Impulse control symptoms in patients with Parkinson's disease: The influence of dopaminergic agonist.

BACKGROUND: Impulse control disorders and punding are common in Parkinson's disease patients. Cross-sectional studies suggest an association between dopamine replacement therapy, especially dopaminergic agonists, and impulse control and related disorders in Parkinson's disease. However, some surveys suggest that Parkinson's disease itself does not confer an altered risk for impulse control disorders and related behavior, although these disturbances are more frequently reported in Parkinsonian patients than in healthy controls. OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the frequency of impulse control disorders and punding symptoms in Parkinson's disease patients and healthy controls and to determine the influence of dopamine agonist treatment on the prevalence of these disturbances. METHODS: A case-control study was conducted on 207 Parkinson's disease patients (79 taking dopamine agonists) and 230 healthy controls. The outcome measures were the presence of current impulse control disorders and punding symptoms, based on clinical criteria after application of the Minnesota Impulsive Disorders Interview for screening. RESULTS: The frequency of impulse control disorders in Parkinson's disease patients vs. Healthy controls was 16.9% vs. 15.2% (p = 0.631). Punding was more frequent in Parkinson's disease patients (p = 0.028); however, impulse control disorders were more frequent in medicated Parkinson's disease patients taking dopamine agonists than in medicated patients not taking dopamine agonists (p = 0.001) and healthy controls (p = 0.014). CONCLUSIONS: Parkinson's disease itself does not lead to the development of impulse control disorders. Dopaminergic agonist treatment may trigger the disorder in susceptible individuals. Punding may be more prevalent in Parkinson's disease patients.

Heterotopic Ossification After Stroke: Clinical Profile and Severity of Ossification.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate heterotopic ossification (HO) prevalence after stroke, describing clinical features and investigating predictors of HO and its severity. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out in 7 rehabilitation centers (Sarah Network) from 2004 to 2013. RESULTS: Among 17,794 stroke cases, 235 patients (1.3%) presented clinical and radiological evidence of HO. A log-binomial model with robust variance estimated the prevalence ratio of 1.3% in 10 years. A multinomial logistic regression was performed to investigate the predictors of HO and its severity. The presence of hemorrhagic stroke (prevalence ratio [PR] = 4.75; 95% confidence interval [CI] PR = 3.38; 6.68) and ischemic stroke with hemorrhagic transformation (PR = 3.08; 95% CI PR = 1.63; 5.81), male sex (PR = 1.60; 95% CI PR = 1.16; 2.22), spasticity (PR = 13.78; 95% CI PR = 8.59; 22.10), and cognitive impairment (PR = 1.88; 95% CI PR = 1.36; 2.60) were independently associated with HO. Patients with HO were younger (P < .0001) and presented a shorter time of disease (P = .013). Young adult patients were more likely to develop severe HO (odds ratio = 2.80, 95% CI 1.09; 7.20) than were elderly patients. Severe HO was also related to heavy alcohol consumption (2.45; 1.03-5.84) and involved 2 or more joints (5.34; 1.85-15.36). There was an association with use of invasive ventilation (6.30; 2.13-18.63) at the acute stroke phase and patients were dependent on activities of daily living after stroke (3.90; 1.00-15.19). CONCLUSIONS: Despite the small prevalence of HO after stroke, this 10-year multicenter study was able to identify several associated factors related to the management and severity of stroke as well as the hemorrhagic subtype.

[HTLV-1 associated myelopathy: clinical and epidemiological profile in a 10-year case series study]. / Mielopatia associada ao HTLV-1: análise clínico-epidemiológica em uma série de casos de 10 anos.

INTRODUCTION: Human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-I) myelopathy (HAM/TSP) is a progressive disabling disorder. This work aimed to analyze clinical features and epidemiology in a sample of HAM/TSP. METHODS: All HTLV-1 infected patients with diagnostic criteria for HAM/TSP, consecutively admitted to the Sarah Hospital from 1998 to 2007, were included in the study. RESULTS: 206 patients (67% females; mean age: 53.8 years-old) were diagnosed with HAM/TSP. The mean time of evolution was 9.0 years. The most common neurological symptoms were chronic progressive spastic paraparesis, spasticity, pain, neurogenic bladder and neurogenic bowel. The neurological findings were hyperreflexia, Babinsky, Hoffman and peripheral neuropathy. Pain, spasticity and spinal cord atrophy, observed in MRI, were associated with time of disease (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: HAM/TSP is a very disabling disorder, in which pain is reported early, while spasticity and thoracic spinal cord atrophy appear in a later phase of the disease. Cases of HAM/TSP exist with a probable vertical viral transmission.

Mielopatia associada ao HTLV-1: análise clínico-epidemiológica em uma série de casos de 10 anos / HTLV-1 associated myelopathy: clinical and epidemiological profile in a 10-year case series study

INTRODUÇÃO: A mielopatia associada ao retrovírus HTLV-1 (HAM/TSP) é uma doença progressiva e incapacitante. O objetivo deste trabalho é determinar características clínico-epidemiológicas de pacientes com HAM/TSP. MÉTODOS: Série de casos admitidos de 01/1998 a 12/ 2007, em hospital de reabilitação utilizando os critérios diagnósticos de HAM/TSP. RESULTADOS: Participaram 206 pacientes, dos quais, 67 por cento eram mulheres, com 53 anos de média de idade, nove anos de média de duração de doença. Os sintomas mais frequentes foram a diminuição da força em membros inferiores, espasticidade, dor, presença de bexiga neurogênica e a constipação intestinal. Os sinais neurológicos foram hiperreflexia, Babinsky, Hoffmann e neuropatia periférica. A presença de dor, de espasticidade muscular e de atrofia medular à ressonância nuclear magnética de medula espinhal foram associadas à duração da doença (p<0,05). CONCLUSÕES: A HAM/TSP é uma doença de curso incapacitante e progressiva, em que a dor é relatada precocemente, enquanto a atrofia medular torácica e a espasticidade surgem em fase mais tardia. Existem casos de HAM/TSP com provável transmissão do vírus por via vertical.

INTRODUCTION: Human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-I) myelopathy (HAM/TSP) is a progressive disabling disorder. This work aimed to analyze clinical features and epidemiology in a sample of HAM/TSP. METHODS: All HTLV-1 infected patients with diagnostic criteria for HAM/TSP, consecutively admitted to the Sarah Hospital from 1998 to 2007, were included in the study. RESULTS: 206 patients (67 percent females; mean age: 53.8 years-old) were diagnosed with HAM/TSP. The mean time of evolution was 9.0 years. The most common neurological symptoms were chronic progressive spastic paraparesis, spasticity, pain, neurogenic bladder and neurogenic bowel. The neurological findings were hyperreflexia, Babinsky, Hoffman and peripheral neuropathy. Pain, spasticity and spinal cord atrophy, observed in MRI, were associated with time of disease (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: HAM/TSP is a very disabling disorder, in which pain is reported early, while spasticity and thoracic spinal cord atrophy appear in a later phase of the disease. Cases of HAM/TSP exist with a probable vertical viral transmission.

Avaliação dos níveis de hiper-homocisteinemia, vitamina E, selênio, cobre, ceruloplasmina e ferritina em pacientes com diagnóstico de acidente vascular cerebral isquêmico / Assesment of homocysteine, vitamin E, selenium, copper, ceruloplasmin and ferritin levels in patients with ischemic stroke diagnosis

OBJETIVO: Avaliar níveis sangüíneos de hiper-homocisteinemia, vitamina E, selênio, cobre, ceruloplasmina e ferritina em pacientes com diagnóstico de acidente vascular cerebral isquêmico (AVCI). CASUíSTICA, MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal analítico de 104 pacientes diagnosticados com AVCI e 98 controles. Dosagem de homocisteína e vitamina E feita por cromatografia líquida de alta performance. O selênio foi dosado por tecnologia de espectrometria de massa por plasma indutivamente acoplado; o cobre o foi por colorimetria; a ceruloplasmina, por nefelometria; e a ferritina, por imunoensaio enzimático conjugado à fluorescência (Elfa). Análise estatística feita com testes t de Student e análise de variância. RESULTADOS: Encontrada hiper-homocisteinemia em 43 por cento dos pacientes e 13 por cento dos controles. Os valores obtidos nas dosagens de vitamina E, cobre, ceruloplasmina e ferritina foram significativamente maiores no grupo paciente do que no grupo controle. Quanto ao selênio, a diferença entre os dois grupos não foi significativa. DISCUSSÃO: Níveis de hiper-homocisteinemia foram maiores que os encontrados na literatura, podendo ser conseqüência da genética ou dos hábitos alimentares da população. Os resultados encontrados para vitamina E, selênio, cobre, ceruloplasmina e ferritina coincidem com os de alguns trabalhos publicados, mas o modelo deste estudo não avalia se os níveis de vitamina E e selênio foram alterados pelo AVCI ou por mudanças nos hábitos dos pacientes. A ferritina e a ceruloplasmina podem ser marcadores de AVCI, e não fator causal da sua patogênese. CONCLUSÃO: A hiper-homocisteinemia é mais prevalente nos pacientes diagnosticados com AVCI. Os níveis de vitamina E, cobre, ceruloplasmina e ferritina mais elevados encontrados nos pacientes não podem ser atribuídos à ocorrência de AVCI.

OBJECTIVE: To assess blood levels of hyperhomocysteinaemia, vitamin E, selenium, copper, ceruloplasmin and ferritin in patients with diagnosis of ischemic stroke (IS). METHODS: 104 patients with the diagnosis of IS and 98 healthy controls had blood homocysteine, vitamin E, selenium, copper, ceruloplasmin and ferritin analyzed. Homocysteine and vitamin E were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography, selenium by inductively coupled plasma - mass spectrometry, copper by colorimetry, ceruloplasmin by nefelometry and ferritin by enzyme linked fluorescent assay. Statistics was performed with Student's t test and analysis of variance. RESULTS: Frequency of hyperhomocysteinaemia was 43 percent for patients and 13 percent for controls. Concentrations of vitamin E, copper, ceruloplasmin and ferritin were significantly higher in patients. Differences in selenium levels were not statistically significant. DISCUSSION: Hyperhomocysteinaemia levels were higher than those found in literature, possibly due to population's genetics or its nutritional habits. As to vitamin E, selenium, copper, ceruloplasmin and ferritin, our results match some published papers but this study's model cannot stablish whether vitamin E and selenium levels were changed by IS or by new habits acquired by the patients. Ferritin and ceruloplasmin can be a marker for IS instead of causative agent of its pathogenesis. CONCLUSION: Hyperhomocysteinaemia is more prevalent in patients with IS diagnosis. Higher levels of vitamin E, copper, ceruloplasmin and ferritin found in patients cannot be imputed to IS.

[Association between plasmatic levels of homocysteine and stroke: a transversal analytic study]. / Associação entre níveis plasmáticos de homocisteína e acidente vascular cerebral isquêmico: estudo transversal analítico.

PURPOSE: To determine the association of homocysteine with ischemic stroke, considering age, gender, cigarette smoking, hypertension, diabetes and etiology of cerebrovascular disease. METHOD: Transversal analytic observational study of 104 patients with the diagnosis of ischemic stroke and 98 healthy controls had blood homocysteine analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography. Statistics was performed with Student's t and Kruskal-Wallis' tests, analysis of variance, linear regression analysis, logistic regression and Pearson's linear correlation coefficient. RESULTS: Patients had higher values for homocysteine (15.4 +/- 11.7 micromol L(-1)) than controls (10.5 +/- 4.2 micromol L(-1)). Dividing both groups into four groups according to age, significant differences in homocysteine values were found between patients and controls with age 40-49 and 50-59 years. Homocysteine values were significantly higher in patients with hypertension and in those with diagnosis of atherosclerotic cerebrovascular disease. Logistic regression studies showed relationship between atherosclerosis and homocysteine. CONCLUSIONS: Homocysteine is associated with ischemic stroke.

Associação entre níveis plasmáticos de homocisteína e acidente vascular cerebral isquêmico: estudo transversal analítico / Association between plasmatic levels of homocysteine and stroke: a transversal analytic study

OBJETIVO: Verificar associação entre valores de homocisteína plasmática e ocorrência de acidente vascular cerebral isquêmico (AVCI), considerando idade, sexo, tabagismo, hipertensão, diabetes, etiologia do AVCI e tempo decorrido do episódio. MÉTODO: Estudo transversal analítico de 104 pacientes diagnosticados com AVCI e 98 controles. Dosagem de homocisteína por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência. Análise estatística feita com testes t de Student e Kruskal-Wallis, análise de variância, análise de regressão linear, regressão logística e coeficiente de correlação linear de Pearson. RESULTADOS: O grupo-pacientes apresentou valores maiores de homocisteína (15,4 ± 11,7 æ mol L-1) comparados aos controles (10,5 ± 4,2æ mol L-1). Dividindo os dois grupos em faixas etárias foram encontradas diferenças nas faixas de 40-49 anos e 50-59 anos. Nos pacientes encontraram-se valores maiores de homocisteína nos casos de hipertensão e etiologia aterotrombótica. Estudo de regressão logística dos dados dos pacientes mostrou relação de aterosclerose com homocisteína. CONCLUSÃO: Homocisteína está associada a AVCI.