Anatomy of the optic radiations from the white matter fiber dissection perspective: A literature review applied to practical anatomical dissection.

Background: Knowledge of the anatomical course of the optic radiations and its relationship to medial temporal lobe structures is of great relevance in preoperative planning for surgery involving the temporal lobe to prevent damage that may result in postsurgical visual field deficits. Methods: In this anatomical study, we reviewed the literature on this topic and applied the information to practical anatomical dissection. The three-dimensional relationship between the course of the optic radiations and structures accessed in the main microneurosurgical approaches to the medial temporal lobe was examined by applying Klingler's white matter fiber dissection technique to five formalin-fixed human brains. The dissections were performed with an operating microscope at magnifications of ×3-×40. High-resolution images were acquired during dissection for identification of the anatomical structures, focusing on the characterization of the course of the optic radiations in relation to medial temporal lobe structures. Results: In all five dissected brains, we could expose and clearly define the relationship between the optic radiations and medial temporal lobe structures, improving our understanding of these complex structures. Conclusion: The knowledge gained by studying these relationships will help neurosurgeons to develop risk-adjusted approaches to prevent damage to the optic radiations in the medial temporal region, which may result in a disabling visual field deficit.

Alterações neurológicas e psiquiátricas crônicas devido à Covid-19 / Chronic neurological and psychiatric alterations due to Covid-19

Desde os primeiros relatos do novo coronavírus na China em 2019, houve uma disseminação rápida e severa desta patologia, acarretando milhões de mortes. Dessa forma, ao longo deste período, um dos principais focos de toda a comunidade científica foi o estudo das implicações da Covid-19 no organismo humano em curto, médio e longo prazo. Dessas pesquisas, surgiram diversas descobertas relacionas à implicação no vírus no sistema nervoso central e sistema nervoso periférico, principalmente a longo prazo, e não associadas apenas a questões neurológicas, mas também psiquiátricas e neurocirúrgicas. Entre as alterações mais relatadas, vemos: cefaleia, ageusia, anosmia, alteração de consciência, AVE, convulsão, meningite, depressão, ansiedades, transtorno de humor, entre muitas outras. Tendo em vista esta vasta gama de patologias, o estudo sistemático e padronizado das implicações se faz imprescindível e é desenvolvido neste artigo de revisão.

Ever since the first reports of the new coronavirus in China in 2019, there has been a fast and severe dissemination of this pathology, leading to millions of deaths. Throughout this period, one of the main cornerstones of the scientific community has thus been the study of COVID-19 implications to the human body in the short, medium, and long term. From this research, various discoveries have emerged regarding the implication of the virus in the central and peripheral nervous systems, especially in the long term; these are not only associated with neurological issues but also to psychiatric and neurosurgical ones. Among the most commonly reported alterations are headaches, ageusia, anosmia, altered states of consciousness, strokes, seizures, meningitis, depression, anxiety, mood disorders, and others. Considering this wide range of pathologies, a systematic and standardized study of these implications is thus indispensable and is carried out in this review article.