RESUMO
Resumen Introducción: La mortalidad infantil está asociada con la pobreza y el menor nivel de desarrollo de las comunidades geográficas. Se realizo un estudio de la mortalidad infantil durante nueve años en el cantón central de Cartago, Costa Rica. Objetivo: Determinar los factores asociados con la muerte infantil y compararlos con los encontrados en la literatura internacional. Metodología Se determino cuáles son los factores asociados a la muerte infantil comparando entre cada variable la categoría más deprivada socialmente con la menos deprivada para esto se comparó la tasa de expuestos contra la tasa de no expuestos, se estableció la diferencia de tasas, la razón de prevalencia y el valor p. Resultados: Las variables con mayor riesgo para la muerte infantil fueron; año de muerte, escolaridad de la madre, edad al morir, peso al nacer, condición socioeconómica de la madre, complicaciones en el embarazo, tipo de riesgo en el embarazo, actividad remunerada de la madre, calidad de la vivienda y escolaridad del padre. Discusión: Como resultado se validó la teoría de que la pobreza y las condiciones de desarrollo son los mayores predictores de muerte infantil.
Abstract Introduction: Child Mortality is correlated with poverty and a lower development of geographic communities. A study of child mortality was made over nine years in the central area of Cartago, Costa Rica. Objetive: To determine the factors associated with the infant death and compare them with those found in the international literature. Methodology: The factors related to child mortality were determined by comparing the more socially deprived category with the least in each variable. For this purpose the ¨exposed¨ rate was compared against the ¨not exposed¨, a difference between the rates was established, along with the prevalence ratio and the p value. Results: The variables with a bigger risk for child death were; Year of death, mother's level of study, age at time of death, weight at birth, mother's socioeconomic condition, complications during pregnancy, type of risk in the pregnancy, mother's paid activities, quality of housing and father's level of study. Discussion: As a result a theory was validated, which states that poverty and development conditions are the biggest predictors of child death.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Recém-Nascido , Lactente , Pré-Escolar , Criança , Pobreza/economia , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Mortalidade Infantil/tendências , Qualidade da Assistência à Saúde , Costa Rica , Mortalidade da CriançaRESUMO
A 12 year-old girl presented with cognitive disability and dysmorphic features. Chromosome microarray analysis revealed a de novo, approximately 4.5 Mb terminal deletion of the short arm of chromosome 12 at 12p13.33 region: chr12:100712-4607067. At 13 years this patient developed psychotic manifestations and was admitted to a psychiatric department for treatment. She started hearing voices, talking to herself and laughing without reason. We have previously reported a male individual with psychotic manifestations and a larger (6.2 Mb) terminal deletion in the same chromosomal region. The present case along with previous reports, define a 2 Mb region on chromosome 12p, where a psychosis-associated gene may be located. Included in this psychosis-associated area are 18 OMIM listed genes.
Assuntos
Deleção Cromossômica , Cromossomos Humanos Par 12/genética , Transtornos Psicóticos/genética , Anormalidades Múltiplas/genética , Criança , Transtornos Cognitivos/genética , Feminino , Loci Gênicos , HumanosRESUMO
The effects of acute lead exposure on renal function, lipid peroxidation and the expression of haeme oxygenase (HO) in rat kidney were determined. A single injection of lead acetate (50 mg Pb/kg) was given to rats. Changes in renal function, characterized by a significant reduction in the Na+ excretion was observed six hours after Pb exposure; this effect persisted for 24 hours. TBARS levels increased in kidney cortex 24 hours after Pb administration. In kidney cortex, Pb exposure affected the expression of HO-1, a renal protein associated with oxidative stress. HO-1 mRNA increased 2.3-fold, three hours after Pb administration and remained increased for six, 12 and 24 hours. HO enzymatic activity and HO-1 protein increased six and three hours after Pb administration, respectively, and remained increased at 24 hours. HO inhibition by tin-protoporphyrin, potentiated Pb-induced increase in TBARS and prevented the Pb-induced reduction in Na+ excretion. Our data suggest that Pb may be acting through the generation of oxidant products and induction of HO.