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As a consequence of the worsening situation with multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens and a disparity in the commercialization of novel antimicrobial agents, scientists have been prompted to seek out new compounds with antimicrobial activity from a wide range of sources, including medicinal plants. In the present study, the antibacterial, antifungal, anti-virulence, and resistance-modulating properties of the essential oil from the Sardinian endemic Juniperus oxycedrus L. ssp. macrocarpa aerial parts were evaluated. The GC/MS analysis showed that the main compounds in the oil were α-pinene (56.63 ± 0.24%), limonene (14.66 ± 0.11%), and ß-pinene (13.42 ± 0.09%). The essential oil showed potent antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria (0.25-2 v/v%) and Salmonella spp. (4 v/v%). The strongest fungicidal activity was recorded against Candida auris sessile cells (median FICI was 0.088) but not against C. albicans biofilms (median FICI was 1). The oil showed potent efflux pump inhibitory properties in the case of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The therapeutic potential of Juniperus may be promising for future more extensive research and in vivo tests to develop new drugs against antibiotic and antifungal resistance.
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The present study aims to determine the volatile compositions of 15 different accessions of native Sardinian populations of Bituminaria morisiana (Pignatti & Metlesics) Greuter, Bituminaria bituminosa (L.) C. H. Stirt. (B. b.), and Spanish native accessions of B. bituminosa. Furthermore, we particularly focused on the essential oil characterization of these accessions and discriminated within populations with low furocoumarin content useful for fodder production in Mediterranean environments or furocoumarin extraction for pharmaceutical utilization. The plant extracts were analyzed by GC/MS, showing great variability in the content and composition. No differences were found in Bituminaria bituminosa (L.) C.H. Stirt. var. bituminosa essential oils, while the varieties Bituminaria bituminosa (L.) C.H. Stirt. var. crassiuscula P. Méndez, Fern. Galván & A. Santos and Bituminaria bituminosa (L.) C.H. Stirt. var. albomarginata P. Méndez, Fern. Galván & A. Santos are characterized by the presence of a high concentration of long-chain alcohols and of salicylic acid benzylic ester. In B. bituminosa var. albomarginata, we observed a different profile with predominance of a large concentration of alcohols as dodecanol and tetradecanol. The endemic B. morisiana can be identified for the predominant presence of farnesene. In methanolic fractions, we detected the presence of maltol, methyl citrate, methyl cumarate, santonin, and methyl linoleate. B. morisiana showed a low content of psoralens, and the accession of B. morisiana, from Siliqua indicated the presence of apocynin.
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Fabaceae/classificação , Folhas de Planta/química , Furocumarinas/química , Extratos Vegetais/químicaRESUMO
The Cistaceae family is well represented in Sardinia, and the Cistus genus is widely used in traditional medicine. Nowadays only few studies have been performed on this genus vegetating in Sardinia in spite of its ethnobotanical importance. Moreover, in the past there have been conflicting opinions among botanists for the exact assignment of the species growing in Sardinia. We started several years ago to carried out studies on this genus and in the present study was to evaluate the inâ vitro activity of several samples of Cistus salvifolius L., Cistus monspeliensis L., and Cistus albidus L. collected in Sardinia as antimicrobial agents against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and four Candida species and their antioxidant activity using DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays. Furthermore, the phenolic content and composition of the extracts were first evaluated. Using statistical multivariate analysis on the complete metabolomics profile of all Cistus species growing wild in Sardinia, we confirmed the botanical classification, and we observed an interesting correlation between metabolomics profile and antioxidant activity.
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Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Antifúngicos/farmacologia , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Cistus/química , Fenóis/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Antibacterianos/análise , Antibacterianos/metabolismo , Antifúngicos/análise , Antifúngicos/metabolismo , Antioxidantes/análise , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Benzotiazóis/antagonistas & inibidores , Compostos de Bifenilo/antagonistas & inibidores , Candida/efeitos dos fármacos , Escherichia coli/efeitos dos fármacos , Itália , Metabolômica , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Análise Multivariada , Fenóis/análise , Fenóis/metabolismo , Picratos/antagonistas & inibidores , Extratos Vegetais/análise , Extratos Vegetais/metabolismo , Staphylococcus aureus/efeitos dos fármacos , Ácidos Sulfônicos/antagonistas & inibidoresRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: The present study aimed to determine the chemical compositions and bioactivities of the essential oil of Atalantia sessiflora Guillaumin (A. sessiflora), including antibacterial, antimycotic, antitrichomonas, anti-inflammatory and antiviral effects. METHODOLOGY: The essential oil from leaves of A. sessiflora was extracted by hydrodistillation using a Clevenger apparatus. Chemical compositions of oil were identified by GC/MS. Antimicrobial and antitrichomonas activity were determined by the microdilution method; anti-inflammatory and antiviral were determined by the MTT method. RESULTS: The average yield of oil was 0.46 ± 0.01% (v/w, dry leaves). A number of 45 constituents were identified by GC/MS. The essential oil comprised four main components. The oil showed antimicrobial activities against Gram-positive strains as Staphylococcus; Gram-negative bacteria such as Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli; and finally four Candida species. Enterococcus faecalis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were least susceptible to the oil of A. sessiflora, as seen in their MIC and MLC values over 16% (v/v). Activity against Trichomonas vaginalis was also undertaken, showing IC50, IC90 and MLC values of 0.016, 0.03 and 0.06% (v/v) respectively, after 48 hours of incubation. The oil of A. sessiflora displayed activity against the nitric oxide generation with the IC50 of 95.94 ± 6.18 µg/mL. The oil was completely ineffective against tested viruses, ssRNA+, ssRNA-, dsRNA, and dsDNA viruses. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first yet comprehensive scientific report about the chemical compositions and pharmacological properties of the essential oil of A. sessiflora. Further studies should be done to evaluate the safety and toxicity of A. sessiflora oil.
Assuntos
Anti-Infecciosos/farmacologia , Anti-Inflamatórios/farmacologia , Antitricômonas/farmacologia , Bactérias/efeitos dos fármacos , Óleos Voláteis/farmacologia , Trichomonas vaginalis/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Anti-Infecciosos/isolamento & purificação , Anti-Inflamatórios/isolamento & purificação , Antitricômonas/isolamento & purificação , Antivirais/farmacologia , Linhagem Celular , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas , Humanos , Camundongos , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Óxido Nítrico/análise , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Folhas de Planta/química , Células RAW 264.7 , Rutaceae/química , Vietnã , Vírus/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
A population of 52 genotypes of Myrtle (Myrtus communis L.), selected in the framework of a domestication program and growing in the same collection field at Oristano (Central Western Sardinia, 39°54' N 8°35' E), was analyzed by GC/MS for leaf essential oil composition. The chemical composition of essential oils was quite variable with a number of compounds ranging from 31 to 78 depending on cultivar. One hundred and eighteen compounds were globally identified in the various genotypes. However, α-pinene, limonene, 1,8-cineole, α-terpineol, and linalool always resulted as main components with few differences among samples. Minor compounds have been the determining factors in differentiating or associating genotypes in the outputs of a principal component analysis (PCA), where the results of another analysis of fruit essential oils of the same genotypes were also jointly used. Genotypes were discriminated according to mother plant characterization or ecological variables, such as site altitude, soil nature, and presence or absence of calcareous soils in the substrate of the localities of origin.
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The rapid emergence of drug-resistant strains and novel viruses have motivated the search for new anti-infectious agents. In this study, the chemical compositions and cytotoxicity, as well as the antibacterial, antifungal, antitrichomonas, and antiviral activities of essential oils from the leaves, rhizomes, and whole plant of Hornstedtia bella were investigated. The GC/MS analysis showed that ß-pinene, E-ß-caryophyllene, and α-humulene were found at high concentrations in the essential oils. The essential oils exhibited (i) inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimum lethal concentration (MLC) values from 1 to 4% (v/v); (ii) MIC and MLC values from 2 to 16% (v/v) in Candida tropicalis and Candida parapsilosis; (iii) MIC and MLC values from 4 to 16% in Enterococcus faecalis; and (iv) MIC and MLC values from 8 to greater than or equal to 16% (v/v) in the remaining strains, including Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Candida albicans, and Candida glabrata. In antitrichomonas activity, the leaves and whole-plant oils of Hornstedtia bella possessed IC50, IC90, and MLC values of 0.008%, 0.016%, and 0.03% (v/v), respectively, whilst those of rhizomes oil had in turn, 0.004%, 0.008%, and 0.016% (v/v).Besides, the leaf oil showed a weak cytotoxicity against Vero 76 and MRC-5; meanwhile, rhizomes and whole-plant oils did not exert any toxic effects on cell monolayers. Finally, these oils were not active against EV-A71.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Given the increasing request for natural pharmacological molecules, this study assessed the antimicrobial capacity of Pistacia lentiscus L. essential oil (PLL-EO) obtained from the leaves of wild plants growing in North Sardinia (Italy) toward a wide range of periodontal bacteria and Candida, including laboratory and clinical isolates sp., together with its anti-inflammatory activity and safety. METHODS: PLL-EO was screened by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined. The anti-inflammatory activity was measured by cyclooxygenase (COX-1/2) and lipoxygenase (LOX) inhibition, while the antioxidant capacity was determined electro-chemically and by the MTT assay. The WST-1 assay was used to ascertain cytotoxicity toward four lines of oral cells. RESULTS: According to the concentrations of terpens, PLL-EO is a pharmacologically-active phytocomplex. MICs against periodontal bacteria ranged between 3.13 and 12.5 µg/ml, while against Candida sp. they were between 6.25 and 12.5 µg/mL. Oxidation by COX-1/2 and LOX was inhibited by 80% and 20% µg/mL of the oil, respectively. Antioxidant activity seemed negligible, and no cytotoxicity arose. CONCLUSIONS: PLL-EO exhibits a broad-spectrum activity against periodontal bacteria and Candida, with an interesting dual inhibitory capacity toward COX-2 and LOX inflammatory enzymes, and without side effects against oral cells.
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:The present study aimed to determine the antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of leaves-extracted essential oil of Leoheo domatiophorus Chaowasku, D.T. Ngo and H.T. Le (L. domatiophorus), including antibacterial, antimycotic, antitrichomonas and antiviral effects. The essential oil was obtained using hydrodistillation, with an average yield of 0.34 ± 0.01% (v/w, dry leaves). There were 52 constituents as identified by GC/MS with available authentic standards, representing 96.74% of the entire leaves oil. The essential oil was comprised of three main components, namely viridiflorene (16.47%), (-)-δ-cadinene(15.58%) and γ-muurolene (8.00%). The oil showed good antimicrobial activities against several species: Gram-positive strains: Staphylococcus aureus (two strains) and Enterococcus faecalis, with Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Lethal Concentration (MLC) values from 0.25 to 1% (v/v); Gram-negative strains such as Escherichia coli (two strains), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (two strains) and Klebsiella pneumoniae, with MIC and MLC values between 2% and 8% (v/v); and finally Candida species, having MIC and MLC between 0.12 and 4% (v/v).Antitrichomonas activity of the oil was also undertaken, showing IC50, IC90 and MLC values of 0.008%, 0.016% and 0.03% (v/v), respectively, after 48h of incubation. The essential oil resultedin being completely ineffective against tested viruses, ssRNA+ (HIV-1, YFV, BVDV, Sb-1, CV-B4), ssRNA- (hRSVA2, VSV), dsRNA (Reo-1), and dsDNA (HSV-1, VV) viruses with EC50 values over 100 µg/mL. This is the first, yet comprehensive, scientific report about the chemical composition and pharmacological properties of the essential oil in L. domatiophorus.
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The increasing incidence of resistance in tuberculosis and in atypical mycobacterial infections has prompted the search for alternative agents. We explored the antimycobacterial activity of Melaleuca cajuputi essential oil against tubercular and non tubercular mycobacterials isolates. The good activity observed towards M. cajuputi indicated that this essential oil might represent a promising antimicrobial agents, particularly in the management of microbial resistance.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Melaleuca/química , Mycobacterium/efeitos dos fármacos , Antibacterianos/química , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/efeitos dos fármacos , Óleos Voláteis/farmacologiaRESUMO
The aim of this study was to evaluate the chemical composition and the antimicrobial activity of essential oils of Helichrysum microphyllum subsp. tyrrhenicum collected in four different stations in South-Western Sardinia. The composition of the essential oils was determined by gas chromatography and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The oil samples showed different chromatographic profiles. The oil of the station 4 revealed the presence of significant amount of neryl acetate (33.6%); in oils from stations 1 and 2 we found γ-curcumene (28%) and in station 3 γ-curcumene (12%) and linalool (11%), while there was no trace of neryl acetate. Standard microbiological assays demonstrated that essential oils obtained by plants collected in station 1 and 2, very rich in curcumene, showed an interesting anticandidal activity, dose- and time-dependent, which is enhanced by sub-inhibitory concentrations of chitosan. Our results suggest that the essential oil of Helichrysum microphyllum subsp. tyrrhenicum, associated with chitosan in innovative formulations, could be considered as a therapeutic alternative in the treatment of Candida opportunistic infections. The results of this study shows that the chemotypization of the species examined could lead to their targeted clinical use, in a concept of a rational scientific aromatherapy.
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Santolina corsica Jord. & Fourr. Corsican-Sardinian is an endemism almost present all around Corsica; in Sardinia, it can only be found in Monte Albo (calcareous substratum and poor in nutrients). The aim of our study is to investigate the chemical composition of S. corsica essential oils from plants growing in three different stations located at different altitudes and evaluate the biological activity using anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antimicrobial test. The composition of the essential oils was determined by gas chromatography and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The essential oils of the Sardinian-Corsican endemism S. corsica, growing in Monte Albo, showed a great variability, probably due to genetic characters different from the Corsican type. We found three different chemotypes: artemisia ketone-ß-fellendrene; myrcene and ß-fellandrene-myrcene. Standard microbiological assays demonstrated that the essential oils collected in the selected stations, compared with oil and compound with demonstrated antibacterial activity, don't have any antibacterial activity. DPPH test carried out on the tree samples, compared with chatechin, demonstrated that the oils don't have antioxidant activity. Regarding anti-inflammatory activity the study demonstrated that the essential oils have a good anti-inflammatory activity on the bronchial tract. The addition of essential oil make easy the exocytose and the histiocytes can expel the anthracotic pigment into the culture medium, purifying its cytoplasm and restoring its ability to phagocytize more material. With a higher concentration of granulocytes in the sample, the incubation of cells shows a non-specific inflammatory pattern in which the addition of the essential oils has a positive impact on the decrease of granulocytes. More experiments are requested to confirm the data, but on the basis of these first results S. corsica essential oil showed potential activity against respiratory infections.
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Myrtle (Myrtus communis L.) is a shrub spontaneously growing in the Mediterranean area. The leaf and fruit content of essential oils and phenolic compounds justify the wide use of the plant as medicinal and aromatic. Because of overexploitation of wild plants, a domestication process is in progress in different regions and the influence of the genotype variability on the chemical composition of fruit essential oils may be useful to breeding programs. Consequently, the analysis performed on a selected group of candidate clones growing in the same field collection in Sardinia is the object of this report. Forty-seven selections provided fully ripe fruits for essential oil extraction by hydrodistillation and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Only five candidate clones showed white fruits. The highest yield of essential oil was observed in the LAC31 genotype with 0.55 g·kg-1, while the samples BOS1, MON5, RUM4, RUM10, V4 and V8 showed values above 0.20 g·kg-1 and most of the genotypes under 0.10 g·kg-1. Geranyl acetate was the compound with the highest relative abundance. The second compound for relative abundance was the 1,8-cineole. Other compounds with high relative abundance were α-terpinyl acetate, methyleugenol, linalool, α-terpineol, ß-caryophyllene, α-humulene, Trans-caryophyllene oxide, and humulene epoxide II.
Assuntos
Myrtus/química , Óleos Voláteis/análise , Fenóis/análise , Extratos Vegetais/análise , Terpenos/análise , Frutas/química , Frutas/genética , Genótipo , Myrtus/genética , Óleos Voláteis/química , Fenóis/química , Fenóis/isolamento & purificação , Extratos Vegetais/química , Folhas de Planta/química , Folhas de Planta/genética , Terpenos/química , Terpenos/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
The in vitro antibacterial activity of some essential oils from Sardinian flora, both alone and in combination with chitosan, was investigated against a strain of Cutibacterium acnes, a bacterium involved in pathogenesis of acne. The composition of the essential oils was determined by gas chromatography and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The results of this investigation demonstrated that some of the oils examined, characterised by different chemical profiles, possessed some activity against C. acnes. Interestingly, this antibacterial effect was enhanced by sub-inhibitory concentrations of chitosan. These observations suggest the potential application of this synergy in the development of innovative topical formulations useful in the management of acne.
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Cistus genus is widespread in the Mediterranean regions with several species and is traditionally known as a natural remedy, but few previous phytochemical researches have been reported on Cistus species growing in Sardinia. The aim of this work was to study the interpopulation variability of the volatiles of C. creticus subsp. eriocephalus to find out the natural chemotypes of this taxon for chemotaxonomic purposes. Plant material was collected from seven wild populations in Sardinia. The oils from aerial part were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC/MS enabling to identify 185 compounds. The seven samples showed appreciable variations in their chemical composition. MA was found almost exclusively linear hydrocarbons (85%) and MN presented fatty acids (36.97%) as major fraction. CP and MN had high quantity of non-terpenic carbonylic compounds (63% and 69%, respectively) and in CP was found also sclareol, a well-known antimicrobial compound. PCA analysis showed the existence of a high interpopulation variability within the essential oils of C. creticus subsp. eriocephalus growing in Sardinia. For example, MN and CP are very close to each other as CG is close to PM. BN is isolated from the others Cistus populations due to lacking essential oil. These data suggest that the basis of variation in the volatile composition of seven C. creticus subsp. eriocephalus populations depends on hybridization and that the sample without essential oil is the only one no-hybridized.
Assuntos
Cistus/química , Óleos Voláteis/química , Cistus/classificação , Ácidos Graxos/análise , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas , Hidrocarbonetos/análise , Itália , Análise de Componente Principal , Especificidade da EspécieRESUMO
Cistus genus is present in Sardinia with large populations of C. monspeliensis, C. salvifolius, C. creticus subsp. eriocephalus and few stations of C. albidus, C. creticus subsp. creticus and C. creticus subsp. corsicus. No chemical studies are currently being carried on Cistus species of Sardinia. The essential oils have shown six different profiles. C. creticus subsp. eriocephalus showed a high amount of manoyl oxide and its isomer (70%). C. salvifolius has pointed out the group of labdans, (20%); another consistent percentage is made of perfumed molecules as ionone and its derivate. Several linear hydrocarbons were produced by C. monspeliensis, and the heneicosane was the most represented element. In C. albidus no labdane-type diterpenes were identified. Analysis of C. creticus subsp creticus revealed several oxygenated sesquiterpenes and labdane-type diterpenes, especially manoyl oxide. C. creticus subsp. corsicus was qualitatively very similar to C. creticus subsp. creticus, notably concerning the labdane-type compounds.
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Cistus/química , Óleos Voláteis/química , Diterpenos/análise , Diterpenos/química , Itália , Sesquiterpenos/análise , Sesquiterpenos/químicaRESUMO
Two species of Melissa are currently present in Sardinia: Melissa officinalis L. and Melissa romana Mill. Our research can only count on a few supported evidences (as reported in Flora Italiana and Moris) and some notes on new stations in Sardinia that give us some information about morphology, distribution, bioecological, and ethnobotanical characteristics of both species. In this paper, we present the results of the research about morphological aspects of M. romana vs. M. officinalis, and their essential oils in different stations at different phenological periods. Moreover, we compared the essential oil of M. romana with the one obtained from M. officinalis growing in the few naturalized stations still present in Sardinia. The most evident morphological differences between the two entities are the long-stalked capitate glandular trichomes, shorts and inclined capitate trichomes, and peltate hairs. The chemical composition of essential oil presents several significant differences between the species. In fact, oils show that in none of the phenological stages, M. romana recalls in its composition M. officinalis. Major distinctions are also evident between dry and fresh plants, and among essential oils distilled in different seasons.
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Melissa/química , Melissa/classificação , Óleos Voláteis/análise , Estações do Ano , Itália , Melissa/crescimento & desenvolvimentoRESUMO
Furocoumarin extracts from Psoralea morisiana, the endemic Sardinian legume species, were tested for their mutagenic potential on river buffalo blood cells. The results obtained performing the sister chromatid exchange (SCE) test in blood cultures of five river buffalo calves (exposure to furocoumarins for 72h) and five cows (exposure to furocoumarins for 3h, in the absence and presence of S9 metabolic activator) are reported. Significant differences in mean values of SCEs were observed in cells of calves compared to control cells (unexposed), but no differences in SCE mean values were found between treated and untreated cells of cows in the presence or absence of S9. SCE mean values were much higher in cells of cows (exposed and control) than in cells of calves. Indeed, in calf cells, SCE mean values/cell (±SD) were 6.66±2.45 in the control and 7.63±3.01, 9.03±3.90, 9.53±3.60 and 9.99±3.41 in treated cells at 50, 100, 200 and 400 µg/ml of furocoumarin extracts, respectively. In cow cells, grown in presence of S9, SCE mean values/cell were 11.49±4.78 and 11.65±5.19 in treated cells at 100 and 200 µg/ml of furocoumarins and 11.66±5.45 in the control. In cow cells grown in absence of S9, SCE mean values were 11.81±6.14 in the control and 12.35±7.09 and 12.01±5.43, respectively, in the presence of 100 and 200 µg/ml of furocoumarins. Despite their higher SCE values in the absence of S9, no statistically significant differences were found when these values were compared with those shown in presence of S9, suggesting no mutagenic action of furocoumarins in cows, at the doses used in this study.
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Búfalos/genética , Furocumarinas/toxicidade , Troca de Cromátide Irmã/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Células Cultivadas , Feminino , Furocumarinas/farmacologia , Linfócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Masculino , Testes de Mutagenicidade , Mutagênicos/farmacologia , Mutagênicos/toxicidade , Psoralea/químicaRESUMO
An efficient antimicrobial activity was evidenced in a complex ß-cyclodextrin-essential oil of Thymus catharinae Camarda (carvacrol chemotype). The release of carvacrol with respect to the antimicrobial activity was calculated as function of time. The ßCD-complex of the bioactive agent was obtained by a simple, efficient and non-expensive method without purification of the carvacrol chemotype essential oil. According to the starting stoichiometry of ß-cyclodextrin with respect to carvacrol, two inclusion complexes were produced, 1:1 and 2:1, respectively. The results demonstrate that, although the antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of T. catharinae Camarda is remarkable but acts too quickly in some types of application, its inclusion in a bio-matrix allows a slower release and improves its effectiveness.
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Anti-Infecciosos/química , Anti-Infecciosos/farmacologia , Óleos Voláteis/química , Óleos Voláteis/farmacologia , Thymus (Planta)/química , beta-Ciclodextrinas/química , beta-Ciclodextrinas/farmacologia , Antibacterianos/química , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Antifúngicos/química , Antifúngicos/farmacologia , Candida albicans/efeitos dos fármacos , Cimenos , Escherichia coli/efeitos dos fármacos , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas , Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Monoterpenos/química , Monoterpenos/farmacologiaRESUMO
Santolina insularis (Genn ex Fiori) Arrig. is a medicinal plant whose essential oil shows antiviral and antibacterial activities and potent and selective cytotoxic activity against the human colon carcinoma cell line. The occurrence of several chemotypes makes the taxonomic identification of S. insularis hard to achieve. GC-MS essential oil analyses of four chemotypes (SI1, SI2, SI3 and SI4) revealed the presence of different percentages of santolina triene, beta-pinene, myrcene, beta-phellandrene, artemisia ketone and cis-chrysanthemol, allowing a chemical discrimination. Single fragments of the 5S-rRNA-NTS region of approximately 150, 170, 260 and 280bp were produced by SI1, SI2, SI3 and SI4, respectively, and the sequence alignment of the 5S-rRNA spacer region flanked by the 3'-and 5'-ends of the coding region confirmed a consistent difference between chemotypes. Furthermore, a PCR-RFLP method was applied. From the identified sequences, an EcoRV site could be found in chemotypes SI1, SI2 and SI3 in the 5S-rRNA spacer regions at 81 bp position; however, this site was absent in the chemotype SI4. This study, by showing remarkable chemical variation in the terpenoid profile and consistent genomic difference in the 5S-rRNA spacer regions, identified four chemotypes of S. insularis which could be grouped into two ecotypes, based on chemical and genomic analyses. The identification of specific gene sequences of the 5S-rRNA-NTS region and of a EcoRV site identified in this work can be used for a rapid and precise identification of the plant chemo-/ecotypes, complementing the essential oil chemical analysis.
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Asteraceae/química , Óleos de Plantas/química , Plantas Medicinais/química , RNA Ribossômico/genética , Monoterpenos Acíclicos , Alcenos/química , Alcenos/isolamento & purificação , Monoterpenos Bicíclicos , Compostos Bicíclicos com Pontes/química , Compostos Bicíclicos com Pontes/isolamento & purificação , Monoterpenos Cicloexânicos , Cicloexenos/química , Cicloexenos/isolamento & purificação , Impressões Digitais de DNA , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas , Humanos , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Estrutura Molecular , Monoterpenos/química , Monoterpenos/isolamento & purificação , Homologia de Sequência do Ácido Nucleico , EstereoisomerismoRESUMO
Thymus capitatus growing wild in Sardinia showed different essential oil composition if grown surrounding Cagliari than in north Sardinia. Here we verify the composition and antimicrobial activity of the oil to make it suitable for the cosmetic and confectionery industries. With the aim of improving the scent and the antimicrobical activity of T. capitatus essential oil, a hydroformylation reaction was carried out to transform the unsaturated components of the oil into the corresponding aldehydes. The essential oil of T. capitatus exhibited a significant antibacterial activity (MIC 0.125-0.5 mg/mL), and was also found effective on C. albicans (MIC 0.125 mg/mL). After hydroformylation, several new irregular terpenoid aldehydes were detected. The perfume of the new terpenic-like aldehydes is very agreeable and, therefore, the acceptability of the aroma is remarkably improved, but the antimicrobial activity was not increased.