Investigation of biochemical, enzymatic, and metagenomic profiles of garbage enzymes and its application in dumping site leachate treatment.

The current article focuses on the preparation and characterization of garbage enzyme (GE) and explores its applications in treating leachate. GE is prepared from fruit and vegetable wastes and characterized via analysis of metabolites, carbohydrates, proteins, antioxidants, and enzymatic activities. This study extends our understanding of GE by reporting the presence of various metabolites. Moreover, a metagenomic analysis of GE is presented, shedding light on the microbial diversity. Firmicutes emerged as the dominant phylum, surpassing other phyla, including Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria. When exploring the potential for leachate treatment, the results indicate that vegetable GE shows 68% reduction in COD (chemical oxygen demand) and 39% reduction in ammoniacal nitrogen. Similarly, non-citrus GE also showed 64% reduction in COD and a 37% reduction in ammoniacal nitrogen, followed by citrus GE with a 33% reduction in COD and a 34% reduction in ammoniacal nitrogen compared to the control.

Ethyl Methane Sulfonate and Sodium Azide-Mediated Chemical and X-ray-Mediated Physical Mutagenesis Positively Regulate Peroxidase 1 Gene Activity and Biosynthesis of Antineoplastic Vinblastine in Catharanthus roseus.

Catharanthus roseus synthesizes bioactive therapeutic metabolites, known as monoterpenoid indole alkaloids (MIAs), including antineoplastic vinblastine and vincristine, which have high global demand, and antihypertensive ajmalicine, a serpentine. However, the in planta biosynthesis and accumulation of these phytopharmaceuticals are very low, attributed to their high cytotoxicity in the plant. Considering the low in planta concentration and over-harvesting of plant resources, biotechnological interventions have been undertaken to enhance the production of MIAs in plant systems. The present study was carried out to mutation through chemical and physical mutagenesis with sodium azide, ethyl methane sulfonate and X-rays, respectively, on C. roseus to determine their possible effects on the transcriptional modulation of MIA biosynthetic pathways in planta. The chemical mutagenesis resulted in delayed seed pod development in mutated C. roseus plants, with distinct leaf morphology and flower color. However, X-ray mutagenesis resulted in pollen-less sterile flowers. An HPLC analysis confirmed the higher catharanthine, vindoline and vinblastine content in sodium azide and X-ray mutants, and was further supported by higher PRX1 transcript levels estimated through real-time PCR analysis. The transcription factors WRKY1 and ORCA2 were found negatively regulated along with major MIA pathway genes in chemical mutants and their M1 generation, but showed positive regulation in X-ray M0 mutants. The induced mutagenesis of C. roseus provides a prospective strategy to modulate plant transcriptomes and enhance the biosynthesis of pharmaceutically important antineoplastic vinblastine in the plant.

Temporal study of physicochemical parameters of leachates and assessment of solid waste and ground water quality of Pirana dumping site, Ahmedabad, India.

The characterisation of solid waste (SW), leachate, is essential for developing an appropriate management strategy or treatment method. However, due to a range of contributing factors, such as waste type and dumping site locations, forecasting leachate quality is often challenging. This research article discusses leachate quality indicators and the temporal variations of leachate quality collected throughout various seasons and after 1-2 years of storage. In addition to that, the article also provides the data of different physicochemical parameters of SW and ground water (GW) quality collected from of Pirana solid waste dumping area (Pirana SWD), Ahmedabad, India, and surrounding areas throughout various seasons. The parameters like pH, COD, TDS, sulphates, nitrates, ammonia nitrogen, hardness, and heavy metals were all monitored to see whether there any temporal variations. When leachates were obtained 'fresh,' all parameters evaluated showed significantly higher values. As time passed, the values of the parameters (COD, ammonia nitrogen) stabilised. Heavy metals such as Hg, As, Pb, and Cr were detected in both fresh and old samples. Similarly in SW, the presence of heavy metals Hg (0.39 ppb), Pb (1.12 ppb), and Cr (16.86 ppb) were also detected. In case of GW, some samples also show the high TDS but the presence of metals like Cr, Ni, and Zn is less than permissible limit.

Leachate treatment potential of nanomaterial based assemblies: a systematic review on recent development.

Rapid development of the population has brought about a serious problem of waste generation and management. Open dumping and land filling are two of the preferred options for waste management and treatment. As a consequence of this, the accumulation of leachates has become one of the concerns for environmental sustainability. In this regard, various treatment methodologies have been developed in recent decades. Among them, the nanomaterial-based approaches are the emerging ones in the current scenario due to their various unique properties. Furthermore, nanomaterial-based assemblies (i.e., nanomaterials combined with microbes, chemical catalysts, enzymes, and so on) have been introduced as a novel modification for leachate treatment. This work, therefore, has been dedicated to comprehensively reviewing all nanomaterial based leachate treatment techniques. In this regard, the first part of this review will discuss the nano catalyst, nano adsorbent along with their synthesis and mechanistic view of pollutant removal potential. In the second part, the nanomaterial-based microbial conjugates applied in the leachate treatments have been discussed. Apart from this, various other nanomaterial-based methods have been discussed in the third part of the review. Hence this review is providing an insight of all the recent developments pertaining to the nano material based leachate treatment techniques.