter gene, and cytotoxicity was determined in Vero and THP-1 mammalian cell lines by MTT assay. FINDINGS Fractionation of the extract yielded seven compounds: 10-acetyl trichoderonic acid A (1), 6'-acetoxy-piliformic acid (2), 5',6'-dehydropiliformic acid (3), piliformic acid (4), hydroheptelidic acid (5), xylaric acid D (6), and cytochalasin D (7). Compounds 1, 2 and 3 are reported here for the first time. Compounds 1, 2, and 5 were more active, with IC50 values of 21.4, 28.3, and 24.8 µM, respectively, and showed low toxicity to Vero and THP-1 cells. MAIN CONCLUSIONS N. pseudotrichia produces secondary metabolites that are more toxic to intracellular amastigote forms of L. (V.) braziliensis than to mammalian cells.

Novel gold(I) complexes with 5-phenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-thione and phosphine as potential anticancer and antileishmanial agents.

The current anticancer and antileishmanial drug arsenal presents several limitations concerning their specificity, efficacy, costs and the emergence of drug-resistant cells lines, which encourages the urgent need to search for new alternatives. Inspired by the fact that gold(I)-based compounds are promising antitumoral and antileishmanial drug candidates, we synthesized novel gold(I) complexes containing phosphine and 5-phenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-thione and evaluated their anticancer and antileishmanial activities. Synthesis was performed by reacting 5-phenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-thione derivatives with chloro(triphenylphosphine)gold(I) and chloro(triethylphosphine)gold(I). The novel compounds were characterized by infrared, Raman, 1H, 13C nuclear magnetic resonance, high-resolution mass spectra, and x-ray crystallography. The coordination of the ligands to gold(I) occurred through the exocyclic sulfur atom. All gold(I) complexes were active at low micromolar or nanomolar range with IC50 values ranging from <0.10 to 1.66 µM against cancer cell lines and from 0.9 to 4.2 µM for Leishmania infantum intracellular amastigotes. Compound (6-A) was very selective against murine melanoma B16F10, colon cancer CT26.WT cell lines and L. infantum intracellular amastigotes. Compound (7-B) presented the highest anticancer activity against both cancer cell lines while the promising antileishmanial lead was compound (6-A). Tiethylphosphine gold(I) complexes were more active than the conterparts triphenylphosphine derivatives for both anticancer and antileishmanial activities. Triethylphosphine gold(I) derivatives presented antimony cross-resistance in L. guyanensis demonstrating their potential to be used as chemical tools to better understand mechanisms of drug resistance and action. These findings revealed the anticancer and antileishmanial potential of gold(I) oxadiazole phosphine derivatives.

Investigação da Atividade e Mecanismos de Ação Leishmanicida e/ou Tripanocida de Produtos Naturais e um Derivado

No Brasil, a doença de Chagas e as leishmanioses têm importante impacto na saúde pública. Os fármacos usados no tratamento dessas enfermidades apresentam limitações que tornam necessária a busca por novas alternativas terapêuticas. Nesse sentido, no presente estudo foram selecionados sete produtos naturais bioativos (PNB) e um derivado de produto natural (dPNB) e suas atividades tripanocida e leishmanicida foram determinadas e/ou confirmadas. A eleuterine, a tiofenonaftoquinona (TNQ) e a aurentiacina foram descritas como leishmanicidas pela primeira vez, sendo suas atividades antiamastigota de 99, 99 e 98 %, respectivamente. O lapachol, a chalcona 1 e a chalcona 2 tiveram o efeito leishmanicida confirmado com atividade de 85, 99 e 99 %, respectivavente. Nenhuma substância foi considerada ativa no modelo de T. cruzi utilizado. Devido às quantidades de substâncias disponíveis, apenas o lapachol e a TNQ tiveram seus mecanismos de ação leishmanicida estudados. As concentrações inibitórias de 50% (CI50) da TNQ foram inferiores àquelas do lapachol em promastigotas (2 e 25 μM), amastigotas recuperadas de lesão (22 e 224 μM) e amastigotas intracelulares (7,4 e 84 μM).

A razão entre a CI50 em amastigotas intracelulares e macrófagos foi utilizada para o cálculo do índice de seletividade, sendo este 3,8 para o lapachol e 7,7 para a TNQ. Os PNB e dPNB leishmanicida foram avaliados quanto à atividade inibitória da enzima tripanotiona redutase (TR), sendo que nenhum foi capaz de inibir a enzima. Os efeitos induzidos por TNQ e lapachol sobre a atividade mitocondrial de promastigotas foram avaliados por citometria de fluxo e respirometria. O tratamento com lapachol induziu perda do potencial de membrana mitocondrial e reduziu o consumo de oxigênio pelos parasitos. Por sua vez, a TNQ não alterou esses parâmetros. Análises de microscopia eletrônica de transmissão mostraram que o tratamento com lapachol ou TNQ induziu danos no complexo de Golgi e na bolsa flagelar, formação de vesículas e perfil de autofagia. O lapachol, mas não a TNQ, também induziu alterações ultraestruturais nas mitocôndrias das promastigotas. Em conjunto, os resultados permitem propor que a mitocôndria seja um importante alvo celular para o lapachol. Uma vez que a TNQ não causou alterações na mitocôndria dos parasitos, mas induziu danos em outras organelas, pode-se propor que seu mecanismo de ação esteja relacionado à indução de estresse oxidativo. Este trabalho reforça a importância dos PNB na descoberta de novas substâncias bioativas, as quais podem ser objeto de estudos de mecanismos de ação, a fim de se expandir o conhecimento disponível para o processo de desenvolvimento de novos fármacos usados para o tratamento de endemias que afligem milhões de pessoas como as leishmanioses e a doença de Chagas.

Investigação da Atividade e Mecanismos de Ação Leishmanicida e/ou Tripanocida de Produtos Naturais e um Derivado / Research Activity and Mechanisms of Action leishmanicidal and / or trypanocide Natural Products and Derivatives

No Brasil, a doença de Chagas e as leishmanioses têm importante impacto na saúde pública. Os fármacos usados no tratamento dessas enfermidades apresentam limitações que tornam necessária a busca por novas alternativas terapêuticas. Nesse sentido, no presente estudo foram selecionados sete produtos naturais bioativos (PNB) e um derivado de produto natural (dPNB) e suas atividades tripanocida e leishmanicida foram determinadas e/ou confirmadas. A eleuterine, a tiofenonaftoquinona (TNQ) e a aurentiacina foram descritas como leishmanicidas pela primeira vez, sendo suas atividades antiamastigota de 99, 99 e 98 %, respectivamente. O lapachol, a chalcona 1 e a chalcona 2 tiveram o efeito leishmanicida confirmado com atividade de 85, 99 e 99 %, respectivavente. Nenhuma substância foi considerada ativa no modelo de T. cruzi utilizado. Devido às quantidades de substâncias disponíveis, apenas o lapachol e a TNQ tiveram seus mecanismos de ação leishmanicida estudados. As concentrações inibitórias de 50% (CI50) da TNQ foram inferiores àquelas do lapachol em promastigotas (2 e 25 μM), amastigotas recuperadas de lesão (22 e 224 μM) e amastigotas intracelulares (7,4 e 84 μM)...