Bioproduction of eriodictyol by Escherichia coli engineered co-culture.

Eriodictyol (ED) is a flavonoid in the flavanones subclass. It is abundantly present in a wide range of medicinal plants, citrus fruits, and vegetables. In addition, ED owns numerous importantly medicinal bioactivities such as inhibition of proliferation, metastasis and induction of apoptosis in glioma cells or inhibition of glioblastoma migration, and invasion. This study described the heterologous production of ED by E. coli based co-culture engineering system from the simple carbon substrate D-glucose. Two E. coli strains were engineered and functioned as constitutive components of biological system. Specifically, the first strain (upstream module) contained genes for synthesis of p-coumaric acid (pCA) from D-glucose. And, the second strain (downstream module) consisted of genes for the synthesis of ED from pCA. The highest yield in ED production was achieved 51.5 ± 0.4 mg/L using stepwise optimal culture conditions, while monoculture was achieved 21.3 ± 0.2 mg/L only. In conclusion, co-culture was the most efficient alternative approach for the synthesis of ED and other natural products.

Diversity and distribution of cryptic species within the Mugil cephalus species complex in Vietnam.

Mugil cephalus sensu lato is a globally distributed complex of cryptic species whose distribution range and evolutionary history remains largely unknown. In the North West (NW) Pacific three species have been identified genetically among fish described morphologically as M. cephalus. Their distribution ranges are largely parapatric and has been proposed to mirror different thermal preferences. To date, few samples have been analyzed from South China Sea, which limits inferences on the evolutionary history of the species complex. We sampled fish identified morphologically as M. cephalus along Vietnamese shores and characterized them using the sequence polymorphism of two mitochondrial genes, the cytochrome oxidase I and cytochrome b. This demonstrated that all three species described in the NW Pacific are present in both northern and southern Vietnamese waters. Although the difference in species abundance reflects those observed in the NW Pacific, no phylogeographic pattern was revealed. In addition, no population structure was observed whatever the species or the distribution range considered, which indicates a significant level of gene flow that maintains genetic homogeneity of the three species. It is also conceivable that each species experienced a recent population expansion from a single ancestral population. Finally we suggest that if the cold waters of the NW Pacific present a physiologic challenge leading to the almost parapatric distribution of the three species, then it is likely that the warm surface temperatures of the South China Sea negate this barrier.