Uncoupling of invasive bacterial mucosal immunogenicity from pathogenicity.

There is the notion that infection with a virulent intestinal pathogen induces generally stronger mucosal adaptive immunity than the exposure to an avirulent strain. Whether the associated mucosal inflammation is important or redundant for effective induction of immunity is, however, still unclear. Here we use a model of auxotrophic Salmonella infection in germ-free mice to show that live bacterial virulence factor-driven immunogenicity can be uncoupled from inflammatory pathogenicity. Although live auxotrophic Salmonella no longer causes inflammation, its mucosal virulence factors remain the main drivers of protective mucosal immunity; virulence factor-deficient, like killed, bacteria show reduced efficacy. Assessing the involvement of innate pathogen sensing mechanisms, we show MYD88/TRIF, Caspase-1/Caspase-11 inflammasome, and NOD1/NOD2 nodosome signaling to be individually redundant. In colonized animals we show that microbiota metabolite cross-feeding may recover intestinal luminal colonization but not pathogenicity. Consequent immunoglobulin A immunity and microbial niche competition synergistically protect against Salmonella wild-type infection.

Innate immunity restricts Citrobacter rodentium A/E pathogenesis initiation to an early window of opportunity.

Citrobacter rodentium infection is a mouse model for the important human diarrheal infection caused by enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC). The pathogenesis of both species is very similar and depends on their unique ability to form intimately epithelium-adherent microcolonies, also known as "attachment/effacement" (A/E) lesions. These microcolonies must be dynamic and able to self-renew by continuous re-infection of the rapidly regenerating epithelium. It is unknown whether sustained epithelial A/E lesion pathogenesis is achieved through re-infection by planktonic bacteria from the luminal compartment or local spread of sessile bacteria without a planktonic phase. Focusing on the earliest events as C. rodentium becomes established, we show here that all colonic epithelial A/E microcolonies are clonal bacterial populations, and thus depend on local clonal growth to persist. In wild-type mice, microcolonies are established exclusively within the first 18 hours of infection. These early events shape the ongoing intestinal geography and severity of infection despite the continuous presence of phenotypically virulent luminal bacteria. Mechanistically, induced resistance to A/E lesion de-novo formation is mediated by TLR-MyD88/Trif-dependent signaling and is induced specifically by virulent C. rodentium in a virulence gene-dependent manner. Our data demonstrate that the establishment phase of C. rodentium pathogenesis in vivo is restricted to a very short window of opportunity that determines both disease geography and severity.