Market concentration in industrial and commercial non-hazardous waste valorisation: the case of Chile.

Market concentration among buyers of recycled materials is a phenomenon discussed since the 1980 s by the anti-trust literature. Yet, there is still a lack of studies on simultaneous market concentration on both the supply and demand sides. This is particularly relevant when Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) policies produce two-sided waste generation and valorisation markets. Thus, the purpose of this study is to explore the link between market concentration on the generation side and market share on the valorisation side. Specifically, this research addresses the case of valorisation of commercial and industrial non-hazardous waste in Chile. The analysis covers 261 companies that valorised industrial and commercial non-hazardous waste between 2015 and 2019. Being part of the top 10 % of generator companies in Chile is significantly correlated to higher valorisation market share, in a context in which mean market share per company decreased, total tons valorised stagnated, and the country-level valorisation rate diminished.

COVID-19, waste production and municipal recycling programs: Insights from Chile to the global south.

The amount and characterization of municipal and industrial waste generated in numerous cities worldwide have changed dramatically in recent years due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Consequently, assessing the impact of COVID-19-related policies is important to provide decision-makers with adequate knowledge to respond effectively to future events and create successful policies that respond to specific contexts. This study focuses on Chile, Latin America's second-largest municipal and industrial solid waste producer, with tight quarantine procedures placed to prevent the virus from spreading, and a series of monetary incentives implemented to minimize the economic and social impact of the quarantines. The time series of municipal solid waste (MSW) and recycling in the metropolitan region show a decrease in the amount collected during the initial months of lockdown and a subsequent increase during monetary incentive implementation. The country recovered and exceeded pre-pandemic MSW generation and recycling levels. Furthermore, the lockdown and the withdrawal of retirement funds (WRF) had a varied impact on each municipality in the region. However, WRF had a larger direct impact than a lockdown, indicating that purchasing power has a greater impact than mobility in waste generation and recycling, at least in this region of Chile.

Bidding against each other: local procurement of personal protective equipment in the context of decentralization and high socio-economic inequality / Compitiendo entre sí: adquisición local de equipos de protección personal en un contexto de descentralización y alta desigualdad socioeconómica / Concursos públicos: aquisição local de equipamentos de proteção individual no contexto de descentralização e elevada desigualdade socioeconômica

Abstract Under the influence of fiscal federalism and government decentralization theories, a significant part of health systems around the world confronted the COVID-19 pandemic after being shaped or re-shaped by processes of devolution from central to local governments. Procurement of key supplies is one of the components that operate in a decentralized manner, forcing local governments to compete against each other. This was the origin of what has been called the "bidding wars" between subnational governments at the beginning of the pandemic response. These wars led to centralization policies in the United States, the United Kingdom, and the European Union. Yet, less is known about cases from the Global South. By analyzing the procurement of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) in the 320 Chilean municipalities in charge of primary health, this research provides evidence of the impacts of horizontal government competition on the ability to procure key supplies. In Chile, during the 2020 response to the pandemic, richer municipalities were able to procure more face masks per population, while economies of scale rewarded bigger purchases with lower prices. The authors support the theoretical notion of "concurrency" as a concept that adds nuances to the centralization-decentralization debate. In Chile, for instance, while testing and tracking required decentralization, PPE purchases could have probably benefited from centralization in order to avoid reproducing territorial inequalities.

Resumen Bajo la influencia del federalismo fiscal y las teorías de la descentralización gubernamental, una parte importante de los sistemas de salud de todo el mundo enfrentaron la pandemia de COVID-19 después de haber sido moldeados o reformados por procesos de transferencia de poderes de los gobiernos centrales a los locales. La adquisición de suministros clave es uno de los componentes que opera de manera descentralizada, lo que obliga a los gobiernos locales a competir entre sí. Este fue el origen de lo que se ha llamado las "guerras de licitaciones" entre gobiernos subnacionales al comienzo de la respuesta a la pandemia. Estas guerras llevaron a políticas de centralización en Estados Unidos, Reino Unido y la Unión Europea. Sin embargo, se sabe menos sobre los casos del sur global. Al analizar la adquisición de Equipos de Protección Personal (EPP) en 320 municipios chilenos encargados de la atención primaria de salud, esta investigación proporciona evidencia de los impactos de la competencia gubernamental horizontal en la capacidad de adquirir suministros clave. En Chile, durante la respuesta a la pandemia de 2020, los municipios más ricos pudieron adquirir más mascarillas por habitante, generándose con ello economías de escala que les permitieron acceder a precios más bajos, a diferencia de aquellos municipios con menores recursos. Los autores apoyan la noción teórica de "concurrencia" como un concepto que añade matices al debate sobre centralización-descentralización. En Chile, por ejemplo, si bien el testeo y la trazabilidad de casos SARS-CoV-2 requerían la descentralización de dichas funciones, las compras de EPP probablemente podrían haberse beneficiado de la centralización de los procesos de adquisición para evitar la reproducción de desigualdades territoriales.

Resumo Sob a influência do federalismo fiscal e das teorias de descentralização governamental, uma parte significativa dos sistemas de saúde em todo o mundo enfrentou a pandemia da COVID-19 depois de terem sido moldados ou remodelados por processos de transferência dos governos centrais para os governos locais. A aquisição de suprimentos essenciais é um dos componentes que operam de forma descentralizada, forçando os governos locais a competir entre si. Esta foi a origem do que foi chamado de "guerras de licitações" entre governos subnacionais no início da resposta à pandemia. Essas guerras levaram a políticas de centralização nos Estados Unidos, no Reino Unido e na União Europeia. No entanto, sabe-se menos sobre os casos do Sul Global. Ao analisar a aquisição de Equipamentos de Proteção Individual (EPI) nos 320 municípios chilenos responsáveis pela saúde primária, esta pesquisa fornece evidências dos impactos da competição governamental horizontal na capacidade de adquirir suprimentos essenciais. No Chile, durante a resposta à pandemia de 2020, os municípios mais ricos conseguiram adquirir mais máscaras faciais por população, enquanto as economias de escala recompensaram compras maiores com preços mais baixos. Os autores apoiam a noção teórica de simultaneidade como um conceito que acrescenta nuances ao debate centralização-descentralização. No Chile, por exemplo, embora os testes e o acompanhamento exigissem a descentralização, as compras de EPI poderiam provavelmente ter beneficiado da centralização, a fim de evitar a reprodução de desigualdades territoriais.

Poor performance in municipal recycling: The case of Chile.

As part of the global effort to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), countries are attempting to minimize landfilling, and instead, promote recycling. The percentage of household waste collected for recycling and mass (metric tonnes) of recyclable material collected by municipalities have been defined as indicators to measure progress. However, by 2019, data were available for only 70 of the 193 United Nations' member states and most of the data accounts for countries in the Global North. Presented here are the first national, and locally disaggregated municipal recycling data from Chile. Between 2013 and 2017, less than 0.8 per cent of total household waste was separatedly collected for recycling. An econometric model is used to analyse factors influencing local-level separate collection among municipalities that have a recycling service. The variance of separate collection rates is explained by education, total residual waste sent to landfills, duration of recycling services, composting, percentage of urban population, and by regional disparities.