Revalidation of Phalangomyia Dyar & Knab as a subgenus of Culex L. (Diptera: Culicidae) based on morphological and molecular evidence.

Culex apicinus Philippi, 1865 and its synonyms, Phalangomyia debilis Dyar & Knab, 1914, Cx. escomeli Brèthes, 1920 and Cx. alticola Martini, 1931, were re-examined employing molecular and morphological phylogenetic methods. Archival and fresh specimens were used for morphological diagnosis and to generate fragments of two single-copy nuclear genes (CAD, HB) and one mitochondrial gene (COI). Additional sequences of Cx. apicinus and species of the subgenus Culex of Culex Linnaeus, 1758 and other subgenera of the genus were obtained from GenBank for molecular analysis. Diagnostic morphological characteristics of Cx. apicinus and other species of the subgenus Culex were contrasted. Phylogenetic relationships were generated using DNA sequences of protein coding genes under both Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian approaches. Culex apicinus showed unique morphological traits that allow its classification in a separate subgenus. The subspecific status is supported by its recovery as a monophyletic clade within the genus Culex based on morphological and molecular characters. The synonymous Phalangomyia debilis provides an available subgeneric name. Consequently, Phalangomyia Dyar & Knab, 1914 is resurrected from synonymy with Culex Linnaeus, 1758 as a monobasic subgenus of Culex.

Formation of Interpersonal Competencies Through Interprofessional Simulation: Nursing and Medicine.

AIM: The aim of this study was to analyze the process of interpersonal competencies formation in nursing and medical students who participated in a standardized interprofessional clinical simulation. BACKGROUND: Interprofessional education in health sciences has had an important impact on the development of relational qualities centered on the patient. METHOD: The study followed a qualitative interpretive approach with students. Students who participated in clinical simulation activities were asked about their experiences and their learning process with respect to interpersonal competencies. A thematic analysis of the data was performed. RESULTS: Three themes emerged: 1) approaching the practice with uncertainty and fear of new relationships, 2) reflecting on decisions while recognizing distinctive roles, and 3) recognizing the human sense of practice while developing skills for caring and curing. CONCLUSION: Students underwent this process and learned about empathy, communication, critical reflexive thinking, and teamwork.

Thermosensitive Chitosan Hydrogels: A Potential Strategy for Prolonged Iron Dextran Parenteral Supplementation.

Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) presents a global health challenge, impacting crucial development stages in humans and other mammals. Pigs, having physiological and metabolic similarities with humans, are a valuable model for studying and preventing anemia. Commonly, a commercial iron dextran formulation (CIDF) with iron dextran particles (IDPs) is intramuscularly administered for IDA prevention in pigs, yet its rapid metabolism limits preventive efficacy. This study aimed to develop and evaluate chitosan thermosensitive hydrogels (CTHs) as a novel parenteral iron supplementation strategy, promoting IDPs' prolonged release and mitigating their rapid metabolism. These CTHs, loaded with IDPs (0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 g of theoretical iron/g of chitosan), were characterized for IM iron supplementation. Exhibiting thermosensitivity, these formulations facilitated IM injection at ~4 °C, and its significant increasing viscosity at 25-37 °C physically entrapped the IDPs within the chitosan's hydrophobic gel without chemical bonding. In vitro studies showed CIDF released all the iron in 6 h, while CTH0.4 had a 40% release in 72 h, mainly through Fickian diffusion. The controlled release of CTHs was attributed to the physical entrapment of IDPs within the CTHs' gel, which acts as a diffusion barrier. CTHs would be an effective hydrogel prototype for prolonged-release parenteral iron supplementation.

Simulación interprofesional en estudiantes de enfermería y medicina, experiencias de sus protagonistas / Interprofessional Simulation with Nursing and Medical Students: The Protagonists' Experiences

Introducción: El impacto que ha tenido la implementación y avance de la educación interprofesional en las ciencias de la salud, ha demostrado que, articulado a diferentes estrategias didácticas, como la simulación clínica estandarizada, optimiza el aprendizaje colaborativo y el trabajo en equipo. Objetivo: Comprender los significados que estudiantes de enfermería y medicina le otorgaron a la educación interprofesional, desarrollada a través de simulación clínica estandarizada. Métodos: Estudio cualitativo interpretativo, donde a través de una determinación a priori basadas en criterios, se seleccionaron 40 estudiantes de enfermería y medicina que participaron de cuatro casos dentro de simulación clínica estandarizada, durante el segundo semestre del año 2019. Estas interacciones fueron videograbadas y luego se realizaron grupos focales para indagar la experiencia que los estudiantes habían tenido en la actividad simulada. Se realizó análisis de contenido de los videos y los grupos focales hasta que no se encontraron nuevos códigos. Resultado: Emergieron tres categorías principales: 1) Identificar las habilidades relacionales necesarias para la atención, 2) Aprender a colaborar a través de la educación interprofesional y 3) Sensaciones implícitas dentro de la simulación interprofesional. Conclusiones: La experiencia y significado que los estudiantes de enfermería y medicina le otorgaron a esta didáctica interprofesional les ayudó a reconocer la reflexión como punto de partida para el aprendizaje significativo y a descubrir en el compañero saberes que podían nutrir su proceso de formación, así como impactarlos en el desarrollo de habilidades interpersonales importantes en la práctica y que aplicarán en su futuro profesional(AU)

Introduction: The impact of the implementation and advancement of interprofessional education in health sciences has shown that, in articulation with different didactic strategies (such as standardized clinical simulation), collaborative learning and teamwork are optimized. Objective: To understand the meanings that nursing and medical students gave to interprofessional education, developed through standardized clinical simulation. Methods: An interpretive qualitative study was conducted, by means of an a priori determination based on criteria; 40 nursing and medical students were selected to participate in four cases within standardized clinical simulation, during the second semester of 2019. These interactions were recorded and focus groups were then held to delve into the students' experience of the simulated activity. Content analysis was applied to the videos and focus groups until new codes were found. Results: Three main categories emerged: 1) identifying relational skills needed for care, 2) Learning how to collaborate through interprofessional education, and 3) implicit feelings within interprofessional simulation. Conclusions: The experience and meaning that nursing and medical students gave to this interprofessional didactic resource helped them recognize thinking as a starting point for meaningful learning, as well as discover, in their partners, knowledge that could nurture their training process and impact them in the development of important interpersonal skills in practice and that they will apply in their professional future(AU)

Celebrating Higher Education's 50 years: trends, absences, and opportunities.

The journal, Higher Education (HE), was established in 1972 and is currently one of the leading international journals in higher education studies. By using bibliometric techniques, a systematic review, and a social network analysis, this review article provides an overview of the main patterns of publications in HE during its history. The findings show that (i) the volume of articles has been continuously increasing, with a particular marked uplift since 2007; (ii) while single-authored articles have dominated the publication pattern, collaborative articles have shown a particular growth over the last decade; (iii) the USA, the UK, and Australia have dominated the journal in terms of the number of articles, international collaboration, and the most prolific authors; (iv) while Chinese authors have become more evident, there has been a near-absence of contributions from Latin America, Eastern Europe, and most of Africa; (v) in the entire history of HE, there has been a gender imbalance (in favour of male authors) across the most cited articles, but this pattern has changed in the last decade and; (vi) both teaching and learning and system policy have been key research themes in the journal although internationalisation and the student experience have recently gained traction. These patterns of publication in HE, with their imbalances and absences, suggest several challenges ahead. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10734-022-00924-7.

Peruvian pre-Hispanic antiquities in the creation of a Chilean "prehistory:" the case of the Sáenz collection. / Antigüedades prehispánicas peruanas en la creación de una "prehistoria" chilena: el caso de la colección Sáenz.

In 1895, Nicolás Sáenz proposed to the Chilean government to purchase a collection of "Inca" objects brought from Lima. This acquisition was approved in 1897. Despite the difficulties caused by the War of the Pacific, the Museo Nacional de Historia Natural (Chile) continued to acquire Peruvian antiquities, following a tradition of comparative studies of material culture. Within the framework of social evolutionism, these antiquities were a measure of civilization, a reference from which to evaluate the material culture of the pre-Hispanic peoples of Chile. This article analyzes the acquisition of the Sáenz collection as the culmination of a process of transition towards an archeology that focused on the new post-war territorial acquisitions in the Pacific.

En 1895, Nicolás Sáenz propuso al gobierno chileno la venta de una colección de objetos "incaicos" traídos desde Lima; adquisición aprobada en 1897. Pese a las dificultades ocasionadas por la Guerra del Pacífico, el Museo Nacional (Chile) continuó adquiriendo antigüedades peruanas, siguiendo una tradición de estudios comparados de cultura material. Dentro del marco del evolucionismo social, estas antigüedades servían como medida de civilización, con la cual contrastar la cultura material de los pueblos prehispánicos de Chile. Este artículo analiza la adquisición de la colección Sáenz, como un punto cúlmine de un proceso de tránsito hacia a una arqueología enfocada en las nuevas adquisiciones territoriales post guerra del Pacífico.

Antigüedades prehispánicas peruanas en la creación de una "prehistoria" chilena: el caso de la colección Sáenz / Peruvian pre-Hispanic antiquities in the creation of a Chilean "prehistory: " the case of the Sáenz collection

Resumen En 1895, Nicolás Sáenz propuso al gobierno chileno la venta de una colección de objetos "incaicos" traídos desde Lima; adquisición aprobada en 1897. Pese a las dificultades ocasionadas por la Guerra del Pacífico, el Museo Nacional (Chile) continuó adquiriendo antigüedades peruanas, siguiendo una tradición de estudios comparados de cultura material. Dentro del marco del evolucionismo social, estas antigüedades servían como medida de civilización, con la cual contrastar la cultura material de los pueblos prehispánicos de Chile. Este artículo analiza la adquisición de la colección Sáenz, como un punto cúlmine de un proceso de tránsito hacia a una arqueología enfocada en las nuevas adquisiciones territoriales post guerra del Pacífico.

Abstract In 1895, Nicolás Sáenz proposed to the Chilean government to purchase a collection of "Inca" objects brought from Lima. This acquisition was approved in 1897. Despite the difficulties caused by the War of the Pacific, the Museo Nacional de Historia Natural (Chile) continued to acquire Peruvian antiquities, following a tradition of comparative studies of material culture. Within the framework of social evolutionism, these antiquities were a measure of civilization, a reference from which to evaluate the material culture of the pre-Hispanic peoples of Chile. This article analyzes the acquisition of the Sáenz collection as the culmination of a process of transition towards an archeology that focused on the new post-war territorial acquisitions in the Pacific.

Insects as Feed for Companion and Exotic Pets: A Current Trend.

The objective of this review was to carry out a comprehensive investigation of the benefits of incorporating insects as a pet food ingredient and the implications this can have in determining a market demand for insect-based pet foods. Black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens), mealworm larvae (Tenebrio molitor) and adult house crickets (Acheta domesticus) are currently used in pet food. These insects are widely fed to exotic pets, mainly in whole, live or dehydrated formats. They are also incorporated as meal or fat and are offered to cats and dogs as dry or wet food and treats. Scientific studies about the use of insects for dog and cat feed are scarce. Most studies are in dogs. Research shows that insect nutrients, mainly amino acids, have high digestibility, are beneficial to health, do not have any detrimental effect on the gut microbiota and are accepted by dogs. In several countries, insects are approved for use in pet food and commercialization has spread throughout the world. Pet owners are willing to try foods made with insect meal for their pets. In conclusion, the use of insects in pet food is a reality that is taking on more and more prominence.

Clinical Effects of Rehabilitation on Balance in People With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Background: Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have systemic damage secondary to the primary pulmonary impairment, expressed in impaired peripheral musculature and a deficit in postural control compared to healthy subjects. This study aimed to determine the effects of rehabilitation on balance in patients with COPD. Methods: An exhaustive search was conducted in four databases (Pubmed, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, Web of Science). Articles with a population of COPD receiving rehabilitation (therapeutic exercise, pulmonary rehabilitation, or physical therapy modalities) in an outpatient setting were included. Two independent reviewers selected and assessed the study quality. The risk of bias was assessed with the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool for Randomized Controlled Trials. Results: A total of eight studies involving 284 patients were included in the qualitative synthesis. The meta-analysis showed an overall result in favor of balance training for the Berg Balance Scale (mean difference 3.91 points; 95% CI: 1.51 to 6.31; P = 0.001), Timed Up and Go test (mean difference -1.58 s; 95% CI: -2.63 to -0.53; P = 0.003) and Unipedal stance test (mean difference 3.56 s, 95% CI: 2.58 to 4.54; P). Conclusion: This meta-analysis revealed that rehabilitation improve static and dynamic balance in patients with COPD. Systematic Review Registration: PROSPERO ID: CRD42020218367.

Sucrose Inclusion in Gestating and Lactating Diets of Sows Modifies the Feeding Behavior of Post-Weaning Pigs for Sweet Solutions.

Pigs display an innate preference for sweet taste compounds such as sucrose. However, the influence of sucrose supplementation into maternal diets has not been examined in pigs. We tested the hypothesis that sucrose inclusion into sows' diets would modify the feeding behavior of post-weaning pigs for sweet and umami solutions. Twenty-two sows (85 days of gestation) were used. They randomly received a gestational and lactating diet with or without 50 g/kg of sucrose. Different sucrose and monosodium glutamate solutions were offered to the progeny to analyze different intake behavior measurements during nursery. Pigs born from treated sows presented a higher sucrose threshold than control animals (15 mM vs. 0.1 mM, p = 0.032) and displayed decreased sensory-motivated intake for this disaccharide (p < 0.023). Sucrose consumption decreased (p < 0.021) in pigs born from treated sows, as well as the consumption patterns for the less concentrated solutions (p < 0.014). The inclusion of sucrose into maternal diets (gestation and lactation) could modified pigs' feeding behavior after weaning when offered sweet solutions, which speaks against the practicality of this supplementation in pig production systems.

Efficacy of Multivalent, Cochleate-Based Vaccine against Salmonella Infantis, S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium in Laying Hens.

Salmonella enterica is an important foodborne pathogen. Commercial poultry are the main reservoirs of Salmonella enterica, leading to the contamination of food and outbreaks in humans. The vaccination of chickens is one of the most important strategies to reduce the number of Salmonella in poultry farms. Unfortunately, commercial vaccines have not been fully effective in controlling the spread and do not contain all the Salmonella serovars that circulate on farms. In this study, we evaluate a new, cochleate-based, trivalent injectable vaccine against S. Enteritidis, S. Typhimurium and S. Infantis, describing the vaccine security, capacity to induce specific anti-Salmonella serovar IgY and the gene expression of immune markers related to CD4 and CD8 T-cell-mediated immunity. Efficacy was evaluated through oral challenges performed separately for each Salmonella serotype. The efficacy and safety of the trivalent vaccine was proven under controlled conditions. The vaccine has no local or systemic reactions or adverse effects on poultry performance related to the vaccine. The vaccine provided significantly increased serum IgY titer levels, significantly reduced Salmonella CFU/g present in the cecum and an increased CD4+/CD8+ ratio in vaccinated animals when challenged with S. Infantis, S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium. These results indicate that this new trivalent vaccine does not generate adverse effects in poultry and produces an increase in neutralizing antibodies against the three Salmonella serovars.

Huevos de desecho en Chile: Estimación de las pérdidas en la cadena productiva y posibilidades para su uso

RESUMEN Chile presenta una alta producción y consumo de huevos, siendo considerado el quinto consumidor de huevos en Latinoamérica. Sin embargo, no se cuenta con datos acerca de las pérdidas de huevos en la cadena productiva. El objetivo de este estudio fue recopilar información acerca de las pérdidas de huevos a nivel nacional, mediante la consulta a productores y comercializadores de huevos, y revisar información acerca de alternativas de uso de los huevos de desecho con mayor enfoque en la cáscara. Se estimó que a nivel de granja las pérdidas fluctúan entre un 0,5 a 5% y durante la comercialización entre un 0,5% a 16,6%. El 80% de los productores consultados desechaban las cáscaras de huevo, y un 63% del total de productores no tenían conocimiento de productos basados en huevos de desecho. El principal uso de los huevos de desecho en Chile es para alimentación animal, también se produce huevo líquido pasteurizado o huevo en polvo. A nivel internacional se hacen esfuerzos por desarrollar nuevas opciones para dar un uso a los huevos de desecho, y es necesario contar con más estudios acerca del tema, enfocados en cuantificar las pérdidas económicas en los planteles, junto con promover la reutilización de los huevos de desecho para otorgarles un valor agregado y así reducir su desperdicio.

ABSTRACT Chile is a high producer and consumer of eggs, being considered the fifth consumer of eggs in Latin America. However, there are no data on production chain egg losses. The objective of this study was to survey information about egg losses at the national level, by consulting egg producers and traders and to review information about alternative uses of waste eggs with a focus on eggshells. It was estimated that at the farm level, losses range from 0.5 to 5% and during commercialization from 0.5% to 16.6%. Eighty percent of the producers consulted discarded eggshells, and 63% of total producers were not aware of products based on waste eggs. The main use of waste eggs in Chile is for animal feed; pasteurized liquid or powdered eggs. At the international level, efforts are being made to develop new options for alternative uses of waste eggs, and more studies are needed to quantify economic losses at the farm level and to promote the reuse of waste eggs, adding value to them and reducing waste.

Learning analytics in higher education: a preponderance of analytics but very little learning?

In a context where learning mediated by technology has gained prominence in higher education, learning analytics has become a powerful tool to collect and analyse data with the aim of improving students' learning. However, learning analytics is part of a young community and its developments deserve further exploration. Some critical stances claim that learning analytics tends to underplay the complexity of teaching-learning processes. By means of both a bibliometric and a content analysis, this paper examines the publication patterns on learning analytics in higher education and their main challenges. 385 papers that were published in WoScc and SciELO indexes between 2013 and 2019 were identified and analysed. Learning analytics is a vibrant and fast-developing community. However, it continues to face multiple and complex challenges, especially regarding students' learning and their implications. The paper concludes by distinguishing between a practice-based and management-oriented community of learning analytics and an academic-oriented community. Within both communities, though, it seems that the focus is more on analytics than on learning. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s41239-021-00258-x.

Encapsulation of Cochleates Derived from Salmonella Infantis with Biopolymers to Develop a Potential Oral Poultry Vaccine.

The aim of this study was to develop and characterize Salmonellaenterica serovar Infantis (S. Infantis) cochleates protected by encapsulation technology as a potential vaccine and to determine its safety in pullets. Cochleates were encapsulated by two technologies, spray drying and ionotropic gelation at different concentrations (0-15% v/v), and were characterized by physicochemical properties, protein content and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The cochleates were white liquid suspensions with tubular shapes and a protein content of 1.0-2.1 mg/mL. After encapsulation by spray drying, microparticles ranged in size from 10.4-16.9 µm, were spherical in shape, and the protein content was 0.7-1.8 mg/g. After encapsulation by ionotropic gelation, beads ranged in size from 1620-1950 µm and were spherical in shape with a protein content of 1.0-2.5 mg/g. FTIR analysis indicated that both encapsulation processes were efficient. The cochleates encapsulated by ionotropic gelation were then tested for safety in pullets. No ill effect on the health of animals was observed upon physical or postmortem examination. In conclusion, this study was the first step in developing a potential oral S. Infantis vaccine safe for poultry using a novel cochleate encapsulation technology. Future studies are needed to determine the effectiveness of the vaccine.

House fly (Musca domestica) larvae meal as an ingredient with high nutritional value: Microencapsulation and improvement of organoleptic characteristics.

Insects have potential to become food ingredients, but it is necessary to improve the sensory properties of insects to help them to be better accepted by the population. The purpose of this study was to produce and characterize house fly larval meal (FLM) converted to a micro-encapsulated powder to improve appearance and other organoleptic characteristics. FLM showed high protein (54%) and lipid (22%) content, with a microbiological activity compatible for food purposes. Moreover, the high content of essentials amino acids (lysine, cysteine and leucine) and unsaturated fatty acids (oleic, linoleic and palmitoleic) make FLM a valuable nutritional source. Spray drying was selected to encapsulate FLM (0.5-2% w/v) using maltodextrin (20% w/v) and alginate (0.5% w/v). Encapsulation improved the appearance of FLM, creating a white-beige, monodispersed micro-powder (9 µm in size). Micro-powder with 2% FLM is considered a good source of protein (5.1%). Microencapsulation also dramatically reduced the volatile emissions of FLM. In conclusion, novel FLM micro-powders were developed using a simple and scalable encapsulation technique. The micro-powder with 2% FLM is a good source of protein, has a pleasant appearance similar to vegetable meals and has improved odor compared to typical insect meals. Thus, insect-based food ingredients in micro-powders could become more accepted by the general population.

Exploratory Study: Excessive Iron Supplementation Reduces Zinc Content in Pork without Affecting Iron and Copper.

The aim of this work was to determine in an exploratory manner the effect of excessive iron supplementation on iron, zinc, and copper contents in pork and pork offal. Pigs averaging 50 days in age and 15 ± 1.3 kg body weight were allocated to a control group (500 ppm dietary Fe) and a supplemental group (3000 ppm dietary Fe). After an iron supplementation period of 60 days, blood samples were analyzed to determine iron biomarkers, serum copper, and zinc contents. Animals were slaughtered to assess total iron, non-heme iron, heme iron, zinc, and copper contents in samples of nine meat cuts and some offal. Iron supplementation improved the iron status in pigs with increased hemoglobin and hematocrit, but did not affect serum levels of iron, zinc, and copper. Iron supplementation did not affect the heme and non-heme iron contents of the different meat cuts. Zinc contents decreased by 32-55% in meat cuts, where iron content increased in the liver, spleen, kidneys, and pancreas. No differences of zinc and copper were observed in offal samples. High concentrations of iron supplementation reduce zinc content in pork.

Insectos: son realmente una alternativa para la alimentación de animales y humanos

RESUMEN En los últimos años se han propuesto a los insectos como el alimento del futuro, sin embargo, surge la siguiente pregunta: ¿realmente se podrían usar como una alternativa de alimentación en la actualidad? Así el objetivo de la presente revisión fue analizar si los distintos tipos de productos en base a insectos son una buena opción para la alimentación humana y animal. En el mundo hay más de 1.900 especies de insectos comestibles, sin embargo, los más utilizados en la producción de alimentos para humanos son grillos (Acheta domesticus), larvas de mosca soldado negra (Hermetia illucens) y gusanos de la harina (Tenebrio molitor). Para alimentación animal generalmente son los dos últimos mencionados; por tanto, esta revisión se centra en éstos. Para humanos existe una gran cantidad de alimentos que contienen insectos como: barras de cereal, pastas, bebidas, cervezas, hamburguesas, golosinas para niños, "snacks" y también insectos deshidratados. Los cuales son producidos en países de Europa, Australia, Sudáfrica y Estados Unidos y también se pueden adquirir por internet. Para animales hay harina de insecto, alimentos concentrados y larvas deshidratadas o vivas. Los estudios en animales se han centrado en la alimentación de peces, pero también en otras especies (perros, gatos, cerdos, aves, animales exóticos, etc.). En varios países de Europa, Australia, Sudáfrica, Estados Unidos e incluso en Chile existen industrias que procesan y comercializan harinas. Los insectos están constituidos principalmente por proteínas y grasa, son inocuos, y algunos presentan propiedades funcionales, como péptidos antimicrobianos, lo que los hace ser una alternativa viable para la alimentación de humanos y animales.

ABSTRACT In recent years insects have been proposed as the food of the future, however, the following question arises: could they really be used as a food alternative in these times? Thus, the aim of this review was to analyze whether different types of insect products are a good option for food and feed. Worldwide, there are more than 1.900 species of edible insects; those most used in the production of food for humans are crickets (Acheta domesticus), black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) and mealworms (Tenebrio molitor). For animal feed, soldier fly larvae and mealworms are the most studied, thus, this review focuses on these. For humans, there are a lot of foods that contain insects such as: cereal bars, pastas, drinks, beers, hamburgers, candies, snacks and also dehydrated insects. These foods are produced in Europe, Australia, South Africa and the United States and can be purchased online. For animals, there is insect meal, concentrated food and dehydrated or live larvae. Animal studies have focused on the feeding of fish, but also on other species (dogs, cats, pigs, birds, exotic animals, etc.). In several European countries, Australia, South Africa, United States and even in Chile there are industries that process and market insect flours. Insects are mainly composed of protein and fat in high concentrations, are harmless, and some have functional properties, such as antimicrobial peptides, which, in conclusion, make them a viable alternative for the feeding of humans and animals.

Formation in Interprofessional Education in Nursing and Medical Students Globally. Scoping review.

OBJECTIVES: This work sought to know the state of the art related to the theme of Interprofessional Education (IPE) in the training of Nursing and Medical students and the level of evidence developed thus far. METHODS: This was an exploratory systematic review, declared as scoping review by the Joanna Briggs Institute, JBI, in which a search was performed in Embase, Science direct, Pubmed-Medline, Academic search complete, BVS, Scopus and ERIC databases, limiting between 2009 - 2019 by using the DeCS and MeSH terms of Interprofessional education, education research, healthcare professionals, nursing and medicine, selecting 39 original articles after carrying out the review process with the criteria by the JBI. RESULTS: Four thematic nuclei emerged: Experiences and perceptions of interprofessional learning, Didactics related with IPE, Empirical indicators related with IPE, and Development of professional skills. The highest level of evidence is presented by the articles dealing with didactics; on the contrary, no articles were found that dealt with topics related with early inclusion of IPE in the medical and nursing curricula, which are currently necessary to complement the focus of patient-centered care. CONCLUSIONS: The thematic nuclei show that the level of evidence in the literature is varied, although mostly descriptive in scope, highlighting the development of professional skills as a result of interprofessional education.