Factors affecting responsiveness of vadadustat in patients with anemia associated with chronic kidney disease: a post-hoc subgroup analysis of Japanese phase 3 randomized studies.

BACKGROUND: Vadadustat is an oral hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor developed for treating anemia in chronic kidney disease (CKD). The purpose of this post-hoc analysis was to investigate the factors affecting the responsiveness to vadadustat in anemia patients with nondialysis-dependent (NDD) or hemodialysis-dependent (HDD) CKD in two Japanese phase 3 studies. METHODS: Of 151 and 162 patients enrolled in NDD-CKD and HDD-CKD studies, 136 and 140 patients, respectively, were included and divided into subgroups for the analysis. To assess vadadustat responsiveness, the resistance index was defined as the mean body weight-adjusted dose of vadadustat (mg/kg) at weeks 20-24 divided by the mean hemoglobin (g/dL) at weeks 20-24. Multivariate analysis was performed to identify the variables affecting the resistance index. RESULTS: Independent factors identified as determinants for better response to vadadustat were as follows: high baseline hemoglobin, low baseline eGFR, high week-20-24 ferritin, and CKD not caused by autoimmune disease/glomerulonephritis/vasculitis in NDD-CKD; and male sex, high baseline C-reactive protein, and low baseline erythropoiesis-stimulating agent resistance index (ERI) in HDD-CKD. CONCLUSIONS: In this post-hoc analysis, several factors were identified as affecting the response to vadadustat. These results may provide useful information leading to an appropriate dose modification for vadadustat. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT03329196 (MT-6548-J01) and NCT03439137 (MT-6548-J03).

Characteristics of Japanese patients with non-dialysis-dependent chronic kidney disease initiating treatment for anemia: a retrospective real-world database study.

OBJECTIVE: Anemia is a common complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD). The aim of this study was to evaluate hemoglobin levels at the initiation of erythropoiesis stimulating agent (ESA) therapy in patients with non-dialysis-dependent CKD (NDD-CKD) and anemia using a large-scale administrative database in Japan. METHODS: The longitudinal data of adult patients who initiated ESA therapy between April 2008 and December 2018 were extracted from a hospital-based administrative database. The primary outcome was hemoglobin level at the initiation of ESA therapy, whereas the exploratory outcome was hemoglobin level recorded 6 months after the onset of the ESA therapy. RESULTS: A total of 4939 patients were included in the primary analysis. The mean hemoglobin level at the initiation of ESA therapy was 9.1 g/dL, which was lower than the level (11 g/dL) recommended for the initiation of treatment by the current Japanese treatment guidelines. Moreover, 42.1% and 15.0% of the patients had hemoglobin levels <9.0 and <8.0 g/dL, respectively, at the initiation of ESA therapy. In 2964 patients for whom hemoglobin levels at 6 months after the initiation of ESA therapy were available, the mean hemoglobin level increased to 10.3 g/dL, and 61.9% and 31.1% of these patients had hemoglobin levels ≥10.0 and ≥11.0 g/dL, respectively. CONCLUSION: This real-world database study revealed that hemoglobin levels at the initiation of ESA therapy in new users of ESA were lower than those recommended by treatment guidelines in Japan.

A phase 3, open-label, single-arm study of vadadustat for anemia in chronic kidney disease for Japanese patients on hemodialysis not receiving erythropoiesis-stimulating agents.

Vadadustat is an oral hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor approved in Japan for the treatment of anemia in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). This phase 3, open-label, single-arm study evaluated the efficacy and safety of vadadustat in 24 Japanese patients with CKD-associated anemia on hemodialysis who were not receiving erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs). Patients received vadadustat for 24 weeks; the starting dose was 300 mg/day and doses were adjusted to achieve the target hemoglobin (Hb) range of 10.0-12.0 g/dL. The least squares mean of average Hb at Weeks 20 and 24 (95% confidence interval) was 10.75 g/dL (10.35, 11.14). The most common adverse event was shunt stenosis (25.0%). Adverse drug reactions (diarrhea and vomiting) occurred in two patients (8.3%) and the severity was mild. Vadadustat increased and maintained Hb levels within the target range and was generally well-tolerated in Japanese patients with anemia on hemodialysis not receiving ESAs.

Phase 3 Randomized Study Comparing Vadadustat with Darbepoetin Alfa for Anemia in Japanese Patients with Nondialysis-Dependent CKD.

BACKGROUND: Standard care for treating anemia in patients with CKD includes use of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents, which sometimes involves increased risks of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Previous studies in patients with anemia and nondialysis-dependent CKD (NDD-CKD) found significantly elevated hemoglobin levels with use of vadadustat, an oral hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor, compared with placebo. METHODS: In this phase 3, open-label, active-controlled noninferiority trial, we randomized 304 Japanese adults with anemia in NDD-CKD (including erythropoiesis-stimulating agent users and nonusers) to oral vadadustat or subcutaneous darbepoetin alfa for 52 weeks. The primary efficacy end point was average hemoglobin at weeks 20 and 24. Safety data included adverse events (AEs) and serious AEs. RESULTS: A total of 151 participants received vadadustat and 153 received darbepoetin alfa. Least squares mean of the average hemoglobin at weeks 20 and 24 was 11.66 (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 11.49 to 11.84) g/dl for vadadustat and 11.93 (95% CI, 11.76 to 12.10) g/dl for darbepoetin alfa. The 95% CIs for both treatments were within the target hemoglobin range (11.0-13.0 g/dl), and the lower 95% confidence limit for the difference between groups (-0.50 g/dl) was above the predefined noninferiority margin (-0.75 g/dl), demonstrating noninferiority of vadadustat to darbepoetin alfa. Similar proportions of patients in each group reported AEs and serious AEs. The most frequent AEs with vadadustat were nasopharyngitis, diarrhea, and constipation. CONCLUSIONS: In Japanese patients with NDD-CKD, vadadustat was noninferior to darbepoetin alfa, was effective up to week 52 in terms of average hemoglobin, and was generally well tolerated. These results suggest that vadadustat may be a potential treatment for anemia in this patient population.

Efficacy and safety of vadadustat compared with darbepoetin alfa in Japanese anemic patients on hemodialysis: a Phase 3, multicenter, randomized, double-blind study.

BACKGROUND: Vadadustat is an oral hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor that stimulates erythropoiesis. METHODS: The efficacy and safety of vadadustat, compared with darbepoetin alfa, was determined in a Phase 3 double-blind study in Japanese anemic patients on hemodialysis. Patients receiving erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) were randomized and switched to either vadadustat or darbepoetin alfa for 52 weeks. Doses were adjusted to maintain a hemoglobin (Hb) level of 10.0-12.0 g/dL. The primary endpoint was average Hb level at Weeks 20 and 24. RESULTS: Of the 323 randomized patients, 120 and 135 completed the 52-week treatment period in the vadadustat and darbepoetin alfa groups, respectively. The average Hb levels at Weeks 20 and 24 [least square mean (LSM) and 95% confidence interval (CI)] were 10.61 (10.45-10.76) and 10.65 (10.50-10.80) g/dL in the vadadustat and darbepoetin alfa groups, respectively, demonstrating vadadustat's noninferiority to darbepoetin alfa (difference: -0.05 g/dL; 95% CI -0.26 to 0.17). In both groups, the mean Hb levels were maintained within the target range for 52 weeks. Furthermore, irrespective of patient backgrounds, the LSMs of Hb at Week 52 were within the target range. The most common adverse events were nasopharyngitis, diarrhea and shunt stenosis, which occurred at similar frequencies in both groups. No new safety concerns were identified. CONCLUSIONS: Vadadustat was as well-tolerated and effective as darbepoetin alfa in maintaining Hb levels within the target range. The findings suggest that vadadustat can be an alternative to ESA in the management of anemia in Japanese hemodialysis patients receiving ESA (ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03439137).

Vadadustat for anemia in chronic kidney disease patients on peritoneal dialysis: A phase 3 open-label study in Japan.

Vadadustat is an oral hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor for the treatment of anemia in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). This phase 3, open-label, 24-week single-arm study evaluated the efficacy and safety of vadadustat in 42 Japanese CKD patients with anemia undergoing peritoneal dialysis. Patients received oral vadadustat for 24 weeks, initiated at 300 mg/day and doses were adjusted to achieve the target hemoglobin (Hb) range of 11.0-13.0 g/dL. Least squares mean of average Hb at weeks 20 and 24 was 11.35 g/dL, which was within the target range. The most frequent adverse events were catheter site infections (23.8%), which were not related to vadadustat treatment. Vadadustat was generally well tolerated and effective in controlling Hb levels within the target range, indicating the usefulness of vadadustat for treating anemia in Japanese CKD patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis.

Correcting Postprandial Hyperglycemia in Zucker Diabetic Fatty Rats With an SGLT2 Inhibitor Restores Glucose Effectiveness in the Liver and Reduces Insulin Resistance in Skeletal Muscle.

Ten-week-old Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats at an early stage of diabetes embody metabolic characteristics of obese human patients with type 2 diabetes, such as severe insulin and glucose intolerance in muscle and the liver, excessive postprandial excursion of plasma glucose and insulin, and a loss of metabolic flexibility with decreased lipid oxidation. Metabolic flexibility and glucose flux were examined in ZDF rats during fasting and near-normal postprandial insulinemia and glycemia after correcting excessive postprandial hyperglycemia using treatment with a sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor (SGLT2-I) for 7 days. Preprandial lipid oxidation was normalized, and with fasting, endogenous glucose production (EGP) increased by 30% and endogenous glucose disposal (E-Rd) decreased by 40%. During a postprandial hyperglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp after SGLT2-I treatment, E-Rd increased by normalizing glucose effectiveness to suppress EGP and stimulate hepatic glucose uptake; activation of glucokinase was restored and insulin action was improved, stimulating muscle glucose uptake in association with decreased intracellular triglyceride content. In conclusion, SGLT2-I treatment improves impaired glucose effectiveness in the liver and insulin sensitivity in muscle by eliminating glucotoxicity, which reinstates metabolic flexibility with restored preprandial lipid oxidation and postprandial glucose flux in ZDF rats.

Changes in glucose-induced plasma active glucagon-like peptide-1 levels by co-administration of sodium-glucose cotransporter inhibitors with dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors in rodents.

We investigated whether structurally different sodium-glucose cotransporter (SGLT) 2 inhibitors, when co-administered with dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) inhibitors, could enhance glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) secretion during oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs) in rodents. Three different SGLT inhibitors-1-(ß-d-Glucopyranosyl)-4-chloro-3-[5-(6-fluoro-2-pyridyl)-2-thienylmethyl]benzene (GTB), TA-1887, and canagliflozin-were examined to assess the effect of chemical structure. Oral treatment with GTB plus a DPP4 inhibitor enhanced glucose-induced plasma active GLP-1 (aGLP-1) elevation and suppressed glucose excursions in both normal and diabetic rodents. In DPP4-deficient rats, GTB enhanced glucose-induced aGLP-1 elevation without affecting the basal level, whereas metformin, previously reported to enhance GLP-1 secretion, increased both the basal level and glucose-induced elevation. Oral treatment with canagliflozin and TA-1887 also enhanced glucose-induced aGLP-1 elevation when co-administered with either teneligliptin or sitagliptin. These data suggest that structurally different SGLT2 inhibitors enhance plasma aGLP-1 elevation and suppress glucose excursions during OGTT when co-administered with DPP4 inhibitors, regardless of the difference in chemical structure. Combination treatment with DPP4 inhibitors and SGLT2 inhibitors having moderate SGLT1 inhibitory activity may be a promising therapeutic option for improving glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Interaction of the Sodium/Glucose Cotransporter (SGLT) 2 inhibitor Canagliflozin with SGLT1 and SGLT2.

Canagliflozin, a selective sodium/glucose cotransporter (SGLT) 2 inhibitor, suppresses the renal reabsorption of glucose and decreases blood glucose level in patients with type 2 diabetes. A characteristic of canagliflozin is its modest SGLT1 inhibitory action in the intestine at clinical dosage. To reveal its mechanism of action, we investigated the interaction of canagliflozin with SGLT1 and SGLT2. Inhibition kinetics and transporter-mediated uptake were examined in human SGLT1- or SGLT2-expressing cells. Whole-cell patch-clamp recording was conducted to examine the sidedness of drug action. Canagliflozin competitively inhibited SGLT1 and SGLT2, with high potency and selectivity for SGLT2. Inhibition constant (Ki) values for SGLT1 and SGLT2 were 770.5 and 4.0 nM, respectively. (14)C-canagliflozin was suggested to be transported by SGLT2; however, the transport rate was less than that of α-methyl-d-glucopyranoside. Canagliflozin inhibited α-methyl-d-glucopyranoside-induced SGLT1- and SGLT2-mediated inward currents preferentially from the extracellular side and not from the intracellular side. Based on the Ki value, canagliflozin is estimated to sufficiently inhibit SGLT2 from the urinary side in renal proximal tubules. The Ki value for SGLT1 suggests that canagliflozin suppresses SGLT1 in the small intestine from the luminal side, whereas it does not affect SGLT1 in the heart and skeletal muscle, considering the maximal concentration of plasma-unbound canagliflozin. Similarly, SGLT1 in the kidney would not be inhibited, thereby aiding in the prevention of hypoglycemia. After binding to SGLT2, canagliflozin may be reabsorbed by SGLT2, which leads to the low urinary excretion and prolonged drug action of canagliflozin.

Intestinal Sodium Glucose Cotransporter 1 Inhibition Enhances Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Secretion in Normal and Diabetic Rodents.

The sodium glucose cotransporter (SGLT) 1 plays a major role in glucose absorption and incretin hormone release in the gastrointestinal tract; however, the impact of SGLT1 inhibition on plasma glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) levels in vivo is controversial. We analyzed the effects of SGLT1 inhibitors on GLP-1 secretion in normoglycemic and hyperglycemic rodents using phloridzin, CGMI [3-(4-cyclopropylphenylmethyl)-1-(ß-d-glucopyranosyl)-4-methylindole], and canagliflozin. These compounds are SGLT2 inhibitors with moderate SGLT1 inhibitory activity, and their IC50 values against rat SGLT1 and mouse SGLT1 were 609 and 760 nM for phloridzin, 39.4 and 41.5 nM for CGMI, and 555 and 613 nM for canagliflozin, respectively. Oral administration of these inhibitors markedly enhanced and prolonged the glucose-induced plasma active GLP-1 (aGLP-1) increase in combination treatment with sitagliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) inhibitor, in normoglycemic mice and rats. CGMI, the most potent SGLT1 inhibitor among them, enhanced glucose-induced, but not fat-induced, plasma aGLP-1 increase at a lower dose compared with canagliflozin. Both CGMI and canagliflozin delayed intestinal glucose absorption after oral administration in normoglycemic rats. The combined treatment of canagliflozin and a DPP4 inhibitor increased plasma aGLP-1 levels and improved glucose tolerance compared with single treatment in both 8- and 13-week-old Zucker diabetic fatty rats. These results suggest that transient inhibition of intestinal SGLT1 promotes GLP-1 secretion by delaying glucose absorption and that concomitant inhibition of intestinal SGLT1 and DPP4 is a novel therapeutic option for glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus.

The effect of combined treatment with canagliflozin and teneligliptin on glucose intolerance in Zucker diabetic fatty rats.

To assess the impact of concomitant inhibition of sodium-glucose cotransporter (SGLT) 2 and dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP4) for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), the effect of combined treatment with canagliflozin, a novel SGLT2 inhibitor, and teneligliptin, a DPP4 inhibitor, on glucose intolerance was investigated in Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats. Canagliflozin potently inhibited human and rat SGLT2 and moderately inhibited human and rat SGLT1 activities but did not affect DPP4 activity. In contrast, teneligliptin inhibited human and rat DPP4 activities but not SGLT activities. A single oral treatment of canagliflozin and teneligliptin suppressed plasma glucose elevation in an oral glucose tolerance test in 13 week-old ZDF rats. This combination of agents elevated plasma active GLP-1 levels in a synergistic manner, probably mediated by intestinal SGLT1 inhibition, and further improved glucose intolerance. In the combination-treated animals, there was no pharmacokinetic interaction of the drugs and no further inhibition of plasma DPP4 activity compared with that in the teneligliptin-treated animals. These results suggest that the inhibition of SGLT2 and DPP4 improves glucose intolerance and that combined treatment with canagliflozin and teneligliptin is a novel therapeutic option for glycemic control in T2DM.

Beneficial effects of canagliflozin in combination with pioglitazone on insulin sensitivity in rodent models of obese type 2 diabetes.

BACKGROUND: Despite its insulin sensitizing effects, pioglitazone may induce weight gain leading to an increased risk of development of insulin resistance. A novel sodium glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor, canagliflozin, provides not only glycemic control but also body weight reduction through an insulin-independent mechanism. The aim of this study was to investigate the combined effects of these agents on body weight control and insulin sensitivity. METHODS: Effects of combination therapy with canagliflozin and pioglitazone were evaluated in established diabetic KK-Ay mice and prediabetic Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats. RESULTS: In the KK-Ay mice, the combination therapy further improved glycemic control compared with canagliflozin or pioglitazone monotherapy. Furthermore, the combination significantly attenuated body weight and fat gain induced by pioglitazone and improved hyperinsulinemia. In the ZDF rats, early intervention with pioglitazone monotherapy almost completely prevented the progressive development of hyperglycemia, and no further improvement was observed by add-on treatment with canagliflozin. However, the combination significantly reduced pioglitazone-induced weight gain and adiposity and improved the Matsuda index, suggesting improved whole-body insulin sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS: Our study indicates that combination therapy with canagliflozin and pioglitazone improves insulin sensitivity partly by preventing glucotoxicity and, at least partly, by attenuating pioglitazone-induced body weight gain in two different obese diabetic animal models. This combination therapy may prove to be a valuable option for the treatment and prevention of obese type 2 diabetes.

Analysis of the effect of canagliflozin on renal glucose reabsorption and progression of hyperglycemia in zucker diabetic Fatty rats.

Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) plays a major role in renal glucose reabsorption. To analyze the potential of insulin-independent blood glucose control, the effects of the novel SGLT2 inhibitor canagliflozin on renal glucose reabsorption and the progression of hyperglycemia were analyzed in Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats. The transporter activity of recombinant human and rat SGLT2 was inhibited by canagliflozin, with 150- to 12,000-fold selectivity over other glucose transporters. Moreover, in vivo treatment with canagliflozin induced glucosuria in mice, rats, and dogs in a dose-dependent manner. It inhibited apparent glucose reabsorption by 55% in normoglycemic rats and by 94% in hyperglycemic rats. The inhibition of glucose reabsorption markedly reduced hyperglycemia in ZDF rats but did not induce hypoglycemia in normoglycemic animals. The change in urinary glucose excretion should not be used as a marker to predict the glycemic effects of this SGLT2 inhibitor. In ZDF rats, plasma glucose and HbA1c levels progressively increased with age, and pancreatic ß-cell failure developed at 13 weeks of age. Treatment with canagliflozin for 8 weeks from the prediabetic stage suppressed the progression of hyperglycemia, prevented the decrease in plasma insulin levels, increased pancreatic insulin contents, and minimized the deterioration of islet structure. These results indicate that selective inhibition of SGLT2 with canagliflozin controls the progression of hyperglycemia by inhibiting renal glucose reabsorption in ZDF rats. In addition, the preservation of ß-cell function suggests that canagliflozin treatment reduces glucose toxicity via an insulin-independent mechanism.

Novel Indole-N-glucoside, TA-1887 As a Sodium Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitor for Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes.

Inhibition of the renal sodium glucose cotransporter (SGLT) increases urinary glucose excretion (UGE) and thus reduces blood glucose levels during hyperglycemia. To explore the potential of new antihyperglycemic agents, we synthesized and determined the human SGLT2 (hSGLT2) inhibitory potential of novel substituted 3-benzylindole-N-glucosides 6. Optimization of 6 resulted in the discovery of 3-(4-cyclopropylbenzyl)-4-fluoroindole-N-glucoside 6a-4 (TA-1887), a highly potent and selective hSGLT2 inhibitor, with pronounced antihyperglycemic effects in high-fat diet-fed KK (HF-KK) mice. Our results suggest the potential of indole-N-glucosides as novel antihyperglycemic agents through inhibition of renal SGLT2.

Glucotoxicity targets hepatic glucokinase in Zucker diabetic fatty rats, a model of type 2 diabetes associated with obesity.

A loss of glucose effectiveness to suppress hepatic glucose production as well as increase hepatic glucose uptake and storage as glycogen is associated with a defective increase in glucose phosphorylation catalyzed by glucokinase (GK) in Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats. We extended these observations by investigating the role of persistent hyperglycemia (glucotoxicity) in the development of impaired hepatic GK activity in ZDF rats. We measured expression and localization of GK and GK regulatory protein (GKRP), translocation of GK, and hepatic glucose flux in response to a gastric mixed meal load (MMT) and hyperglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp after 1 or 6 wk of treatment with the sodium-glucose transporter 2 inhibitor (canaglifrozin) that was used to correct the persistent hyperglycemia of ZDF rats. Defective augmentation of glucose phosphorylation in response to a rise in plasma glucose in ZDF rats was associated with the coresidency of GKRP with GK in the cytoplasm in the midstage of diabetes, which was followed by a decrease in GK protein levels due to impaired posttranscriptional processing in the late stage of diabetes. Correcting hyperglycemia from the middle diabetic stage normalized the rate of glucose phosphorylation by maintaining GK protein levels, restoring normal nuclear residency of GK and GKRP under basal conditions and normalizing translocation of GK from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, with GKRP remaining in the nucleus in response to a rise in plasma glucose. This improved the liver's metabolic ability to respond to hyperglycemic hyperinsulinemia. Glucotoxicity is responsible for loss of glucose effectiveness and is associated with altered GK regulation in the ZDF rat.

Involvement of heparan sulfate in the renoprotective effects of imidapril, an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, in diabetic db/db mice.

We investigated the renoprotective effects of imidapril hydrochloride ((-)-(4 S)-3-[(2 S)-2-[[(1 S)-1-ethoxycarbonyl-3-phenylpropyl] amino] propionyl]-1-methyl-2-oxoimidazolidine-4-carboxylic acid hydrochloride, imidapril), an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, in a diabetic animal model. We used BKS.Cg-+Lepr(db)/+Lepr(db) (db/db) mice, a genetic animal model of obese type 2 diabetes. Diabetic db/db mice suffered from glomerular hyperfiltration, albuminuria and hypoalbuminemia. Oral administration of 5 mg/kg/day of imidapril for 3 weeks suppressed renal hyperfiltration, reduced albuminuria and normalized hypoalbuminemia. Imidapril did not influence body weights, blood pressure or blood glucose concentrations in db/db mice. Urinary excretion of heparan sulfate (HS) in non-treated 11-week-old db/db mice was significantly lower than that in age-matched non-diabetic db/+m mice. HS is a component of HS proteoglycans, which are present in glomerular basement membranes and glycocalyx of cell surfaces. Reduced urinary HS excretion indicated glomerular HS loss in db/db mice. Imidapril increased urinary excretion of HS to concentrations observed in db/+m mice, indicating that imidapril prevented the loss of renal HS. These results suggest that imidapril ameliorates renal hyperfiltration and loss of renal contents of HS. Improvement of filtration function and maintenance of HS, which is an important structural component of glomeruli, may contribute to renoprotective effects of imidapril.

Synthesis and biological evaluation of thiophene-C-glucosides as sodium-dependent glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors.

The synthesis and structure-activity relationship (SAR) of thiophene-C-glucosides have been explored, and the human sodium-dependent glucose cotransporter 2 (hSGLT2) inhibitory activities and rat urinary glucose excretion (UGE) effects of 3a-f were evaluated. As a result, they showed good hSGLT2 inhibitory activities and rat UGE effects. In particular, the chlorothiophene derivative 3f showed remarkable inhibitory activity against hSGLT2.

N-Glucosides as human sodium-dependent glucose cotransporter 2 (hSGLT2) inhibitors.

Inhibition of renal sodium-dependent glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) increases urinary glucose excretion (UGE), and thus reduces blood glucose levels in hyperglycemia. A series of N-glucosides was synthesized for biological evaluation as human SGLT2 (hSGLT2) inhibitors. Among these compounds, N-glucoside 9d possessing an indole core structure showed good in vitro activity (IC50=7.1 nM against hSGLT2). Furthermore, 9d exhibited favorable in vivo potency with regard to UGE in rats based on good pharmacokinetic profiles.

C-Glucosides with heteroaryl thiophene as novel sodium-dependent glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors.

Canagliflozin (1), a novel inhibitor for sodium-dependent glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2), has been developed for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. To investigate the effect of replacement of the phenyl ring in 1 with heteroaromatics, C-glucosides 2 were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their inhibitory activities against SGLT2. Of these, 3-pyridyl, 2-pyrimidyl or 5-membered heteroaryl substituted derivatives showed highly potent inhibitory activity against SGLT2, while 5-pyrimidyl substitution was associated with slightly reduced activity. In particular, 2g (TA-3404) had remarkable anti-hyperglycemic effects in high-fat diet fed KK (HF-KK) mice.