Remediation of emerging environmental pollutants: A review based on advances in the uses of eco-friendly biofabricated nanomaterials.

The increased environmental pollutants due to anthropogenic activities are posing an adverse effects and threat on various biotic forms on the planet. Heavy metals and certain organic pollutants by their toxic persistence in the environment are regarded as significant pollutants worldwide. In recent years, pollutants exist in various forms in the environment are difficult to eliminate by traditional technologies due to various drawbacks. This has lead to shifting of research for the development of cost-effective and efficient technologies for the remediation of environmental pollutants. The adaption of adsorption phenomenon from the traditional technologies with the modification of adsorbents at nanoscale is the trended research for mitigating the environmental pollutants with petite environmental concerns. Over the past decade, the hidden potentials of biological sources for the biofabrication of nanomaterials as bequeathed rapid research for remediating the environmental pollution in a sustainable manner. The biofabricated nanomaterials possess an inimitable phenomenon such as photo and enzymatic catalysis, electrostatic interaction, surface active site interactions, etc., contributing for the detoxification of various pollutants. With this background, the current review highlights the emerging biofabricated nano-based adsorbent materials and their underlying mechanisms addressing the environmental remediation of persistent organic pollutants, heavy metal (loid)s, phytopathogens, special attention to the reduction of pathogen-derived toxins and air pollutants. Each category is illustrated with suitable examples, fundamental mechanism, and graphical representations, along with societal applications. Finally, the future and sustainable development of eco-friendly biofabricated nanomaterial-based adsorbents is discussed.

Mitochondria COI-based genetic diversity of the cotton leafhopper Amrasca biguttula biguttula (Ishida) populations from India.

Amrasca biguttula biguttula (Ishida), the cotton leafhopper, is a polyphagous insect pest of Asia and Southeast Asian countries. We sequenced a mitochondrial COI gene fragment from 67 individuals of cotton leafhopper collected from 7 major cotton growing states of North, Central, and South India. Genetic divergence analysis of leaf hopper population across India confirmed the presence of single species. Thirty haplotypes, in total, were determined across different regions of India. While population from North India was dominated by single haplotype, the south and central Indian populations show dispersion of different haplotypes across the region. The neutrality test rejection for the north Indian population also suggests population expansion. The genetic differentiation and gene flow analysis together confirmed the phylogeographic structure of the A. biguttula biguttula Ishida as isolated by distance.

Modulation of P-glycoprotein ATPase of Helicoverpa armigera by cholesterol: effects on ATPase activity and interaction of insecticides.

Purified P-glycoprotein ATPase from Helicoverpa armigera (Ha-Pgp), reconstituted in proteoliposomes composed of phospholipids and cholesterol, shows higher ATPase activity in the presence of cholesterol than in its absence. The Ha-Pgp ATPase activity was increased 30-40% with cholesterol. The KM for ATP was found to be 1 and 0.8 mM in the absence and presence of cholesterol, respectively. The insecticide-stimulated Ha-Pgp ATPase activity was increased by 10-20% for all the insecticides in the reconstituted proteoliposomes containing cholesterol compared to those with no cholesterol. The effects of cholesterol on KM and Vmax values of insecticide-stimulated Ha-Pgp ATPase activity were unrelated to the size of the insecticide. Ha-Pgp tryptophan fluorescence displayed a red shift of 3 and 8 nm in emission spectra upon binding of insecticides. Cholesterol enhances the interaction of insecticides with Ha-Pgp. Kd values of different insecticides for binding to Ha-Pgp were found to be lower in the presence of cholesterol in the proteoliposomes compared to its absence. Results suggest that cholesterol plays a role in the recognition and interaction of insecticides by modulating Ha-Pgp ATPase and may be involved in efflux of insecticides from cells by the transporter.