Achados ultrassonográficos da glândula mamária de cabras naturalmente infectadas com o vírus da artrite encefalite caprina / Ultrasonographic findings of mammary glandof goats naturally infected with caprine arthritis encephalitis virus

A artrite encefalite caprina é uma virose que está distribuída mundialmente nos rebanhos. Na forma mamária, é predominante a mastite crônica, que pode causar assimetria e endurecimento do úbere, mais conhecida como mastite endurativa crônica, levando à redução na produção leiteira. A ultrassonografia é um bom método de avaliação da glândula mamária, pois consiste em uma técnica não invasiva, rápida e de fácil aplicação. Este estudo objetivou avaliar as características ultrassonográficas (escala de cinza, ecogenicidade e homogeneidade) do parênquima mamário de 20 cabras sororreagentes e 20 não sororreagentes para o vírus da artrite encefalite caprina. Observou-se que o diâmetro médio dos linfonodos retromamários de animais sororreagentes (0,72cm) para o vírus da artrite encefalite caprina foi menor (P=0,02) que o dos animais não sororreagentes (0,93cm). Na análise entre as porções do úbere, os valores da escala de cinza do terço distal da porção caudal do parênquima mamário foram maiores nos animais sororreagentes (P<0.0001, lado direito; P=0,02, lado esquerdo). Tais dados sugerem que o aumento na escala de cinza do parênquima mamário das cabras pode estar correlacionado com as alterações crônicas causadas pela artrite encefalite caprina, como a mastite endurativa. Em relação aos aspectos subjetivos de ecogenicidade e homogeneidade, os grupos não apresentaram diferença entre si (P>0,05), exibindo em sua maioria padrões hipoecoicos e heterogêneos. Diante dos resultados, o presente estudo aponta indícios de que a artrite encefalite caprina pode causar alterações na escala de cinza mensuráveis pela ultrassonografia, a qual pode ser utilizada como método auxiliar eficiente e não invasivo no monitoramento e diagnóstico precoce da mastite endurativa.(AU)

The caprine arthritis encephalitis is a virosis with worldwide distribution in livestock and in the mammary form chronic mastitis is prevalent, which can cause assimetric and hardening of the udder, known as indurative chronic mastitis leading to reduction in milk production. The ultrasound is a good method of assessing the mammary gland, because the technique is non-invasive, fast, and easy to apply. This study aimed to evaluate the ultrasonographic features (grayscale, echogenicity, and homogeneity) of mammary parenchyma of 20 seroreacting goats and 20 not seroreacting for caprine arthritis encephalitis virus. It was observed that the average diameter of retromammary lymph nodes of seroreacting animals (0.72cm) to caprine arthritis encephalitis virus was smaller (P= 0.02) than in non seroreacting animals (0.93cm). In analysis between the portions of the udder, the grayscale values of the distal third of the caudal portion of the mammary parenchyma was higher in seroreacting animals (P<0.0001, right side; P= 0.02, left side). Such data suggest that the increase in ultrasonographic grayscale of mammary parenchyma of goats can be correlated to chronic changes caused by caprine arthritis encephalitis, as indurative mastitis. In relation to the subjective aspects of echogenicity and homogeneity, the groups showed no difference between them (P>0.05), displaying mostly heterogeneous and hypoechoic standards. From the results, this study points to evidence that the caprine arthritis encephalitis can cause changes in grayscale measurable by ultrasound, and this can be used as an efficient and non-invasive helper method for monitoring and early detection of indurative mastitis.(AU)

Maturation of mononuclear phagocytes in the lungs of young calves--in vitro study.

The influences of age in calves' immune system are described in their first phase of life. We hypothesized that variations that occur in the main mechanisms of lung innate response can help to identify periods of greater susceptibility to the respiratory diseases that affect calves in the first stage of their life. This study aimed to evaluate the innate immune system. Nine healthy calves were monitored for 3 mo and 8 immunologic evaluations were performed. Bronchoalveolar lavage samples were recovered by bronchoscopy. The alveolar macrophages in samples were identified by protein expression of cluster of differentiation 14 (CD14) and underwent functional evaluation of phagocytosis (Staphylococcus aureus stained with propidium iodide and Escherichia coli). Data was assessed by one-way ANOVA (unstacked and parametric) and the Mann-Whitney test (nonparametric). Functional alterations in CD14-positive phagocytes were observed, with punctual higher intensity of phagocytosis in the third week and its decrease starting at 45 d of life. A gradual increase in phagocytosis rate was observed starting at this date. It is concluded that from 45 d of life on, alveolar macrophages have less phagocytic capacity but more cells perform this function. We suggest that this occurs because lung macrophages of calves start to maintain their immune response without passive immunity influence. Until 90 d of life, calves did not achieve the stability to conclude the maturation of local innate immune response.

Criptorquidia: ventajas de la cirugia temprana. / Cryptorchism: advantages of early surgery

Este trabajo informa la exeperiencia en el manejo de la criptorquidia con orquidopexia en ninos muy variadas edades.Se consideran especialmente las dificultades quirurgicas en relacion a la edad en que son intervenidos los pacientes y se senalan algunas de las complicaciones frequentes postoperatorias, sobre todo, las referentes a la involucion testicular.Se hace enfasis en la cirugia temprana, sobre todo por riesgo de atrofia testicular pero tambien por las difucultades tecnicas inherentes y mucho mayores conforme avanza la edad