Indocyanine green fluorescence and near-infrared autofluorescence may improve post-thyroidectomy parathyroid function.

BACKGROUND: Near-infrared autofluorescence and indocyanine green fluorescence are 2 recent tools introduced to improve postoperative parathyroid function during thyroid surgery. METHODS: We conducted a randomized prospective study. Patients undergoing total thyroidectomy were randomly assigned either to the fluorescence group, in which near-infrared autofluorescence and indocyanine green fluorescence were used, or to the control group. The primary outcomes of the study were the rate of postoperative transient and symptomatic hypocalcemia. RESULTS: A significantly higher number of parathyroid glands were identified in the fluorescence group (3.83 vs 3.64, P = .028). The rate of postoperative symptomatic hypocalcemia was significantly lower in the fluorescence group (6% vs 17%, P = .015), as was the dosage (1.53 vs 1.91 g, P = .007) and the duration of calcium therapy (32.30 vs 45.66 days, P = .003). Having at least 2 well-vascularized parathyroid glands correlates to lower rates of transient hypocalcemia (7.4% vs 21.9%, P = .037) as well as to higher serum calcium (8.70 vs 8.42 mg/dL, P = .027) and parathyroid hormone levels (19.15 vs 11.4 pg/mL, P = .0002) on postoperative day 1. CONCLUSION: Near-infrared autofluorescence and indocyanine green fluorescence are novel tools that may support the endocrine surgeon in preserving and predicting post-thyroidectomy parathyroid gland function.

Surgical Management of Adrenocortical Carcinoma: A Literature Review.

BACKGROUND: Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare malignant tumor with a poor prognosis. Radical surgical resection with negative margins represents the only opportunity for a potential cure. This review provides a critical assessment of the existing studies regarding the surgical approaches for the treatment of ACC. METHODS: This review was performed according to criteria reported in the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) statement. The research was carried out using the PubMed electronic library. This review is limited to comparative studies evaluating minimally invasive adrenalectomy (MIA) and open adrenalectomy (OA) in adult patients affected by ACC. RESULTS: A total of 14 studies were selected for the review, reporting that 2574 patients underwent adrenal surgery for ACC: 1779 (69.1%) by means of OA and 795 (30.8%) by means of MIA. Six studies considered OA to be superior to MIA, whereas eight studies reported that MIA is as effective as OA in highly selected cases. All studies were retrospective with a heterogenous selection of patients. CONCLUSIONS: Data regarding the management of MIA are scarce, heterogenous, and mainly based on retrospective studies. OA remains the gold standard approach for the management of ACC; however, MIA may play a role in selected cases treated in high volume institutions with experienced surgeons.

Robot-Assisted Transaxillary Thyroidectomy (RATT): A Series Appraisal of More than 250 Cases from Europe.

BACKGROUND: Robot-assisted transaxillary thyroidectomy (RATT) is widely accepted in Asian countries. However, concerns regarding the balance between its real advantages and safety and cost have been raised by North American authorities. In Europe, assessments have been limited by small numbers since now. The purpose here is to report a large European experience with RATT. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted of 257 patients who underwent RATT for nodular disease between February 2012 and September 2016. Data collected included patient demographics, diagnosis, ultrasound-estimated mean thyroid volume and nodule size, type of resection, operative time, postoperative pain and morbidity, and the hospital length of stay. Pain was assessed by visual analog scale score 12 h postoperatively (on the first postoperative day, before discharge). Feasibility, effectiveness, and safety were the outcomes of interest. Follow-up of thyroid carcinoma patients was carried out measuring thyroglobulin levels and ultrasound examination (median follow-up 24 months (6-48 months)). First control after 12 months and successively once a year. RESULTS: There were 253 women and 4 men, with a mean age of 37.3 years. Indications included benign disease in 116, papillary carcinoma in 56, and indeterminate nodule in 85. Mean thyroid volume was 16.8 mL, and nodule size was 25.3 mm. A hemithyroidectomy was performed in 138 patients and total thyroidectomy in 118. The mean operative time was 77.5 min for the former and 99.7 min for the latter. One conversion was required. Complications included transient hypoparathyroidism in 7/118 (total thyroidectomy) patients (5.9%), transient vocal fold palsy in 3/257 (1.1%), 1 delayed tracheal injury (0.4%), and 3 postoperative hematoma (1.1%). Mean visual analog scale score was 1.79, and the mean length of stay was 1.6 days for hemithyroidectomy and 1.9 days for total thyroidectomy. CONCLUSION: RATT is safe and effective and could serve as a viable treatment modality in selected cases.