Sequential motion rate and oral reading rate: normative data for Greek and clinical implications.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of the present study was to provide normative data in Greek, regarding sequential motion rate (SMR) and oral reading rate (ORR), and to show the sensitivity of both tasks to predict Parkinson's disease (PD). METHODS: The speech rate of sixty-five healthy control participants was recorded and analyzed using speech acoustics. The speech rate of a subsample of 20 healthy control participants was compared to the speech rate of 20 pair-matched dysarthric parkinsonian participants. All participants produced the syllables /pataka/ (SMR task) as quickly as possible and read aloud a standard Greek passage (ORR task). RESULTS: In normative data, the mean score for the SMR variable was 4.91 syllables per second (SD = 0.73) and for the ORR variable was 4.42 syllables per second (SD = 0.87). The Mann-Whitney test showed significant differences between the two groups of participants in the SMR (U = 64.000, Z = -4.60, p < .001) and ORR (U = 77.000, Z = -4.36, p < .001). Multiple binary logistic regression analysis examined the combined effect of ORR and SMR on the occurrence of the disease. The sensitivity of both tasks to predict PD was found to be 0.88 and the specificity 0.90. The optimal screening cutoff point was found to be 4.66 syllables/second for the SMR task and 2.79 syllables/second for the ORR task. CONCLUSIONS: This study provided Greek normative data in SMR and ORR tasks. Both tasks showed high sensitivity and specificity to predict PD in the Greek sample of participants.

Maximum Phonation Time as a Predictor of Lactate Threshold during Intermittent Incremental Endurance Test.

The aim of the present study was to examine whether the exercise intensity corresponding to the lactate threshold may be predicted by the Maximum Phonation Time task (MPT). Ten Greek amateur football players (age: 18.4 ± 1.0 years), performed a graded cycling exercise test to exhaustion in order to determine lactate threshold. A number of physiological variables were measured including perceived exertion, cardiopulmonary values and blood lactate. The MPT variable was correlated with all of the physiological variables. Also, a binary logistic regression analysis was used to investigate whether MPT could predict lactate threshold. The ROC analysis showed specificity to be 0.90 and sensitivity to be 0.70 (optimal screening cutoff point for MPT 9.5 seconds). The results showed an odds ratio of 1.45 indicating a 45% increase in the probability of passing the threshold for every second there was a reduction in voice duration. MPT may be used as a simple, non-invasive, inexpensive method for monitoring exercise intensity during physical exercise. Further research is needed to measure its efficacy in bigger samples and in different sports.

Normative Data of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment in the Greek Population and Parkinsonian Dementia.

The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) is a brief cognitive instrument for the measurement of dementia. The aim of the present study is to provide normative data for the MoCA test in the Greek speaking population and to measure its validity in a clinical group of parkinsonian dementia participants. A total of 710 healthy Greek speaking participants and 19 parkinsonian dementia participants took part in the study. Both, the MoCA test and a neuropsychological test battery (digit span, semantic verbal fluency, phonemic verbal fluency, Color Trails Test) were administered to the normative and clinical samples. The test was found to correlate with all neuropsychological tests used in the test battery and it showed high discriminant validity (optimal screening cutoff point = 21, sensitivity = 0.82, specificity = 0.90) in the parkinsonian dementia participants. Further research is needed to use it in larger clinical samples and in different neurological diseases.

A normative study of the Children's Color Trails Test (CCTT) in the Cypriot population.

BACKGROUND: The Children's Color Trails Test (CCTT) is a neuropsychological test that measures attention, divided attention, and speed of mental processing. It has been increasingly used in the assessment of children in cross-cultural environments for neurological and psychiatric disorders such as seizures and closed head injuries, learning and/or language disabilities, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, children with manganese exposure, and children diagnosed with HIV virus. However, there is a paucity of studies presenting normative data. The aim of the present study was to provide normative data for the CCTT in the Cypriot population. METHODS: A total of 709 native Cypriot children aged 7-16 years, recruited from various public schools across the island, took part in the study. Exclusion criteria involved the existence of neurological, psychiatric, cardiological, and metabolic diseases, premature birth, history of maternal alcohol and drug abuse during pregnancy, low birth weight, hearing loss, visual problems, native language other than Greek, and abnormality in fine-motor movements. RESULTS: Age and gender were found to be important factors for the interpretation of scores in all CCTT variables. Older children required less time and exhibited fewer errors, near misses, and prompts compared to younger children. There was a consistent pattern of a 3-4 seconds improvement (less time in seconds) in the CCTT completion time as age increased. CONCLUSIONS: CCTT is a promising tool for the measurement of attention in the native Cypriot population. Further research is needed in children diagnosed with various neurological and psychiatric diseases in order to estimate validity of the CCTT in clinical populations.

Embolization after percutaneous coronary intervention in acute coronary syndrome. Saphenous vein grafts versus native coronary arteries.

AIMS: The aim of this study was to assess the occurrence of distal embolization and to quantify the amount of embolic material captured during stent implantation in native coronary arteries, as compared with saphenous vein grafts (SVG) in patients at different time periods after an acute coronary syndrome. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In all, 104 patients presenting with unstable or stable angina underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in 107 vessels and stent implantation in 112 lesions, 53 % of which were in SVG. RESULTS: Device deployment and retrieval was successful in 111 lesions. Embolic material was detected in 74 % of the protection devices. Early PCI, during a 2-week period after the last ischemic episode, was associated with larger embolic load, especially in the right coronary artery. The length of the lesion was the only preprocedural independent variable that was found to be a significant predictor for the presence of emboli (p = 0.002). The stent diameter and the maximum dilatation pressure were the two procedural variables found to be significant predictors for the presence of emboli (p = 0.025 and p = 0.008, respectively). The irregularity of the lesion and the number of stents deployed were found to have a predictive correlation to the total area of the embolic particles (p = 0.04 and p = 0.005, respectively). CONCLUSION: Distal embolization of atherosclerotic debris is a frequent phenomenon after PCI not only in SVG but also in native vessels. The amount of embolic material seems to be related to the atherosclerotic burden of the vessel and to the early timing of the procedure as related to acute coronary syndrome.

Prediction of the time period of stroke based on ultrasound image analysis of initially asymptomatic carotid plaques.

Non-invasive ultrasound imaging of carotid plaques can provide information on the characteristics of the arterial wall including the size, morphology and texture of the atherosclerotic plaques. Several studies were carried out that demonstrated the usefulness of these feature sets for differentiating between asymptomatic and symptomatic plaques and their corresponding cerebrovascular risk stratification. The aim of this study was to develop predictive modelling for estimating the time period of a stroke event by determining the risk for short term (less or equal to three years) or long term (more than three years) events. Data from 108 patients that had a stroke event have been used. The information collected included clinical and ultrasound imaging data. The prediction was performed at base line where patients were still asymptomatic. Several image texture analysis and clinical features were used in order to create a classification model. The different features were statistically analyzed and we conclude that image texture analysis features extracted using Spatial Gray Level Dependencies method had the best statistical significance. Several predictive models were derived based on Binary Logistic Regression (BLR) and Support Vector Machines (SVM) modelling. The best results were obtained with the SVM modelling models with an average correct classifications score of 77±7% for differentiating between stroke event occurrences within 3 years versus more than 3 years. Further work is needed in investigating additional multiscale texture analysis features as well as more modelling techniques on more subjects.

The influence of active maternal smoking during pregnancy on birth weights in Cyprus.

Cigarette smoking during pregnancy has been causally associated with an increased risk of both intrauterine growth retardation and preterm delivery but most strongly with low birth weight. No such study to date had ever dealt with the Cypriot population. In interviews with their gynaecologists 65,530 pregnant women were asked between January 1990 and August 1996 to answer two questions, whether they had been smoking before and whether they had been smoking during pregnancy. Data from 59,014 births were considered to have valid birth weight data for this investigation. In 81.2% of the cases the mother explicitly declared that she had neither smoked before or during pregnancy whereas in 1.4% of the cases the mother said that she had smoked both before and during pregnancy and in 1.4% of the cases the mother said that she had smoked before but not during pregnancy. Finally, in 15.3% of the cases no answer to "smoking question" was given, whereas in 0.7% of the cases the answer that was given was deemed as not clear. The average birth weight of babies born to women who had stopped smoking was insignificantly different than that of those born to never smokers. The average birth weight of babies born to women who smoked during pregnancy was lower compared to babies born to non smokers' babies by 92 grams, 66 grams, and 109 grams for all babies, singleton boys and singleton girls respectively. The greatest effect to their mean birth weights was observed in babies whose mothers did not answer the question on smoking. Their babies had birth weights lower than non smokers' babies by 203 grams, 197 grams, and 201 grams for all babies, singleton boys and singleton girls respectively.