Unraveling the Multistimuli Responses of a Complex Dynamic System of Pseudopeptidic Macrocycles.

Dynamic combinatorial libraries (DCLs) are excellent benchmark models to study the stimuli-responsiveness of chemical networks. However, increasingly complex systems are difficult to analyze with simple data analysis methods, because many variables and connections must be considered for their full understanding. Here we propose the use of multivariate data analysis methods to bisect the evolution of a complex synthetic dynamic library of pseudopeptidic macrocycles, containing side chains with charges of different sign. Several stimuli (ionic strength, pH and the presence of a biogenic polyamine) were applied to the same dynamic chemical mixture, and the adaptation of the whole system was characterized by HPLC and analyzed with principal component analysis (PCA) and multivariate curve resolution-alternating least squares (MCR-ALS) methods. Both multivariate data analysis chemometric approaches are an excellent combination to extract both qualitative and semi-quantitative information about the adaptive process of the library upon the action of each stimulus. The resolution of the system with these chemometric tools proved to be especially useful when two inter-connected stimuli were combined in the same dynamic system. Our results demonstrate the utility of these two approaches for the analysis of complex dynamic chemical systems and open the way toward the application of these powerful tools in the emergent field of systems chemistry.

Exploring the Phe-Gly dipeptide-derived piperazinone scaffold in the search for antagonists of the thrombin receptor PAR1.

A series of Phe-Gly dipeptide-derived piperazinones containing an aromatic urea moiety and a basic amino acid has been synthesized and evaluated as inhibitors of human platelet aggregation induced by the PAR1 agonist SFLLRN and as cytotoxic agents in human cancer cells. The synthetic strategy involves coupling of a protected basic amino acid benzyl amide to 1,2- and 1,2,4-substituted-piperazinone derivatives, through a carbonylmethyl group at the N1-position, followed by formation of an aromatic urea at the exocyclic moiety linked at the C2 position of the piperazine ring and removal of protecting groups. None of the compounds showed activity in the biological evaluation.

Highly functionalized 2-oxopiperazine-based peptidomimetics: an approach to PAR1 antagonists.

A series of pseudodipeptide-based chiral 1,3,4,5-tetrasubstituted-2-oxopiperazines has been designed and synthesized as potential PAR1 antagonists. These highly functionalized piperazines were synthesized from aromatic and basic amino acid derived Ψ[CH(CN)NH]pseudodipeptides through a four step pathway that involves reduction of the cyano group to build the 2-oxopiperazine ring, followed by selective functionalization at the N4-, N1-positions, and at the exocyclic moiety at position C5. This regioselective functionalization required the fine tuning of reaction conditions. All new compounds were screened as inhibitors of human platelet aggregation induced by the PAR1 agonist SFLLRN and as cytotoxic agents in human cancer cell lines. Some of the compounds displayed moderate PAR1 antagonist activity, while, others were cytotoxic at µM concentration. No correlation was observed between both types of activities.

Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of new peptide-based ureas and thioureas as potential antagonists of the thrombin receptor PAR1.

By applying a diversity oriented synthesis strategy for the search of new antagonists of the thrombin receptor PAR1, a series of peptide-based ureas and thioureas, including analogues of the PAR1 reference antagonist RWJ-58259, has been designed and synthesized. The general synthetic scheme involves reduction of basic amino acid-derived amino nitriles by hydrogen transfer from hydrazine monohydrate in the presence of Raney Ni, followed by reaction with diverse isocyanates and isothiocyanates, and protecting group removal. All new compounds have been evaluated as inhibitors of human platelet aggregation induced by the PAR1 agonist SFLLRN. Some protected peptide-based ureas displayed significant antagonist activity.

Synthesis and antitumoral evaluation of indole alkaloid analogues containing an hexahydropyrrolo[1',2',3':1,9a,9]imidazo[1,2-a]indole skeleton.

The scope of acid-mediated cyclative additions of electrophiles to tryptophan-derived alpha-amino nitriles for the synthesis of 10b-substituted-1,2,4,5,10b,10c-hexahydropyrrolo[1',2',3':1,9a,9]imidazo[1,2-a]indoles analogues of indole alkaloids has been studied. The results demonstrate the high potential of the methodology for the synthesis of 10b-bromo-derivatives, by bromination with NBS, 10b-allyl-derivatives, by bromo-allyl exchange, and 10b-prenyl-derivatives, by reaction with prenyl bromide in the presence of Mg(NO(3))(2).6H(2)0. Some of the new pyrroloimidazoindole derivatives displayed moderate microM cytotoxicities in human cancer cell lines and at 10 microg/mL inhibited more than 50% EGFR or HIF-1alpha.