Teaching an Infant to Request Help.

Teaching an infant manual signs is beneficial as it promotes early communication, improves socialization, and can functionally replace behaviors such as crying and whining. Improving early communication also may reduce the probability of an infant engaging in dangerous behavior, like unsafe climbing. The purpose of this study was to extend Thompson et al. (Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 40:15-23, 2007) by teaching an 8-month-old infant, who was noted to display developmental delays, to sign for "help" when preferred items were inaccessible. Similar to Thompson et al., delayed prompting and differential reinforcement was efficacious in teaching the infant to sign for "help," and the skill generalized to situations that were previously associated with unsafe climbing. However, undesirable generalization of signs for "help" when the infant could independently access the items was observed. Additional teaching was necessary to ensure signing for "help" occurred under appropriate antecedent control. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40616-023-00198-9.

Noncontingent reinforcement in the treatment of pediatric feeding disorder: A concise review.

This concise review summarizes the literature on noncontingent reinforcement in the treatment of pediatric feeding disorder from 2018 to 2022. We reviewed 15 published behavior-analytic feeding studies to identify how often the term noncontingent reinforcement is used, what form of noncontingent reinforcement is delivered, and what the effects of noncontingent reinforcement are on behavior when it is included in treatment. Implications and directions for future research are discussed.

A Continuum of Methods for Assessing Preference for Conversation Topics.

Among individuals with a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders (ASD), conversation topic preference could influence social skills in many ways. For example, an individual with advanced vocal-verbal skills, but just learning to join a conversation, might be less inclined to participate if the topic chosen is not preferred. However, commonly used preference assessment procedures have not been applied to evaluating conversation-topic preferences. Therefore, the purpose of the current experiment was to conduct three different types of assessments that varied in efficiency, the degree of certainty they allow, and clients with whom they are likely to be applicable and acceptable. In particular, we conducted a self-report preference assessment, a multiple-stimulus-without-replacement (MSWO) preference assessment, and a response restriction conversation assessment (RRCA). Each assessment identified a preferred topic of conversation, but the RRCA was the only assessment that was able to differentiate which topics would maintain a conversation. Implications for assessment and intervention procedures related to complex social skills are discussed and directions for future research are proposed.

Reflections and Critical Directions for Toilet Training in Applied Behavior Analysis.

Achieving toileting independence is a critical skill that yields several benefits of pressing social, developmental, and health-related importance. The seminal behavioral approach to toilet training established the conceptualization of continence and framework for toileting research thereafter. Contemporary researchers continue to evaluate toilet training procedures that produce efficacious outcomes for young children that closely align with current applied behavior analysis (ABA) ethics and standards of practice. Despite the overall success of behavior-analytic toileting approaches, there are critical directions still worthy of consideration and investigation. In this paper, we acknowledge the seminal roots and many of the contemporary contributions. We also critically reflect on current practices while proposing necessary areas to advance behavior-analytic toilet training research.

Problemas pediátricos de la alimentación: un campo de aplicación del análisis de la conducta / Pediatric feeding problems: A field of application in behavior analysis

Resumen: Los problemas pediátricos de la alimentación ocurren en una alta proporción de niños, y en especial en aquellos con trastornos del desarrollo. De no ser atendidos, estos problemas pueden tener repercusiones negativas en la salud de los infantes, como: pérdida severa de peso, malnutrición, retardo en el crecimiento, y en casos extremos la muerte. La aproximación del análisis conductual aplicado al desarrollo de métodos de evaluación y tratamiento de problemas de alimentación en niños ha probado ser exitosa para incrementar la ingesta, al mismo tiempo que disminuye la conducta desadaptativa. En este artículo, el primero de su tipo en lengua castellana, se realiza una revisión crítica de los métodos de evaluación y tratamiento desarrollados bajo una perspectiva analítico-conductual, se ejemplifica su aplicación en un caso clínico, y se plantean futuras líneas de investigación en esta área. Se concluye que los procedimientos desarrollados desde esta perspectiva han probado ser efectivos para tratar los problemas pediátricos de la alimentación. La investigación futura deberá enfocarse en delimitar los parámetros de los tratamientos en un esfuerzo por determinar la efectividad de estos, así como en desarrollar programas de entrenamiento para padres, con el fin de tratar y prevenir problemas de alimentación en sus hijos.

Abstract: Pediatric feeding problems occur in a significant proportion of children, especially, in those with developmental disabilities. If unattended, these problems can have negative effects on children's health, such as: severe weight loss, malnutrition, delayed linear growth and in extreme cases, death. The behavior-analytic approach to the assessment and treatment of feeding problems with children has proven to be successful in increasing appropriate eating while decreasing maladaptive behavior. In this paper, the first of its kind in Spanish, a critical review of assessment and treatment methods developed under a behavioral-analytic perspective is conducted, its clinical application is illustrated with a case study and new lines of research are proposed. It is concluded that the procedures developed within this perspective have proven to be effective for the treatment of pediatric feeding problems. Future research should focus on delimiting treatment parameters in an effort to determine the effectiveness of treatments, as well as developing parent-training programs to treat and prevent feeding problems in their children.

Implementation of the Good Behavior Game in Classrooms for Children with Delinquent Behavior / Implementación del Juego del Buen Comportamiento en Aulas para Niños con Conducta Delictiva

The good behavior game (GBG) is an interdependent group contingency procedure designed to reduce disruptive behavior in classroom settings. In the GBG, a class is divided into groups, simple rules are made, and contingencies are placed on the students' rule-following behavior. This procedure has been proven effective across various student ages, and its simplicity and long-term effects have contributed to its popularity in school settings. Although it has been systematically evaluated across a wide range of student ages, research on the GBG is lacking in the area of population- and setting-specific assessments. In this evaluation, the GBG was implemented in three classrooms (student ages 7-12) at a school for children with severe problem behavior; in particular, these students had already displayed behavior that might be described as "delinquent" or "predelinquent." Disruptive behavior substantially decreased across all three classrooms as a result of the intervention. This application extends the current literature by systematically replicating the results of the GBG with a different population. Implementation of the GBG, population-specific obstacles, results, and future directions are discussed.

El Juego del Buen Comportamiento (JBC) es un procedimiento de contingencias grupales interdependientes diseñado para reducir conducta disruptiva en el salón de clases. En el JBC se divide al salón en grupos, se instauran reglas simples y se establecen contingencias sobre la conducta de seguimiento de reglas de los estudiantes. Este procedimiento ha probado ser efectivo con estudiantes de diferentes edades y su simplicidad y efectos a largo plazo han contribuido a su popularidad en ambientes escolares. Aunque ha sido evaluado sistemáticamente a través de un amplio rango de edades, hace falta investigación del JBC en el área de evaluación de poblaciones y en situaciones específicas. En este trabajo, se implementó el JBC en tres aulas (estudiantes de 7 a 12 años de edad) de una escuela para niños con problemas severos de conducta; en particular, estos estudiantes habían mostrado previamente conducta que podría describirse como "delincuente o "pre-delincuente". La conducta disruptiva disminuyó sustancialmente en los tres salones como resultado de la intervención. Esta aplicación extiende la literatura actual al replicar sistemáticamente los resultados del JBC en una población diferente. Se discute la implementación del JBC, los obstáculos específicos de la población, los resultados y las futuras direcciones.