RESUMO
Radiation therapy using conventional fractionated external-beam or high-precision dose techniques including three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy, stereotactic body radiation therapy, intensity-modulated radiation therapy, and proton therapy, is a key component in the treatment of patients with lung cancer. Knowledge of the radiation technique used, radiation treatment plan, expected temporal evolution of radiation-induced lung injury and patient-specific parameters, such as previous radiotherapy, concurrent chemoradiotherapy, and/or immunotherapy, is important in imaging interpretation. This review discusses factors that affect the development and severity of radiation-induced lung injury and its radiological manifestations with emphasis on the differences between conventional radiation and high-precision dose radiotherapy techniques.
Assuntos
Diagnóstico por Imagem/métodos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/radioterapia , Lesões por Radiação/diagnóstico por imagem , Humanos , Tórax/diagnóstico por imagemRESUMO
By boosting the immune system, immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has altered the management of patients with various cancers including those with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). As a result of immune system activation, ICIs are associated with unique response patterns (that are not addressed by traditional response criteria) and inflammatory side effects termed immune-related adverse events. In this article, we will review the role of immunotherapy in cancer treatment, specifically ICIs used in NSCLC treatment, radiological response criteria of immunotherapy, and the imaging spectrum of immune-related adverse events.
Assuntos
Diagnóstico por Imagem/métodos , Imunoterapia/métodos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/diagnóstico por imagem , Neoplasias Pulmonares/tratamento farmacológico , Humanos , Pulmão/diagnóstico por imagem , Pulmão/imunologia , Neoplasias Pulmonares/imunologiaRESUMO
Tracheobronchial obstruction, haemoptysis, and airway fistulas caused by airway involvement by primary or metastatic malignancies may result in dyspnoea, wheezing, stridor, hypoxaemia, and obstructive atelectasis or pneumonia, and can lead to life-threatening respiratory failure if untreated. Complex minimally invasive endobronchial interventions are being used increasingly to treat cancer patients with tracheobronchial conditions with curative or, most often, palliative intent, to improve symptoms and quality of life. The selection of the appropriate treatment strategy depends on multiple factors, including tumour characteristics, whether the lesion is predominately endobronchial, shows extrinsic compression, or a combination of both, the patient's clinical status, the urgency of the clinical scenario, physician expertise, and availability of tools. Pre-procedure multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) imaging can aid in the most appropriate selection of bronchoscopic treatment. Follow-up imaging is invaluable for the early recognition and management of any potential complication. This article reviews the most commonly used endobronchial procedures in the oncological setting and illustrates the role of MDCT in planning, assisting, and follow-up of endobronchial therapeutic procedures.
Assuntos
Obstrução das Vias Respiratórias/complicações , Obstrução das Vias Respiratórias/diagnóstico por imagem , Neoplasias do Sistema Respiratório/diagnóstico por imagem , Neoplasias do Sistema Respiratório/cirurgia , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X/métodos , Humanos , Neoplasias do Sistema Respiratório/complicaçõesRESUMO
Most of the complications following lung cancer surgery occur in the early postoperative period and can result in significant morbidity and mortality. Delayed complications can also occur. Diagnosing these complications can be challenging because clinical manifestations are non-specific. Imaging plays an important role in detecting these complications in a timely manner and facilitates prompt interventions. Hence, it is important to have knowledge of the expected anatomical alterations following lung cancer surgeries, and the spectrum of post-surgical complications and their respective imaging findings to avoid misinterpretations or delay in diagnosis.
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Diagnóstico por Imagem/métodos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/cirurgia , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/diagnóstico por imagem , Humanos , Pulmão/diagnóstico por imagem , Período Pós-Operatório , Tórax/diagnóstico por imagemRESUMO
Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is frequently diagnosed when it is not amenable to local therapies; therefore, systemic agents are the mainstay of therapy for many patients. In recent years, treatment of advanced NSCLC has evolved from a general approach primarily involving chemotherapy to a more personalised strategy in which biomarkers such as the presence of genomic tumour aberrations and the expression of immune proteins such as programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), in combination with other elements of clinical information such as histology and clinical stage, guide management. For instance, pathways resulting in uncontrolled growth and proliferation of tumour cells due to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations and anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) rearrangements may be targeted by tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). In this article, we review the current state of medical oncology, imaging characteristics of mutations, pitfalls in response assessments and the imaging of complications.
Assuntos
Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/diagnóstico por imagem , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/terapia , Imunoterapia/métodos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/diagnóstico por imagem , Neoplasias Pulmonares/terapia , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X/métodos , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/tratamento farmacológico , Humanos , Pulmão/diagnóstico por imagem , Neoplasias Pulmonares/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), a form of immunotherapy, are increasingly used for a variety of malignancies and have been linked to numerous treatment-related side effects known as immune-related adverse events (irAEs). IrAEs can affect multiple organ systems and are important to recognise in order to avoid misinterpretation as progressive tumour and to ensure appropriate management. In this pictorial review, we will briefly discuss radiological response criteria of immunotherapy and describe the imaging appearances of the wide spectrum of these ICI-associated toxicities.
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Inibidores de Checkpoint Imunológico/efeitos adversos , Neoplasias/diagnóstico por imagem , Neoplasias/tratamento farmacológico , Doenças das Glândulas Suprarrenais/diagnóstico por imagem , Doenças das Glândulas Suprarrenais/etiologia , Colite/diagnóstico por imagem , Colite/etiologia , Encefalite/diagnóstico por imagem , Encefalite/etiologia , Hepatite/diagnóstico por imagem , Hepatite/etiologia , Humanos , Miocardite/diagnóstico por imagem , Miocardite/etiologia , Pancreatite/diagnóstico por imagem , Pancreatite/etiologia , Pericardite/diagnóstico por imagem , Pericardite/etiologia , Pneumonia/diagnóstico por imagem , Pneumonia/etiologia , Sarcoidose/diagnóstico por imagem , Sarcoidose/etiologia , Tireoidite/diagnóstico por imagem , Tireoidite/etiologiaRESUMO
Paragangliomas are rare vascular tumours of the autonomic nervous system. They can be classified as sympathetic or parasympathetic. Sympathetic paragangliomas, which include phaeochromocytomas, tend to be functional and symptomatic. Parasympathetic paragangliomas are usually non-functional and may present with mass effect. Forty percent of paragangliomas are linked to genetic syndromes, most commonly due to mutations of the succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) enzyme complex and are collectively known as paraganglioma syndromes, of which five are described. Genetic testing is recommended for all patients, and their first-degree relatives, diagnosed with paragangliomas. When SDH mutations are discovered, biochemical screening and imaging surveillance is indicated. There is currently no consensus on imaging surveillance protocols. Most advocate full-body imaging, but the choice of technique and frequency varies. If paragangliomas are demonstrated, functional imaging to look for synchronous tumours or metastases is indicated. 2-[18F]-fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose (18F-FDG) positron-emission tomography (PET)-computed tomography (CT) is the technique of choice for metastatic evaluation, but [123I]-metaiodobenzylguanidine or [111In]-DTPA-octreotide scintigraphy are also utilised. Current research into emerging positron-emitting radiolabelled somatostatin analogues have yielded promising results, which is likely to be reflected in future guidelines. As genetic testing becomes increasingly prevalent, the need to answer the remaining questions regarding surveillance imaging is paramount.
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Mutação/genética , Paraganglioma/diagnóstico por imagem , Paraganglioma/genética , Succinato Desidrogenase/genética , Humanos , Paraganglioma/enzimologia , Síndrome , Imagem Corporal TotalRESUMO
Modern computed tomography (CT) machines have the capability to perform thoracic CT for a range of clinical indications at increasingly low radiation doses. This article reviews several factors, both technical and patient-related, that can affect radiation dose and discusses current dose-reduction methods relevant to thoracic imaging through a review of current techniques in CT acquisition and image reconstruction. The fine balance between low radiation dose and high image quality is considered throughout, with an emphasis on obtaining diagnostic quality imaging at the lowest achievable radiation dose. The risks of excessive radiation dose reduction are also considered. Inappropriately low dose may result in suboptimal or non-diagnostic imaging that may reduce diagnostic confidence, impair diagnosis, or result in repeat examinations incurring incremental ionising radiation exposure.
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Doses de Radiação , Radiografia Torácica/métodos , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X/métodos , Humanos , Processamento de Imagem Assistida por Computador/métodosRESUMO
Therapeutic options in locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) have expanded in the past decade to include a palate of targeted interventions such as high dose targeted thermal ablations, radiotherapy and growing platform of antibody and small molecule therapies and immunotherapies. Although these therapies have varied mechanisms of action, they often induce changes in tumour architecture and microenvironment such that response is not always accompanied by early reduction in tumour mass, and evaluation by criteria other than size is needed to report more effectively on response. Functional imaging techniques, which probe the tumour and its microenvironment through novel positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging techniques, offer more detailed insights into and quantitation of tumour response than is available on anatomical imaging alone. Use of these biomarkers, or other rational combinations as readouts of pathological response in NSCLC have potential to provide more accurate predictors of treatment outcomes. In this article, the robustness of the more commonly available positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging biomarker indices is examined and the evidence for their application in NSCLC is reviewed.
Assuntos
Biomarcadores Tumorais/metabolismo , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/terapia , Neoplasias Pulmonares/terapia , Antineoplásicos/uso terapêutico , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/irrigação sanguínea , Ablação por Cateter/métodos , Hipóxia Celular , Proliferação de Células , Previsões , Humanos , Imunoterapia/métodos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/irrigação sanguínea , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Terapia de Alvo Molecular/métodos , Imagem Multimodal , Variações Dependentes do Observador , Tomografia por Emissão de Pósitrons combinada à Tomografia Computadorizada , Tomografia por Emissão de Pósitrons , Compostos Radiofarmacêuticos , Resultado do Tratamento , Microambiente TumoralRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Head and neck paragangliomas are rare tumours and can arise as a part of inherited syndromes. Their association with thymic tumour is not well known. CASE DESCRIPTION: This report describes a female patient who presented with right sided neck paragangliomas. The histology of the tumour was consistent with paraganlioma. Few years later her MRI scan of the chest revealed presence of an anterior mediastinal mass that corresponded to the location of the thymus. Review of her previous scans showed that the mass was present all along and had gradually increased in size. Patient developed symptoms including fatigue, dyspnoea, migratory polyarthritis, Raynaud's phenomenon and erythema nodosum. She had sternotomy and excision of mediastinal mass. The histology was consistent with cortical thymoma (WHO type B2) and she had radiotherapy. After treatment her constitutional symptoms improved. Her paraganglioma susceptibility genes are negative. DISCUSSION AND EVALUATION: To our knowledge this is only the second case report in the literature of coexistence of carotid body tumour and thymoma. The first case reported was bilateral carotid body tumour, thyroid gland adenoma and thymoma. This case also highlights the importance of long term surveillance, multidisciplinary management and being aware of associated pathologies in patients with isolated paraganglioma.
RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: The objectives of our study of patients with primary hyperaldosteronism (Conn's syndrome) were to determine whether the adrenal glands are larger in patients with bilateral adrenal hyperplasia than in those with aldosterone-producing adenomas or in healthy control subjects; and whether a CT criterion based on adrenal gland size can be developed to positively diagnose bilateral adrenal hyperplasia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective study of CT scans of 28 patients with primary hyperaldosteronism was performed. The means of two observers' measurements of adrenal gland size were recorded and compared with published normal values. In addition, a radiologist experienced in adrenal imaging and unaware of the cause of the primary hyperaldosteronism diagnosed either bilateral adrenal hyperplasia or aldosterone-producing adenoma by visual inspection. RESULTS: The adrenal glands in patients with bilateral adrenal hyperplasia were significantly (p < 0.05) larger than those in patients with aldosterone-producing adenoma or in healthy control subjects. A sensitivity of 100% was achieved when a mean limb width of greater than 3 mm was used to diagnose bilateral adrenal hyperplasia, and a specificity of 100% was achieved when the mean limb width was 5 mm or greater. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that the overall performance of the radiologist and the mean adrenal limb width in detecting bilateral adrenal hyperplasia were equivalent. CONCLUSION: In patients with primary hyperaldosteronism, adrenal limb measurements on CT can aid in differentiating bilateral adrenal hyperplasia from aldosterone-producing adenoma because the adrenal glands in bilateral adrenal hyperplasia are larger.
Assuntos
Glândulas Suprarrenais/diagnóstico por imagem , Hiperplasia Suprarrenal Congênita/diagnóstico por imagem , Adenoma Adrenocortical/diagnóstico por imagem , Hiperaldosteronismo/diagnóstico por imagem , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X , Adulto , Idoso , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Estudos Retrospectivos , Sensibilidade e EspecificidadeRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To investigate visceral fat distribution in patients with schizophrenia. DESIGN: Cross sectional study using CT scanning in patients with drug-naive and drug-free schizophrenia. SUBJECTS: Fifteen (13 men and two women) subjects with schizophrenia (mean age 33.7 y; mean body mass index (BMI)=26.7 kg/m(2)), and 15 age- and sex-matched controls (mean age 30.5 y; mean BMI=22.8 kg/(2)). MEASUREMENTS: Various fatness and fat distribution parameters (by CT scanning and anthropometry) and 16:00 h plasma cortisol. RESULTS: In comparison to controls, patients with schizophrenia had central obesity and had significantly higher levels of plasma cortisol. Furthermore, previous neuroleptic exposure did not appear to influence these findings as both drug-naive and drug-free patients had equally high levels of visceral fat deposition. CONCLUSION: Central obesity is a well recognized risk factor in developing certain general medical conditions. This study shows that patients with schizophrenia have increased intra-abdominal fat which may provide one explanation for why they die prematurely.
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Tecido Adiposo/metabolismo , Antipsicóticos/uso terapêutico , Composição Corporal , Obesidade/complicações , Esquizofrenia/complicações , Esquizofrenia/tratamento farmacológico , Abdome , Adulto , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios XRESUMO
Hydatid disease should be considered in the differential diagnosis of lesions causing swelling of the parotid area or exophthalmos in patients originating from countries where the incidence of the disease is high. An unusual case of hydatid disease located in the infratemporal fossa and the anterior parotid region is presented. Computed Tomography is a valuable tool for establishment of the diagnosis, before any surgical approach to the lesion is initiated and for postoperative follow-up and evaluation.
Assuntos
Encefalopatias/diagnóstico por imagem , Equinococose/diagnóstico por imagem , Doenças Parotídeas/diagnóstico por imagem , Adolescente , Feminino , Humanos , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios XRESUMO
In this method, we use the Amicon MPS-1 centrifugal ultrafiltration device and the YMB membrane in measuring free testosterone in serum. Two independent assays are combined: total testosterone and the ultrafiltrable fraction of added [3H]testosterone. The unbound fraction is determined in 0.15-0.5 mL ultrafiltrates of 0.6 to 1 mL of variably diluted serum that has been equilibrated with [3H]testosterone at 37 degrees C. The assay is rapid (less than 1 h), practicable (requires 0.6 mL of serum), and reproducible (CV 3.2% within assay, 3.9% between assays). Accuracy was evaluated as the fraction of free testosterone in the ultrafiltrate of dialyzed serum vs that in a prior dialysate; they were the same confirming the validity of the free testosterone measurement. Samples from ostensibly healthy men and women and from hirsute and pregnant women gave results that agreed with those obtained by equilibrium dialysis. Total testosterone concentrations for normal and hirsute women showed considerable overlap, but data on free testosterone concentrations in these populations were better resolved.