Genetic identification of three CITES-listed sharks using a paper-based Lab-on-a-Chip (LOC).

Threatened shark species are caught in large numbers by artisanal and commercial fisheries and traded globally. Monitoring both which shark species are caught and sold in fisheries, and the export of CITES-restricted products, are essential in reducing illegal fishing. Current methods for species identification rely on visual examination by experts or DNA barcoding techniques requiring specialist laboratory facilities and trained personnel. The need for specialist equipment and/or input from experts means many markets are currently not monitored. We have developed a paper-based Lab-on-a-Chip (LOC) to facilitate identification of three threatened and CITES-listed sharks, bigeye thresher (Alopias superciliosus), pelagic thresher (A. pelagicus) and shortfin mako shark (Isurus oxyrinchus) at market source. DNA was successfully extracted from shark meat and fin samples and combined with DNA amplification and visualisation using Loop Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) on the LOC. This resulted in the successful identification of the target species of sharks in under an hour, with a working positive and negative control. The LOC provided a simple "yes" or "no" result via a colour change from pink to yellow when one of the target species was present. The LOC serves as proof-of-concept (PoC) for field-based species identification as it does not require specialist facilities. It can be used by non-scientifically trained personnel, especially in areas where there are suspected high frequencies of mislabelling or for the identification of dried shark fins in seizures.

[Risk factors for malnutrition at two years of corrected age in preterm infants under 32 weeks]. / Factores de riesgo de malnutrición a los dos años de edad corregida en prematuros menores de 32 semanas al nacer.

Post-discharge nutrition of preterm newborns must avoid excessive or insufficient weight gain and optimal length and head circumference growth. In Chile, premature infants less than 32 wee ks at birth receive fortified formulas during the first year, unless they are exclusively breastfed. OBJECTIVE: To describe growth and identify the risk of malnutrition at 24 months. PATIENTS AND METHOD: Retrospective cohort study that analyzes growth from birth to 2 years of corrected age in preterm patients < 32 weeks of gestational age. Z-score of weight, length, head circumference, and Body Mass Index (BMI) were analyzed. Factors related to Z BMI at 24 months were analyzed as follows: Eutrophic: Z BMI between -1 and +1; Overweight: Z BMI > +1; Underweight: Z BMI < -1. RESULTS: 996 preterm infants were included, 559 completed check-ups at 24 months. 64.5% were eutrophic, 18.4% overweight, and 17.1% underweight. Multivariate analysis showed that risk of overweight was associated with birth weight > 1460 g: OR 5.77 (2.11-15.77) and Z BMI > 1.6 at 6 months: OR 2.67 (1.91-3.74); underweight risk was associated with birth weight < 1000g: OR 3.1 (1.1-8.8) and Z BMI < -0.75 at 6 months: OR 8.2 (4.3-16.3). CONCLUSIONS: The greater risk of overweight and underweight can be anticipated in premature infants under 32 weeks with birth weight or Z BMI at 6 months of corrected age.

A simple combination of biomarkers for risk stratification in octogenarians with acute myocardial infarction.

The aim of this observational study was to assess long-term prognosis of a contemporary octogenarian population admitted to an Intensive Cardiac Care Unit with acute myocardial infarction (MI), and the prognostic value of two simple biomarkers obtained at admission: glucose blood level (ABG) and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). A total of 293 consecutive patients were included (202 with ST elevation MI and 91 with non-ST elevation MI) with median age 83.9 years, 172 (58.7%) male. The optimal cut-off points for all-cause death defined by ROC curves were ABG >186 mg/dL and eGFR <50 mL/min/1.73 m2. The cohort was segregated into 3 groups according to these values: no biomarker present (group 1), either of the two biomarkers present (group 2) or both biomarkers present (group 3). Patients in group 3 were more frequently female, with worse Charlson index, Killip class and ventricular function, and higher GRACE scores. PCI was performed in 248 patients (84.6%). The highest in-hospital and long-term mortality, and composite MACE was observed in groups 2 and 3. All-cause mortality (median follow-up 2.2 years) was 44%. In multivariate analysis, ABG >186 mg/dL and eGFR <50 mL/min/1.73 m2 were associated with a 4.2 odds ratio (OR) (Model 1: medical history variables) and 2.6 OR (Model 2: admission event variables) of mortality. The addition of these variables to ROC curves improved long-term risk prediction for Model 1 (C-statistics 0.718 versus 0.780, p = 0.006) and reclassification and discrimination in both models.

El consumo de un extracto de calafate (Berberis microphylla) modifica marcadores de respuesta inmune en ratones delgados y obesos

RESUMEN La obesidad ha sido identificada como factor de riesgo de severidad de infecciones respiratorias. Apoyar la respuesta inmune en sujetos obesos es de interés. El presente trabajo evaluó el efecto del consumo de un extracto de calafate sobre marcadores de respuesta inmune en ratones delgados y obesos. Ratones C57BL/6J machos fueron expuestos por 82 días a dieta estándar (DE) y alta en grasas (DAG). A un subgrupo de ambos grupos, se les administró 50 y 100 mg [polifenoles totales]/kg peso de animal/día, de extracto, en las últimas dos semanas. Se evaluó expresión génica y secreción de marcadores de respuesta inmune, en tejido pulmonar y plasma. Se observó un efecto del tratamiento con extracto en la expresión de IFN-ϓ. Se observaron efectos inducidos por la DAG y el tratamiento con extracto de manera independiente, en la expresión de IL-12. Se observó un efecto global de la DAG sobre IFN-ϓ plasmático, específicamente una disminución en animales alimentados con DAG. Se observó una interacción entre la dieta y el tratamiento con extracto sobre IL-12 plasmática. El tratamiento utilizado modula marcadores que activan la respuesta inmune ante infecciones respiratorias principalmente de origen viral, en animales delgados y obesos.

ABSTRACT Obesity has been identified as a risk factor for severity of respiratory infections. Thus, the support of the immune response in obese subjects is of interest. The present work evaluated the effect of the consumption of a calafate extract on markers of the immune response in lean and obese mice. Male C57BL/6J mice were exposed for 82 days to a standard or a high-fat diet (HFD). A subgroup of both groups was given 50 and 100 mg [total polyphenols]/kg body weight/day of extract in the last two weeks. Gene expression and secretion of immune response markers were evaluated in lung tissue and plasma. An effect of extract treatment on IFN-ϓ expression was observed. Effects induced by the HFD and treatment with extract were observed independent of the expression of IL-12. An overall effect of the HF diet on plasma IFN-ϓ was observed, specifically a decrease in animals fed the HFD. An interaction between diet and extract treatment was observed over plasma IL-12. The treatment used modulates markers that activate the immune response to respiratory infections, mainly of viral origin, in lean and obese animals.

Serum immunoglobulin free light chains and their association with clinical phenotypes, serology and activity in patients with IgG4-related disease.

The clinical utility of serum immunoglobulin free light chains (sFLC) in IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is unknown. Herein we evaluated their association with clinical phenotypes, serology and activity in patients with IgG4-RD. Cross-sectional study that included 45 patients with IgG4-RD, and as controls 25 with Sjögren's syndrome (SS) and 15 with sarcoidosis. IgG4-RD patients were classified in clinical phenotypes: pancreato-hepato-biliary, retroperitoneum/aorta, head/neck-limited and Mikulicz/systemic; as well as proliferative vs. fibrotic phenotypes. We assessed the IgG4-RD Responder Index (IgG4-RD RI) at recruitment and measured IgG1, IgG4, κ and λ sFLC serum levels by turbidometry. sFLC levels were similar among IgG4-RD, SS and sarcoidosis groups. Regarding the IgG4-RD patients, the mean age was 49 years, 24 (53.3%) were men and 55.5% had activity. Eight (17.7%) belonged to pancreato-hepato-biliary, 6 (13.3%) to retroperitoneum/aorta, 14 (31.1%) to head/neck-limited, 16 (35.5%) to Mikulicz/systemic phenotypes, whereas 36 (80%) to proliferative and 9 (20%) to fibrotic phenotypes. High κ sFLC, λ sFLC and κ/λ ratio were present in 29 (64.4%), 13 (28.9%) and 13 (28.9%) of IgG4-RD patients, respectively. There were no differences in sFLC among IgG4-RD phenotypes. κ sFLC and κ/λ ratio correlated positively with the number of involved organs and IgG4-RD RI. Patients with renal involvement had higher κ sFLC and λ sFLC. The AUC for κ sFLC and λ sFLC, for renal involvement was 0.78 and 0.72, respectively. Active IgG4-RD had higher levels of κ sFLC and more frequently a high κ/λ ratio. The AUC for κ sFLC and κ/λ ratio for predicting active IgG4-RD was 0.67 and 0.70, respectively. sFLC correlated positively with IgG1 and IgG4 levels. sFLC may be useful as a biomarker of disease activity as well as multiorgan and renal involvement. In particular, a high κ/λ ratio may identify patients with active disease.

Zinc Supplementation and Strength Exercise in Rats with Type 2 Diabetes: Akt and PTP1B Phosphorylation in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) is a metabolic disorder caused by chronic hyperglycemia due to a deficiency in the secretion and/or action of insulin. Zinc (Zn) supplementation and strength exercise increases insulin signaling. We evaluate the effect of Zn supplementation and strength exercise on insulin resistance in the liver of rats with diet-induced T2D through the study of phosphorylation of Akt and protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B). Rats were fed with a high-fat diet (HFD) for 18 weeks to induce T2D and then assigned in four experimental groups: HFD, HFD-Zn (Zn), HFD-strength exercise (Ex), and HFD-Zn/strength exercise (ZnEx) and treated during 12 weeks. Serum Zn, lipid profile, transaminases, glucose, and insulin were measured. In the liver with/without insulin stimuli, total and phosphorylated Akt (pAktSer473) and PTP1B (pPTP1BSer50) were determined by western blot. Hepatic steatosis was evaluated by histological staining with red oil and intrahepatic triglyceride (IHTG) content. There were no differences in biochemical and body-related variables. The ZnEx group showed a higher level of pAkt, both with/without insulin. The ZnEx group also showed higher levels of pPTP1B with respect to HFD and Zn groups. The ZnEx group had higher levels of pPTP1B than groups treated with insulin. Liver histology showed a better integrity and less IHTG in Ex and ZnEx with respect to the HFD group. The Ex and ZnEx groups had lower IHTG with respect to the HFD group. Our results showed that Zn supplementation and strength exercise together improved insulin signaling and attenuated nonalcoholic liver disease in a T2D rat model.

[Temporal trend of premature mortality for external causes in Chile between 1997-2014]. / Evolución temporal de la mortalidad prematura por causas externas en Chile entre 1997-2014.

OBJECTIVE: Currently, there is a change in the causes of mortality towards noncommunicable diseases and external causes. However, there are no updated studies on the trend of premature mortality due to external causes (PMEC) in Chile and the underlying sociodemographic variables. The objective of this study was to evaluate the trend of PMEC in Chile between 1997-2014 and analyze its distribution according to sociodemographic variables. METHODS: Ecological mixed study. The cause of death and demographic data of mortality databases and official population estimates of the government of Chile were used. The PMEC and main subcauses (traffic accidents, self-inflicted injuries and aggressions) were considered in the population between 15-64 years. Annual crudes and adjusted rates (direct method) were estimated between 1997-2014. The trend of adjusted rates was evaluated using Prais-Winsten regression. RESULTS: There were 102.559 deaths from external causes during the period studied (22.1% of total mortality). The cases were concentrated in men (85.3%), in the group of 25-44 years (44.8%) and at the basic instruction level-without instruction (48,4%). The PMEC trend decreased significantly in general population (ß=-1.18x100,000 inhab., 95%CI: -1.58,-0.78) and men (ß=-2.25x100,000 inhab. 95%CI: -2.79;-1.7). In women, there were no significant changes in PMEC, however an increase in PM due to aggressions was observed (ß=0.03x100,000 inhab. 95%CI: 0.002,0.05). CONCLUSIONS: During the study period, a decrease in MPCE could be observed, especially that caused by traffic accidents. However, it has not been possible to reduce in women, alerting the increase in MP due to aggressions.

OBJETIVO: Actualmente existe un desplazamiento de las causas de mortalidad hacia las enfermedades no transmisibles y causas externas. Sin embargo, no hay estudios actualizados sobre la tendencia de la mortalidad prematura por causas externas (MPCE) en Chile y sus variables sociodemográficas. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la tendencia de la MPCE en Chile entre 1997-2014 y analizar su distribución según variables sociodemográficas. METODOS: Estudio ecológico mixto. Se utilizó la causa de muerte y los datos demográficos de las bases de mortalidad y estimaciones de población oficiales del gobierno de Chile. Se consideró la MPCE y las causas específicas principales (accidentes de tránsito, lesiones autoinflingidas y agresiones) en la población entre 15-64 años. Se estimaron tasas anuales crudas y ajustadas (método directo) entre 1997-2014. Se evaluó la tendencia de las tasas ajustadas utilizando regresión de Prais-Winsten. RESULTADOS: Hubo 102.559 muertes por causas externas durante el período estudiado (22,1% de la mortalidad total). Los casos se concentraron en hombres (85,3%), en el grupo de 25-44 años (44,8%) y en el nivel de instrucción básico-sin instrucción (48,4%). La tendencia de la MPCE disminuyó significativamente en la población general (ß =-1,18x100.000 habs. IC95%:-1,58;-0,78) y en hombres (ß=-2,25x100.000 habs. IC95%:-2,79;-1,7). En mujeres no hubo cambios significativos en la MPCE, no obstante, se observó un aumento en la MP por agresiones (ß=0,03x100.000 habs. IC95%:0,002;0,05). CONCLUSIONES: Durante el período de estudio se pudo observar una disminución de la MPCE, especialmente la causada por accidentes de tránsito. Sin embargo, no se ha logrado reducir en mujeres, alertando el aumento en la MP por agresiones en este grupo.

Edema agudo de pulmón por presión negativa secundario a laringoespasmo / Acute lung edema due to negative pressure secondary to laryngospasm

Resumen El edema agudo de pulmón por presión negativa es una forma de edema pulmonar no cardiogénico, potencialmente grave, que suele ocurrir en sujetos sanos jóvenes capaces de generar presiones intratorácicas negativas elevadas al inspirar vigorosamente contra una vía aérea superior obstruida. En adultos la causa más frecuente es el laringoespasmo posextubación en el periodo posoperatorio inmediato. Puede afectar a 0.05-0.1% de los pacientes sanos sometidos a anestesia general. Se comunica el caso de un paciente de 24 años de edad, sin antecedentes patológicos, que acudió al servicio de consulta externa de Cirugía del Hospital Regional Santa Teresa, Comayagua, Honduras, para realizar colecistectomía abierta por colecistitis crónica calculosa agudizada. Se realizó procedimiento quirúrgico sin complicaciones; 15 minutos del periodo posoperatorio inmediato, después de la extubación, el paciente tuvo cuadro clínico de disnea súbita, cianosis y hemoptisis. A la exploración física se encontró hipoxemia, taquipnea (FR = 40 rpm) y crépitos bilaterales en la auscultación. Se realizaron exámenes complementarios y de imagen, concluyendo edema agudo de pulmón. Se inició tratamiento con oxigenoterapia, corticoesteroides y diuréticos durante 72 horas, con lo que evolucionó de forma favorable. Los hallazgos clínicos del edema agudo de pulmón por presión negativa pueden confundirse con una amplia gama de afecciones clínicas, por lo que es de suma importancia realizar el abordaje adecuado y diagnóstico diferencial. El inicio de las medidas terapéuticas oportunas ofrece un pronóstico favorable y generalmente disminución de la mortalidad.

Abstract Acute negative pressure pulmonary edema is a form of potentially serious noncardiogenic pulmonary edema that usually occurs in young healthy subjects capable of generating elevated negative intrathoracic pressures by vigorously inhaling a blocked upper airway. In adults, the most frequent cause is postextubation laryngospasm in the immediate postoperative period. It can present in 0.05-0.1% of healthy patients under general anesthesia. This paper reports the case of a 24-year-old male with no pathological history, who was presented to the general surgery service of the Hospital Regional Santa Teresa, Comayagua, Honduras, to perform open cholecystectomy for chronic cholecystitis. The surgical procedure was performed without complications; 15 minutes of the immediate postoperative period, post-extubation, patient presented clinical manifestations of sudden dyspnea, cyanosis and hemoptysis. On physical examination were found hypoxemia, tachypnea (BR = 40 bfm) and bilateral craniocereus on pulmonary auscultation. Complementary tests and image were performed and NPPE was diagnosed. Treatment with oxygen therapy, corticosteroids and diuretics was started, during 72 hours evolving favorably. The clinical findings of the acute negative pressure pulmonary edema can be confused with a wide range of clinical entities, so it is extremely important to carry out an adequate approach and differential diagnosis. The introduction of appropriate therapeutic measures offers a favorable prognosis and generally a wide decrease in mortality.

Plasma zinc levels in Ecuadorian mothers of infants with nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate: A case series.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have reported an association between maternal zinc deficiency and increased risk of nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (NSCL/P) in offspring. A high prevalence of zinc deficiency and a high prevalence of NSCL/P have been reported in Ecuador. We postulated that mothers of infants with NSCL/P may have lower serum zinc levels than women from the general population. METHODS: A case series study was conducted from November 2013 to July 2016. Thirty-five healthy mothers of infants with NSCL/P were selected during surgical missions conducted by Operación Sonrisa Ecuador. A single blood sample along with pertinent medical history was collected during personal interviews after 3.6 months postpartum. The prevalence of plasma zinc concentration (PZn) deficiency among the participants was determined and analyzed along with the prevalence of PZn deficiency in Ecuadorian women of reproductive age from the general population. RESULTS: The mean PZn was 11.47 µmol/dm3 . The prevalence of PZn deficiency among the participants was 31.4% (95% CI: 17.1-48.6) and differed significantly from the prevalence of zinc deficiency observed among women from the general population (G2 = 8.66; p < .05). CONCLUSIONS: The results showed that the prevalence of PZn deficiency is lower in a cohort of healthy mothers of infants with NSCL/P than in women from the general population in Ecuador. More studies are required to confirm these findings and evaluate other factors related to NSCL/P pathophysiology in the Ecuadorian population.

Trace element contents in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in urban school microenvironments near a contaminated beach with mine tailings, Chañaral, Chile.

Air quality in schools is an important public health issue because children spend a considerable part of their daily life in classrooms. Particulate size and chemical composition has been associated with negative health effects. We studied levels of trace element concentrations in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in indoor versus outdoor school settings from six schools in Chañaral, a coastal city with a beach severely polluted with mine tailings. Concentrations of trace elements were measured on two consecutive days during the summer and winter of 2012 and 2013 and determined using X-ray fluorescence. Source apportionment and element enrichment were measured using principal components analysis and enrichment factors. Trace elements were higher in indoor school spaces, especially in classrooms compared with outdoor environments. The most abundant elements were Na, Cl, S, Ca, Fe, K, Mn, Ti, and Si, associated with earth's crust. Conversely, an extremely high enrichment factor was determined for Cu, Zn, Ni and Cr; heavy metals associated with systemic and carcinogenic risk effects, whose probably origin sources are industrial and mining activities. These results suggest that the main source of trace elements in PM2.5 from these school microenvironments is a mixture of dust contaminated with mine tailings and marine aerosols. Policymakers should prioritize environmental management changes to minimize further environmental damage and its direct impact on the health of children exposed.

Chilean native fruit extracts inhibit inflammation linked to the pathogenic interaction between adipocytes and macrophages.

Obesity is characterized by an increase in the infiltration of monocytes into the adipose tissue, causing an inflammatory condition associated with, for example, the development of insulin resistance. Thus, anti-inflammatory-based treatments could emerge as a novel and interesting approach. It has been reported that Chilean native fruits maqui (Aristotelia chilensis) and calafate (Berberis microphylla) present high contents of polyphenols, which are known for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of extracts of these fruits to block the pathogenic interaction between adipocytes and macrophages in vitro and to compare its effect with blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum) extract treatment, which has been already described to possess several biomedical benefits. RAW264.7 macrophages were treated with 5 µg/mL lipopolysaccharides (LPS), with conditioned media (CM) from fully differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes, or in a coculture (CC) with 3T3-L1 adipocytes, in the presence or absence of 100 µM [total polyphenolic content] of each extract for 24 h. The gene expression and secretion profile of several inflammatory markers were evaluated. Nitric oxide secretion induced by LPS, CM, and CC was reduced by the presence of maqui (-12.2%, -45.6%, and -14.7%, respectively) and calafate (-27.6%, -43.9%, and -11.8%, respectively) extracts. Gene expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and TNF-α was inhibited and of IL-10 was induced by maqui and calafate extract incubation. In conclusion, the extracts of these fruits present important inhibitory-like features over the inflammatory response of the interaction between adipocytes and macrophages, comprising a potential therapeutic tool against comorbidities associated with obesity development.

Zinc as a potential coadjuvant in therapy for type 2 diabetes.

BACKGROUND: Type 2 diabetes is highly prevalent in populations having high rates of overweight and obesity. It is a chronic condition responsible for long-term severe dysfunction of several organs, including the kidneys, heart, blood vessels, and eyes. Although there are a number of pharmacologic products in the market to treat insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion--the most prominent features of this disease--interventions directed at preserving the integrity and function of beta-cells in the long term are less available. The use of some nutrients with important cellular protective roles that may lead to a preservation of beta-cells has not been fully tested; among these, zinc may be an interesting candidate. OBJECTIVE: To assess the potential of zinc supplementation as coadjuvant to diabetes therapy. METHODS: This article reviews the available information on the use of zinc as part of diabetes therapy. RESULTS: Cellular and animal models provide information on the insulin mimetic action of zinc, as well as its role as a regulator of oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and insulin secretion. Zinc supplementation studies in humans are limited, although some positive effects have been reported; mainly, a modest but significant reduction in fasting glucose and a trend to decreased glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c). CONCLUSIONS: Zinc supplementation may have beneficial effects on glycemic control. Nevertheless, among the studies considered, the vast majority lasted for 6 months or less, suggesting the importance of conducting long-duration studies given the characteristics of type 2 diabetes as a chronic disease.

Enhanced skeletal muscle lipid oxidative efficiency in insulin-resistant vs insulin-sensitive nondiabetic, nonobese humans.

CONTEXT: Skeletal muscle insulin resistance is proposed to result from impaired skeletal muscle lipid oxidative capacity. However, there is no evidence indicating that muscle lipid oxidative capacity is impaired in healthy otherwise insulin-resistant individuals. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to assess muscle lipid oxidative capacity in young, nonobese, glucose-tolerant, insulin-resistant vs insulin-sensitive individuals. DESIGN AND VOLUNTEERS: In 13 insulin-sensitive [by Matsuda index (MI) (22.6 ± 0.6 [SE] kg/m(2)); 23 ± 1 years; MI 5.9 ± 0.1] and 13 insulin-resistant (23.2 ± 0.6 kg/m(2); 23 ± 3 years; MI 2.2 ± 0.1) volunteers, skeletal muscle biopsy, blood extraction before and after an oral glucose load, and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry were performed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Skeletal muscle mitochondrial to nuclear DNA ratio, oxidative phosphorylation protein content, and citrate synthase and ß-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase activities were assessed. Muscle lipids and palmitate oxidation ((14)CO2 and (14)C-acid soluble metabolites production) at 4 [1-(14)C]palmitate concentrations (45-520 µM) were also measured. RESULTS: None of the muscle mitochondrial measures showed differences between groups, except for a higher complex V protein content in insulin-resistant vs insulin-sensitive volunteers (3.5 ± 0.4 vs 2.2 ± 0.4; P = .05). Muscle ceramide content was significantly increased in insulin-resistant vs insulin-sensitive individuals (P = .04). Total palmitate oxidation showed a similar concentration-dependent response in both groups (P = .69). However, lipid oxidative efficiency (CO2 to (14)C-acid soluble metabolites ratio) was enhanced in insulin-resistant vs insulin-sensitive individuals, particularly at the highest palmitate concentration (0.24 ± 0.04 vs 0.12 ± 0.02; P = .02). CONCLUSIONS: We found no evidence of impaired muscle mitochondrial oxidative capacity in young, nonobese, glucose-tolerant, otherwise insulin-resistant vs insulin-sensitive individuals. Enhanced muscle lipid oxidative efficiency in insulin resistance could be a potential mechanism to prevent further lipotoxicity.

Assessment of red blood cell glutathione status in insulin resistance.

The aim of this study was to assess red blood cell glutathione from insulin-sensitive and insulin-resistant individuals before and after an oral glucose dose. Fifteen healthy, young (24 ± 5 years), nonobese (23 ± 2 kg·m⁻²), insulin-sensitive (ISI composite = 6.0 ± 1.2) individuals and 14 healthy, young (22 ± 2 years), nonobese (24 ± 2 kg·m⁻²), insulin-resistant (ISI composite = 2.7 ± 1.1) individuals received a 75 g oral glucose dose. Blood samples were drawn before and for 2 h after glucose ingestion for red blood cell glutathione and serum glucose and insulin concentrations. Glycemia before and after glucose ingestion was similar between groups (p = 0.17), which suggest that hyperinsulinemia compensated impaired insulin sensitivity. Red blood cell total (p = 0.81), reduced (p = 0.79), and oxidized (p = 0.88) glutathione concentrations were similar between groups under fasting and postprandial conditions. However, in response to glucose, increases in total and reduced glutathione concentrations were found at the end of the 2 h assessment period in both groups (p < 0.05). Direct associations between postprandial glucose response and red blood cell total (r = 0.52; p < 0.05) and oxidized (r = 0.61; p = 0.02) glutathione concentrations were observed only in insulin-sensitive subjects. In conclusion, healthy individuals differing in their degree of insulin resistance showed similar red blood cell glutathione concentrations under non-glucose- and glucose-stimulated conditions.

Influencia del ejercicio sobre los factores de crecimiento en niños desnutridos / Influence of exercise in linear growth in children under nutricional

Objetivo. Determinar la influencia del ejercicio en el crecimiento lineal de niños en recuperación nutricional y su relación con el factor de crecimiento similar a la insulina (IGF-1) Diseño. Estudio clínico de casos y controles. Población. veinte niños de ambos sexos. Metodología. Los niños se dividieron en dos grupos similares en cuanto a edad, sexo e índice peso/talla. Ambos grupos recibieron una dieta de recuperación nutricional que aportaba un promedio de 1,810 Kcal/día. EL grupo experimental tuvo un plan de ejercicio diario consistente en levantarse una hora más temprano para realizar actividades como correr, subir rampas, resbalarse y jugar pelota, por un período de seis semanas. Se obtuvieron muestras sanguíneas basales y seis semanas después para medir IGF-1 sérico por medio de radioinmunoensayo y se midió la talla en centímetros al inicio y a los seis meses. Resultados. Tanto los niños del grupo control (t=3.5, p<0.05) como los del grupo experimental (t=6.72, p<0.05) aumentaron significativamente su talla, así mismo hubo un aumento en los niveles de IGF-1 del grupo control (t=9.86, p<0.05) y el grupo experimental (t=3.01, p<0.05). No se encontró diferencia significativa en el aumento de talla y de los niveles de IGF-1 entre ambos grupos. Conclusiones. No existe un efecto beneficioso del ejercicio moderado en los niños desnutridos con influencia al crecimiento lineal