RESUMO
A key process in the life of any multicellular organism is its development from a single egg into a full grown adult. The first step in this process often consists of forming a tissue layer out of randomly placed cells on the surface of the egg. We present a model for generating such a tissue, based on mechanical interactions between the cells, and find that the resulting cellular pattern corresponds to the Voronoi tessellation of the nuclei of the cells. Experimentally, we obtain the same result in both fruit flies and flour beetles, with a distribution of cell shapes that matches that of the model, without any adjustable parameters. Finally, we show that this pattern is broken when the cells grow at different rates.
Assuntos
Proliferação de Células , Células Epiteliais/fisiologia , Epitélio/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Animais , Animais Geneticamente Modificados , Padronização Corporal/fisiologia , Divisão Celular/genética , Proliferação de Células/genética , Forma Celular/fisiologia , Drosophila melanogaster/embriologia , Drosophila melanogaster/genética , Drosophila melanogaster/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Células Epiteliais/citologia , Epitélio/embriologia , Epitélio/metabolismo , Proteínas de Fluorescência Verde/genética , Proteínas Luminescentes/genética , Modelos Biológicos , Organogênese/fisiologia , Proteínas Recombinantes/genética , Proteínas Recombinantes/metabolismo , Tribolium/embriologia , Tribolium/genética , Tribolium/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Proteína Vermelha FluorescenteRESUMO
In insects, the fertilized egg undergoes a series of rapid nuclear divisions before the syncytial blastoderm starts to cellularize. Cellularization has been extensively studied in Drosophila melanogaster, but its thick columnar blastoderm is unusual among insects. We therefore set out to describe cellularization in the beetle Tribolium castaneum, the embryos of which exhibit a thin blastoderm of cuboidal cells, like most insects. Using immunohistochemistry, live imaging and transmission electron microscopy, we describe several striking differences to cellularization in Drosophila, including the formation of junctions between the forming basal membrane and the yolk plasmalemma. To identify the nature of this novel junction, we used the parental RNAi technique for a small-scale screen of junction proteins. We find that maternal knockdown of Tribolium innexin7a (Tc-inx7a), an ortholog of the Drosophila gap junction gene Innexin 7, leads to failure of cellularization. In Inx7a-depleted eggs, the invaginated plasma membrane retracts when basal cell closure normally begins. Furthermore, transiently expressed tagged Inx7a localizes to the nascent basal membrane of the forming cells in wild-type eggs. We propose that Inx7a forms the newly identified junctions that stabilize the forming basal membrane and enable basal cell closure. We put forward Tribolium as a model for studying a more ancestral mode of cellularization in insects.