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Most of the trials investigating the role of transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) across various strata of risk categories have excluded patients with bicuspid aortic stenosis (BAS) due to its anatomical complexities. The aim of this study was to perform a meta-analysis with meta-regression of studies comparing clinical, procedural, and after-procedural echocardiographic outcomes in BAS versus tricuspid aortic stenosis (TAS) patients who underwent TAVI. We searched the PubMed and Cochrane databases for relevant articles from the inception of the database to October 2019. Continuous and categorical variables were pooled using inverse variance and Mantel-Haenszel method, respectively, using the random-effect model. To rate the certainty of evidence for each outcome, we used the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluations) approach. Nineteen articles were included in the final analysis. There was no difference in the risk of 30-day mortality, 1-year mortality, 30-day cardiovascular mortality, major and/or life-threatening bleeding, major vascular complications, acute kidney injury, permanent pacemaker implantation, device success, annular rupture, after-procedural aortic valve area, and mean pressure gradient between the 2 groups. BAS patients who underwent TAVI had a higher risk of 30-day stroke, conversion to surgery, need for second valve implantation, and moderate to severe paravalvular leak. In conclusion, the present meta-analysis supports the feasibility of TAVI in surgically ineligible patients with BAS. However, the incidence of certain procedural complications such as stroke, conversion to surgery, second valve implantation, and paravalvular leak is higher among BAS patients compared with TAS patients, which must be discussed with the patient during the decision-making process.
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Estenose da Valva Aórtica/cirurgia , Doença da Válvula Aórtica Bicúspide/cirurgia , Substituição da Valva Aórtica Transcateter , Injúria Renal Aguda/epidemiologia , Estenose da Valva Aórtica/complicações , Doença da Válvula Aórtica Bicúspide/complicações , Conversão para Cirurgia Aberta/estatística & dados numéricos , Humanos , Mortalidade , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/epidemiologia , Hemorragia Pós-Operatória/epidemiologia , Reoperação , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Chest pain is one of the most common reasons for emergency department visits worldwide, and troponins play a central role in diagnosing acute coronary syndrome (ACS) in these patients. Hence, the tests for these molecules are imperative in triage for ACS. Presently, multiple high-sensitivity troponin tests are available, including those for troponin T and I. However, in the presence of physiological and pathological alterations such as chronic kidney disease (CKD) and muscle dysfunction, these tests lose their sensitivity and specificity, especially if not interpreted in the right clinical background. Further, no guidelines exist for interpreting the results in patients with CKD. We identified studies that compared the relative efficacy, sensitivity, and specificity of tests for troponin T and I in patients with CKD to understand the practical problems in the clinical interpretation of these results in the specific setting of CKD and highlight the measures to be taken into consideration.
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Síndrome Coronariana Aguda/sangue , Síndrome Coronariana Aguda/diagnóstico , Insuficiência Renal Crônica/sangue , Troponina I/sangue , Troponina T/sangue , Humanos , Sensibilidade e EspecificidadeRESUMO
BACKGROUND Takotsubo cardiomyopathy is characterized by a transient left ventricular dysfunction without obstructive coronary artery disease that mimics an acute myocardial infarction. The electrocardiogram findings of Takotsubo cardiomyopathy usually present with ST-segment elevation or depression, T-wave inversion, left bundle branch block or high-grade atrioventricular block. CASE REPORT This is a report of a case of a 58-year-old male diagnosed with Takotsubo cardiomyopathy that occurred in the setting of an acute asthma exacerbation and psychiatric exacerbation with novel electrocardiogram findings of right bundle branch block. Transthoracic echocardiogram showed a preserved ejection fraction with left ventricular apical ballooning and hyperkinesis of the basal segments. The nuclear stress test showed a fixed perfusion defect at the apical segment, but the patient refused further testing such as coronary angiography. The patient was managed medically, and a repeat echocardiogram done after 8 weeks from discharge showed a complete resolution of the apical ballooning. CONCLUSIONS It is important to recognize that patients with psychiatric illness and asthma exacerbation are predisposed to develop Takotsubo cardiomyopathy. It is also reasonable to suspect Takotsubo cardiomyopathy in the presence of new electrocardiogram findings aside from those typically seen in acute myocardial infarction, especially if it is associated with apical ballooning.
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Asma/complicações , Bloqueio de Ramo/diagnóstico , Transtornos Mentais/complicações , Cardiomiopatia de Takotsubo/diagnóstico , Bloqueio de Ramo/tratamento farmacológico , Dispneia , Eletrocardiografia , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Cardiomiopatia de Takotsubo/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Heart Failure (HF) is accompanied by a high cost of care and gloomy prognosis despite recent advances in its management. Therefore, efforts to minimize HF rehospitalizations is a major focus of several studies. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 140 patients 18 years and above who had baseline clinical parameters, echocardiography, NT-ProBNP, troponin I and other laboratory parameters following a 3-year electronic medical record review. Patients with coronary artery disease, preserved ejection fraction, pulmonary embolism, cancer, and end-stage renal disease were excluded. RESULTS: Of the 140 patients admitted with HF with reduced Ejection Fraction (HFrEF) secondary to non-ischemic cardiomyopathy, 15 were re-hospitalized within 30 days of discharge while 42 were rehospitalized within 6 months after discharge for decompensated HF. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) cutoff points were obtained for NT-ProBNP at 5178 pg/ml and serum troponin I at 0.045 ng/ml. After Cox regression analysis, patients with HFrEF who had higher hemoglobin levels had reduced odds of re-hospitalization (p = 0.007) within 30 days after discharge. NT-ProBNP and troponin I were independent predictors of re-hospitalization at 6 months after discharge (p = 0.047 and p = 0.02), respectively, after Cox regression analysis. CONCLUSION: Troponin I and NT-ProBNP at admission are the best predictors of re-hospitalization 6 months after discharge among patients with HFrEF. Hemoglobin is the only predictor of 30 -day rehospitalization among HFrEF patients in this study. High-risk patients may require aggressive therapy to improve outcomes.
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Cardiomiopatias/complicações , Insuficiência Cardíaca/sangue , Insuficiência Cardíaca/etiologia , Peptídeo Natriurético Encefálico/sangue , Fragmentos de Peptídeos/sangue , Troponina I/sangue , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Biomarcadores/sangue , Feminino , Insuficiência Cardíaca/diagnóstico , Insuficiência Cardíaca/fisiopatologia , Hospitalização , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prognóstico , Estudos Retrospectivos , Volume SistólicoRESUMO
Heart failure (HF) is a devastating condition characterized by poor quality of life, numerous complications, high rate of readmission and increased mortality. HF is the most common cause of hospitalization in the United States especially among people over the age of 64 years. The number of people grappling with the ill effects of HF is on the rise as the number of people living to an old age is also on the increase. Several factors have been attributed to these high readmission and mortality rates among which are; poor adherence with therapy, inability to keep up with clinic appointments and even failure to recognize early symptoms of HF deterioration which may be a result of cognitive impairment. Therefore, this review seeks to compile the most recent information about the links between HF and dementia or cognitive impairment. We also assessed the prognostic consequences of cognitive impairment complicating HF, therapeutic strategies among patients with HF and focus on future areas of research that would reduce the prevalence of cognitive impairment, reduce its severity and also ameliorate the effect of cognitive impairment coexisting with HF.
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Disfunção Cognitiva/etiologia , Insuficiência Cardíaca/complicações , Qualidade de Vida/psicologia , Idoso , Feminino , Insuficiência Cardíaca/patologia , Humanos , Masculino , PrognósticoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To assess the prognostic utility of serum albumin among elderly patients admitted for acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) in terms of all-cause mortality and also to identify the predictors of hypoalbuminemia. METHODS: Retrospective cohort study of 119 elderly patients admitted for ADHF. Elderly patients were defined as patients over the age of 65 years. The patients were followed up for approximately 11 years. Patients with advanced renal failure, liver disease not due to HF, cancer and other causes of low life expectancy were excluded. Hypoalbuminemia was defined as serum albumin ≤ 2.9 g/dL. RESULTS: The study was made up of 65 females and 54 males with age ranging from 65 to 96 years. Of the 119 elderly patients with ADHF, there were 26 deaths. A significantly higher proportion of patients in the mortality group had an admission serum albumin level of ≤ 2.9 g/dL than those surviving (P = 0.011). After Cox's logistic regression, low albumin (P = 0.016), elevated direct bilirubin (P = 0.03), age greater than 85 (P = 0.008), lack of use of beta blockers (P = 0.0001) and left ventricular ejection fraction less than 35% (P = 0.005) increased the risk of death. Elevated serum creatinine (P = 0.0357) was the only predictor of hypoalbuminemia following multiple linear regression. CONCLUSIONS: Hypoalbuminemia may be an unrecognized marker of death in elderly patients with ADHF.
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Objectives: To identify predictors of pulmonary hypertension (PHT) and the predictive value of PHT for rehospitalization among patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Methods: A retrospective study of 351 hospitalized patients with heart failure (HF). Patients 18 years and above with HFrEF secondary to non-ischemic cardiomyopathy were reviewed. Patients with coronary artery disease, preserved ejection fraction and other secondary causes of PHT apart from HF were excluded. PHT as a predictor of 30-day and six-month re-admission was assessed as well as important possible predictors of PHT. Cox regression analysis, multiple linear regression as well as other statistical tools were employed as deemed appropriate. Results: Thirty-seven (37) and 99 patients were re-hospitalized within 30 days and 6 months after discharge for decompensated HF, respectively. After Cox regression analysis, higher hemoglobin reduced the odds of rehospitalization for decompensated HF (p = 0.015) within 30 days after discharge while higher pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP) (p = 0.002) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) (p = 0.041) increased the odds of rehospitalization within 6 months of discharge. The predictors of the PHT among patients with HFrEF after multiple linear regression were low BMI (p = 0.027), increasing age (p = 0.006) and increased left atrial diameter (LAD) on echocardiography (p = 0.0001). Conclusion: Patients with HFrEF have a high predisposition to developing PHT if at admission, they have low BMI, dilated left atrium or are older. Patients with one or more of these attributes may need more intensive therapy to reduce the risk of developing PHT and in turn reduce readmission rates.
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Insuficiência Cardíaca/complicações , Hipertensão Pulmonar/etiologia , Avaliação de Resultados em Cuidados de Saúde , Readmissão do Paciente , Volume Sistólico , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Ecocardiografia , Feminino , Humanos , Modelos Lineares , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Alta do Paciente , Prognóstico , Modelos de Riscos Proporcionais , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Heart failure (HF) is a syndrome associated with exercise intolerance, and its symptoms are more common in patients with low skeletal muscle mass (SMM). Estimation of muscle mass can be cumbersome and unreliable, particularly in patients with varying body weight. The psoas muscle area (PMA) can be used as a surrogate of sarcopenia and has been associated with poor outcomes in other populations. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to assess if sarcopenia is associated with the survival of patients with HF after an acute hospitalization. METHOD: We retrospectively studied a cohort of 160 patients with HF who had abdominopelvic computed tomography during an acute hospitalization. We obtained standardized measurements of their PMA and defined sarcopenia as the lowest gender-based tertile of the said area. The patients were followed until death or discontinuation of care. We used Kaplan-Meier estimates and Cox regression analysis to assess the relationship between sarcopenia and all-cause mortality. RESULTS: We found that the 52 patients with sarcopenia had 4.5 times the risk of all-cause mortality at 1 year compared to the rest of the cohort (CI 1.784-11.765; p = 0.0016) after adjusting for significant covariates. Stratification by age and sex revealed that this association could be limited to males and patients < 75 years old. CONCLUSION: The PMA, used as a surrogate of low SMM, is independently associated with an increased risk of late mortality after an acute hospitalization in patients with HF.
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Insuficiência Cardíaca/complicações , Mortalidade , Músculos Psoas/diagnóstico por imagem , Sarcopenia/diagnóstico por imagem , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Causas de Morte , Doença Crônica , Feminino , Hospitalização , Humanos , Estimativa de Kaplan-Meier , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , New York , Tamanho do Órgão , Prognóstico , Modelos de Riscos Proporcionais , Músculos Psoas/patologia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Fatores de Tempo , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios XRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Cocaine is associated with deleterious effects in the heart, including HFrEF. Although ß-blockers are recommended for this condition in other populations, their use is discouraged in cocaine users due to the possibility of exacerbating cocaine-related cardiovascular complications. This study was designed to determine if patients with heart failure and a reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) who continue to use cocaine have better outcomes when they receive ß-blocker therapy than when they do not. METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis of 72 ß-blocker-naïve patients with HFrEF and active cocaine use. Patients who were prescribed ß-blockers as part of their therapy were compared to those who were not, and clinical and structural outcomes were compared after 12â¯months of treatment. RESULTS: When patients with HFrEF and active cocaine use received ß-blocker therapy, they were more likely to have an improvement in their New York Heart Association functional class (pâ¯=â¯0.0106) and left ventricular ejection fraction (pâ¯=â¯0.0031) than when they did not receive ß-antagonists. In addition, the risk of cocaine-related cardiovascular events (pâ¯=â¯0.0086) and of heart failure hospitalizations (pâ¯=â¯0.0383) was significantly lower in patients who received ß-blockade than those who did not. CONCLUSIONS: ß-Blocker therapy is associated with improvement in the exercise tolerance and the left ventricular ejection fraction in patients with HFrEF and active cocaine use. They are also associated with a lower incidence of cocaine-related cardiovascular events and HFrEF-related readmissions.
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Antagonistas Adrenérgicos beta/uso terapêutico , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Cocaína/tratamento farmacológico , Cocaína/efeitos adversos , Tolerância ao Exercício/efeitos dos fármacos , Insuficiência Cardíaca/induzido quimicamente , Insuficiência Cardíaca/tratamento farmacológico , Antagonistas Adrenérgicos beta/farmacologia , Adulto , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Cocaína/diagnóstico , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Cocaína/fisiopatologia , Estudos de Coortes , Tolerância ao Exercício/fisiologia , Feminino , Insuficiência Cardíaca/diagnóstico , Insuficiência Cardíaca/fisiopatologia , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Retrospectivos , Volume Sistólico/efeitos dos fármacos , Volume Sistólico/fisiologia , Resultado do Tratamento , Vasoconstritores/efeitos adversosRESUMO
Recreational drugs are commonly abused in all age groups. Intoxication with these substances can induce silent but significant electrocardiographic signs which may lead to sudden death. In this case study, we present a 49-year-old male with no medical comorbidities who came to the emergency department requesting opioid detoxification. Toxicology screen was positive for cocaine, heroin, and cannabis. Initial electrocardiogram (EKG) showed features of a Brugada pattern in the right precordial leads, which resolved within one day into admission. This presentation is consistent with the recently recognized clinical entity known as Brugada phenocopy.
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Symptomatic bradycardia due to gastric distension is a rarely reported entity in the field of medicine. The mechanism of gastrointestinal distention that contributes to bradycardia is complex. A 75-year-old female with recurrent episodes of dizziness in the setting of gastric distension was found to have severe sinus bradycardia which resolved upon resolution of gastric distension. No structural or functional abnormality of heart was found. The patient was treated with permanent pacemaker implantation due to recurrent episodes of dizziness in the setting of sinus bradycardia.
Assuntos
Bradicardia/diagnóstico , Bradicardia/etiologia , Dilatação Gástrica/complicações , Idoso , Bradicardia/terapia , Tontura/etiologia , Eletrocardiografia , Feminino , Humanos , Marca-Passo Artificial , Síndrome , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios XRESUMO
Heart failure affects nearly 26 million people worldwide. Patients with heart failure are frequently affected with atrial fibrillation, and the interrelation between these pathologies is complex. Atrial fibrillation shares the same risk factors as heart failure. Moreover, it is associated with a higher-risk baseline clinical status and higher mortality rates in patients with heart failure. The mechanisms by which atrial fibrillation occurs in a failing heart are incompletely understood, but animal studies suggest they differ from those that occur in a healthy heart. Data suggest that heart failure-induced atrial fibrosis and atrial ionic remodeling are the underlying abnormalities that facilitate atrial fibrillation. Therapeutic considerations for atrial fibrillation in patients with heart failure include risk factor modification and guideline-directed medical therapy, anticoagulation, rate control, and rhythm control. As recommended for atrial fibrillation in the non-failing heart, anticoagulation in patients with heart failure should be guided by a careful estimation of the risk of embolic events versus the risk of hemorrhagic episodes. The decision whether to target a rate-control or rhythm-control strategy is an evolving aspect of management. Currently, both approaches are good medical practice, but recent data suggest that rhythm control, particularly when achieved through catheter ablation, is associated with improved outcomes. A promising field of research is the application of neurohormonal modulation to prevent the creation of the "structural substrate" for atrial fibrillation in the failing heart.
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Fibrilação Atrial/complicações , Insuficiência Cardíaca/complicações , Animais , Antiarrítmicos/uso terapêutico , Anticoagulantes/uso terapêutico , Fibrilação Atrial/terapia , Terapia de Ressincronização Cardíaca/efeitos adversos , Cardioversão Elétrica/métodos , Humanos , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Cocaine use has a high prevalence in the United States and can be associated with significant cardiovascular disease, even in asymptomatic users. ß-Adrenergic receptor hyperactivation is the underlying pathophysiologic pathway of cocaine cardiotoxicity. ß-Blocker therapy is controversial in patients with active cocaine use. HYPOTHESIS: ß-Blocker therapy is associated with clinical improvement in patients with heart failure despite active cocaine use. METHODS: In a single-center, retrospective chart analysis, patients with newly diagnosed heart failure and active cocaine use who had been started on ß-blocker therapy were reviewed. The New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class and the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) were recorded at baseline and after 12 monthsnthsnths of ß-blocker use. Patients were excluded if they had been on prior ß-blocker therapy, had other reasons for volume overload, had chronic kidney disease stages G4 or G5, or had a life expectancy <12 months. RESULTS: Thirty-eight patients were identified; most were African American males. A statistically significant improvement was found in both NYHA functional class (P < 0.0001) and LVEF (P < 0.0001) after 12 months of ß-blocker therapy. No major adverse cardiovascular events occurred in this population. CONCLUSIONS: ß-Blocker use in cocaine users with heart failure with a reduced ejection fraction is associated with a lower NYHA functional class and a higher LVEF at 12-month follow-up. No major adverse cardiovascular events were observed.
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Antagonistas Adrenérgicos beta/uso terapêutico , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Cocaína/complicações , Insuficiência Cardíaca/tratamento farmacológico , Volume Sistólico/efeitos dos fármacos , Função Ventricular Esquerda/efeitos dos fármacos , Antagonistas Adrenérgicos beta/efeitos adversos , Tomada de Decisão Clínica , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Cocaína/diagnóstico , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Cocaína/fisiopatologia , Feminino , Insuficiência Cardíaca/complicações , Insuficiência Cardíaca/diagnóstico , Insuficiência Cardíaca/fisiopatologia , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Cidade de Nova Iorque , Seleção de Pacientes , Recuperação de Função Fisiológica , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Fatores de Tempo , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
Commonly reported complications of hepatic cysts are spontaneous hemorrhage, rupture into the peritoneal cavity, infection and compression of the biliary tree however cardiac complications are not commonly reported. We are presenting a case of a large liver cyst presenting with right atrial and ventricular inflow tract impingement resulting in cardiac symptoms. A 68 year-old Hispanic female presented with one month of fatigue and shortness of breath after household work and walking less than one block, right upper quadrant pain and weight loss. She had history of multiple hepatic cysts for more than 12 years, well-controlled diabetes and hypertension. Examination of the heart revealed tachycardia with regular heart sounds. There were no murmurs. She had tenderness in her right upper quadrant on palpation and an enlarged smooth liver. Rest of physical examination was unremarkable. CT scan of the abdomen showed multiple non-enhancing liver cysts in both lobes, with the largest measuring 12 x 15 x 17 cm which was significantly increased from her baseline of 7 x 8 x 10 cm in 2003. Echocardiogram showed normal left ventricular ejection fraction, grade 1 diastolic dysfunction and a hepatic cyst impinging RA and RV inflow tract. She had successful laparoscopic enucleation of liver cyst and subsequent relief from tachycardia, fatigue and shortness of breath. In conclusion, this case illustrates that hepatic cysts may become symptomatic after remaining quiescent for an extended period. They may present with unusual symptoms and clinicians should be mindful of rare complications, such as in this case.
Assuntos
Cistos/complicações , Hepatopatias/complicações , Taquicardia/etiologia , Disfunção Ventricular Direita/etiologia , Obstrução do Fluxo Ventricular Externo/etiologia , Idoso , Função do Átrio Direito , Cistos/diagnóstico por imagem , Cistos/cirurgia , Drenagem , Feminino , Humanos , Laparoscopia , Hepatopatias/diagnóstico por imagem , Hepatopatias/cirurgia , Taquicardia/diagnóstico por imagem , Taquicardia/fisiopatologia , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X , Resultado do Tratamento , Disfunção Ventricular Direita/diagnóstico por imagem , Disfunção Ventricular Direita/fisiopatologia , Função Ventricular Direita , Obstrução do Fluxo Ventricular Externo/diagnóstico por imagem , Obstrução do Fluxo Ventricular Externo/fisiopatologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND Electrocardiographic presentations of left ventricle aneurysms are diverse; however, a persistent ST segment elevation post myocardial infarction is most commonly reported. CASE REPORT The authors present a case of a 67-year-old man who presented to the emergency department after three days of chest pain and was found to have an acute myocardial infarction with an incidental finding of a left ventricular aneurysm. His surface electrocardiogram, however, demonstrated only inverted T waves in the precordial leads. He had a very elevated serum troponin I consistent with an acute myocardial injury which prompted a cardiac catheterization with angioplasty. Post angioplasty, he had persistent T wave inversions in the precordial leads. CONCLUSIONS It is important for clinicians to appreciate that the presence of newly inverted T waves in patients with a late presentation post myocardial infarction should raise a concern for a possible left ventricular aneurysm.
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Eletrocardiografia , Aneurisma Cardíaco/diagnóstico por imagem , Ventrículos do Coração/diagnóstico por imagem , Infarto do Miocárdio/diagnóstico , Idoso , Dor no Peito/etiologia , Humanos , Masculino , Troponina I/sangueRESUMO
Presentation of pericardial disease is diverse, with the viral aetiology being the most common cause; however, when haemorrhagic pericardial effusion is present, these causes are narrowed to few aetiologies. We present a case of a young female of African descent who presented with diffuse abdominal pain and vomiting. Initial work-up showed pericardial effusion with impending echocardiographic findings of cardiac tamponade and bilateral pleural effusions. Procedures included a left video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) with pericardial window. We consider that it is important for all physicians to be aware of not only typical presentation but also atypical and unusual clinical picture of pericardial disease.
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We report here 2 cases of methadone induced Torsades de Pointes with a clinical presentation mimicking convulsive seizures in a substance abuser. These cases highlight the importance of being aware of methadone-induced Torsades de Pointes and the occasional atypical clinical presentations of this condition.