RESUMO
The aim of the present study was to identify and describe the factors influencing feeding practices of children aged 6-23 months in Rwanda. This is a cross-sectional descriptive qualitative study. A total of ten focus group discussions were conducted separately with mothers, fathers, grandmothers and community health workers (CHWs) from five different districts in Rwanda. The discussions were recorded, transcribed verbatim, and thematically analysed using qualitative data analysis software, Atlas.ti. The study participants were mothers, fathers and grandmothers of children aged 6-23 months and CHWs in charge of child health. Caregivers' knowledge and beliefs about the benefits of breast-feeding and timely introduction of complementary food were found to be the primary individual factors facilitating good infant and young child feeding practices. The common belief of caregivers that infants should be given liquids (thin gruel, fruit juices and meat broth) as first foods instead of semi-solid foods was a barrier to good feeding practices. The community-based nutrition education and counselling programmes were facilitators of good complementary practices at the group level. At the society level, poverty in rural agrarian households was a barrier to optimal feeding practices. The study shows that there is a need to empower caregivers with more specific guidelines, especially on complementary feeding.
Assuntos
Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição do Lactente , Cuidadores , Estudos Transversais , Comportamento Alimentar , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , RuandaRESUMO
PURPOSE: Breast cancer (BC) is increasing in black South African women, but few studies have investigated its risk factors. METHODS: We conducted an analysis of reproductive factors and BC risk in the South African Breast Cancer (SABC) study-a population-based case-control study of black South African women from Soweto that included 399 cases and 399 matched controls. Information on lifestyle and reproductive history was obtained by interviews. Conditional logistic regression was used to determine the association of reproductive factors with BC, adjusting for potential confounding factors. RESULTS: Seventy-five percent of all BC cases were ER+, 66% PR+, 30% HER2+, and 16% TN. None of the reproductive variables were associated with BC overall or by subtype in the overall population, nor in pre- (n = 135 cases) or in post-menopausal women separately. In HIV-negative pre-menopausal women (n = 97 cases), later age at first pregnancy and longer time between menarche and first full-time pregnancy were inversely related to BC risk (OR 0.89 (95% CI 0.82-0.97; and 0.93 95% CI 0.86-1.01, respectively). CONCLUSION: In this population of black South African women, reproductive factors were not associated with BC risk.
Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama/epidemiologia , Adulto , Idoso , População Negra , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Feminino , Humanos , Estilo de Vida , Menopausa , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Gravidez , História Reprodutiva , Fatores de Risco , África do Sul/epidemiologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: We have shown that nutrient intakes of rural and urban black Africans in the North West Province (NWP) of South Africa (SA) followed the typical nutrition transition pattern upon urbanization and modernization. The current study aimed to examine and report on the changes in food intakes from 2005 to 2010 in rural and urban black South Africans participating in the PURE-NWP-SA study.Design/Setting/SubjectsThe PURE-NWP-SA study recruited 2010 volunteers aged 35-70 years in 2005, from which detailed food intakes, measured with a validated quantified FFQ, for 1858 participants were available. In 2010, food intakes of a cohort of 1154 of these participants were measured. RESULTS: Median energy intake increased in men and women in both rural and urban areas from 2005 to 2010. Changes in food intake were interpreted keeping these changes in energy intake and the contribution of foods and food groups to total energy intake in mind. No 'new' foods were eaten in 2010, but more participants consumed certain foods and products in 2010 than in 2005. Beneficial changes were increased intakes of vegetables, fruit and milk in most groups. The contribution of cooked staple porridges and bread made from fortified maize and bread flour decreased and therefore also did their contribution to micronutrient intakes. CONCLUSIONS: By promoting and supporting observed beneficial changes such as increased intakes of milk, vegetables and fruit by appropriate policies and educational interventions, it should be possible to steer the nutrition transition in this population into a positive direction.
Assuntos
População Negra , Ingestão de Energia/etnologia , Adulto , Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , População Rural , Mudança Social , África do Sul , População Urbana , UrbanizaçãoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: South Africa (SA) is in the midst of a health transition characterized by a quadruple burden of diseases and a nutrition transition. The existing nutrition transition in SA, accompanied by the coexistence of under- and overnutrition in the population, motivated the present study. Its objectives were to measure and report the changes in nutrient intakes of rural and urban black Africans over time to assess the impact of urbanization and modernization of lifestyles on dietary intakes and non-communicable disease (NCD) risk. DESIGN: The PURE-NWP-SA study recruited 2000 black South African volunteers aged 35-70 years in 2005, of which detailed nutrient intakes from 1858 participants were available. In 2010 nutrient intakes of a cohort of 1154 participants were measured. RESULTS: Median energy intake increased over time. In 2010, rural participants consumed the amount of energy (men 9·7 MJ/d; women 9·1 MJ/d) that urban participants consumed in 2005 (men 9·9 MJ/d; women 9·0 MJ/d). The nutrition transition was characterized by increases in the percentage of energy from animal protein, total fat (rural men and women), saturated (not urban women) and monounsaturated fat, as well as added sugar. Despite the higher energy intake, not all the participants met total micronutrient needs in 2010. CONCLUSIONS: The PURE nutrient intake data confirmed that the nutrition transition in the North West Province of SA is extremely rapid in rural areas. The shift towards higher energy intakes, an animal food-based diet, higher intakes of fat and lower intake of fibre, at the cost of lower plant protein and starchy food intakes, could increase the risk of NCD.
Assuntos
Dieta/tendências , Ingestão de Energia , Distúrbios Nutricionais/epidemiologia , Estado Nutricional , Adulto , Idoso , Feminino , Indicadores Básicos de Saúde , Humanos , Estilo de Vida , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Doenças não Transmissíveis/epidemiologia , Estudos Prospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Fatores Socioeconômicos , África do Sul/epidemiologia , Inquéritos e Questionários , UrbanizaçãoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To carry out an inventory on the availability, challenges, and needs of dietary assessment (DA) methods in Africa as a pre-requisite to provide evidence, and set directions (strategies) for implementing common dietary methods and support web-research infrastructure across countries. METHODS: The inventory was performed within the framework of the "Africa's Study on Physical Activity and Dietary Assessment Methods" (AS-PADAM) project. It involves international institutional and African networks. An inventory questionnaire was developed and disseminated through the networks. Eighteen countries responded to the dietary inventory questionnaire. RESULTS: Various DA tools were reported in Africa; 24-Hour Dietary Recall and Food Frequency Questionnaire were the most commonly used tools. Few tools were validated and tested for reliability. Face-to-face interview was the common method of administration. No computerized software or other new (web) technologies were reported. No tools were standardized across countries. CONCLUSIONS: The lack of comparable DA methods across represented countries is a major obstacle to implement comprehensive and joint nutrition-related programmes for surveillance, programme evaluation, research, and prevention. There is a need to develop new or adapt existing DA methods across countries by employing related research infrastructure that has been validated and standardized in other settings, with the view to standardizing methods for wider use.
Assuntos
Dieta , Avaliação Nutricional , Distúrbios Nutricionais/prevenção & controle , África , Registros de Dieta , Inquéritos sobre Dietas/métodos , Inquéritos sobre Dietas/normas , Exercício Físico , Humanos , Rememoração Mental , Política Nutricional , Estado Nutricional , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Projetos de Pesquisa/normas , Software , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
Alcohol consumption plays an important role in the health transition associated with urbanization in developing countries. Thus, reliable tools for assessing alcohol intake levels are necessary. We compared two biological markers of alcohol consumption and self-reported alcohol intakes in participants from urban and rural South African communities. This cross-sectional epidemiological survey was part of the North West Province, South African leg of the 12-year International Prospective Urban and Rural Epidemiology (PURE) study which investigates the health transition in urban and rural subjects. A total of 2,010 apparently healthy African volunteers (35 years and older) were recruited from a sample of 6,000 randomly-selected households. Alcohol consumption was assessed through self-reports (24-hour recalls and quantitative food frequency questionnaire) and by two biological markers: percentage carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (%CDT) and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT). Of the 716 men and 1,192 women volunteers, 64% and 33% respectively reported regular alcohol consumption. Reported mean habitual intakes of drinker men and women were 29.9 (± 30.0) and 23.3 (± 29.1) g of pure alcohol per day. Reported habitual intake of the whole group correlated positively and significantly with both %CDT (R=0.32; p ≤ 0.01) and GGT (R=0.43; p ≤ 0.01). The correlation between the two biomarkers was low (0.211; p ≤ 0.01). GGT and %CDT values should be interpreted with care in Africans as self-reported non-drinker men and women had elevated levels of GGT (19% and 26%) and %CDT (48% and 38%). A need exists for a more specific biological marker for alcohol consumption in black Africans.
Assuntos
Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/metabolismo , Transferrina/análogos & derivados , gama-Glutamiltransferase/metabolismo , Adulto , Idoso , Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/etnologia , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , População Negra , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Autorrelato , África do Sul , Transferrina/metabolismoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Obesity and other noncommunicable disease (NCD) risk factors are increasing in low- and middle-income countries. There are few data on the association between increased added sugar intake and NCD risk in these countries. OBJECTIVE: We assessed the relation between added sugar intake and NCD risk factors in an African cohort study. Added sugars were defined as all monosaccharides and disaccharides added to foods and beverages during processing, cooking, and at the table. DESIGN: We conducted a 5-y follow-up of a cohort of 2010 urban and rural men and women aged 30-70 y of age at recruitment in 2005 from the North West Province in South Africa. RESULTS: Added sugar intake, particularly in rural areas, has increased rapidly in the past 5 y. In rural areas, the proportion of adults who consumed sucrose-sweetened beverages approximately doubled (for men, from 25% to 56%; for women, from 33% to 63%) in the past 5 y. After adjustment, subjects who consumed more added sugars (≥10% energy from added sugars) compared with those who consumed less added sugars had a higher waist circumference [mean difference (95% CI): 1.07 cm (0.35, 1.79 cm)] and body mass index (in kg/m²) [0.43 (0.12, 0.74)] and lower HDL cholesterol [-0.08 mmol/L (-0.14, 0.002 mmol/L)]. CONCLUSIONS: This cohort showed dramatic increases in added sugars and sucrose-sweetened beverage consumption in both urban and rural areas. Increased consumption was associated with increased NCD risk factors. In addition, the study showed that the nutrition transition has reached a remote rural area in South Africa. Urgent action is needed to address these trends.
Assuntos
Dieta/efeitos adversos , Sacarose Alimentar/efeitos adversos , Transição Epidemiológica , Obesidade/etiologia , Sobrepeso/etiologia , Saúde da População Rural , Saúde da População Urbana , Adulto , Idoso , Índice de Massa Corporal , HDL-Colesterol/sangue , Estudos de Coortes , Dieta/etnologia , Sacarose Alimentar/administração & dosagem , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Inquéritos Nutricionais , Obesidade/sangue , Obesidade/epidemiologia , Obesidade/etnologia , Sobrepeso/sangue , Sobrepeso/epidemiologia , Sobrepeso/etnologia , Estudos Prospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Saúde da População Rural/etnologia , África do Sul/epidemiologia , Saúde da População Urbana/etnologia , Circunferência da Cintura/etnologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Scientific reports have shown that iron deficiency is positively associated with adiposity. With the high prevalence of iron deficiency and obesity in developing countries and women being particularly affected, this review was carried out with the aim of elucidating the link between iron status and adiposity in women from developing countries and to examine factors influencing this relationship. An extensive literature search was conducted using several search engines. A systematic approach with prespecified inclusion criteria was used in selecting relevant literature. Eight studies that met the inclusion criteria were selected for review. The relationship between iron status indices and adiposity in women in developing countries varied widely. While some studies observed negative relationships, some reported positive relationships, and others no significant relationships. Furthermore, other factors such as infection, alcohol consumption, type of diet, and genes were shown to affect the relationship between iron status and adiposity in women in developing countries. In conclusion, the possibility of iron status playing a role in adiposity in women from developing countries is likely, and it may be influenced by several other factors as described in the results. Thus, it is recommended that a special research effort should be directed toward this area.
Assuntos
Adiposidade , Anemia Ferropriva/epidemiologia , Ferro da Dieta/sangue , Estado Nutricional , Obesidade/epidemiologia , Anemia Ferropriva/complicações , Países em Desenvolvimento , Feminino , Humanos , Obesidade/complicações , PrevalênciaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Longitudinal cohort studies in sub-Saharan Africa are urgently needed to understand cardiovascular disease development. We, therefore, explored health behaviours and conventional risk factors of African individuals with optimal blood pressure (BP) (≤ 120/80 mm Hg), and their 5-year prediction for the development of hypertension. METHODS: The Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology study in the North West Province, South Africa, started in 2005 and included African volunteers (n = 1994; aged > 30 years) from a sample of 6000 randomly selected households in rural and urban areas. RESULTS: At baseline, 48% of the participants were hypertensive (≥ 140/90 mmHg). Those with optimal BP (n = 478) were followed at a success rate of 70% for 5 years (213 normotensive, 68 hypertensive, 57 deceased). Africans that became hypertensive smoked more than the normotensive individuals (68.2% vs 49.8%), and they also had a greater waist circumference [ratio of geometric means of 0.94 cm (95% CI: 0.86-0.99)] and greater amount of γ-glutamyltransferase [0.74 U/l (95% CI: 0.62-0.88)] at baseline. The 5-year change in BP was independently explained by baseline γ-glutamyltransferase [R(2) = 0.23, ß = 0.13 U/l (95% CI: 0.01-0.19)]. Alcohol intake also predicted central systolic BP and carotid cross-sectional wall area (CSWA) at follow-up. Waist circumference was another predictor of BP changes [ß = 0.18 cm (95% CI: 0.05-0.24)] and CSWA. HIV infection was inversely associated with increased BP. CONCLUSIONS: During the 5 years, 24% of Africans with optimal BP developed hypertension. The surge in hypertension in Africa is largely explained by modifiable risk factors. Public health strategies should focus aggressively on lifestyle to prevent a catastrophic burden on the national health system.
Assuntos
População Negra , Pressão Sanguínea/fisiologia , Comportamentos Relacionados com a Saúde , Hipertensão/epidemiologia , Antropometria , Biomarcadores/sangue , Proteína C-Reativa/metabolismo , Distribuição de Qui-Quadrado , Creatinina/sangue , Feminino , Humanos , Modelos Lineares , Lipídeos/sangue , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Estudos Prospectivos , Fatores de Risco , África do Sul/epidemiologia , gama-Glutamiltransferase/sangueRESUMO
The objective of this narrative review is to examine the nutrition transition and its consequences when populations in Africa modernize as a result of socio-economic development, urbanization, and acculturation. The focus is on the changes in dietary patterns and nutrient intakes during the nutrition transition, the determinants and consequences of these changes as well as possible new approaches in public health nutrition policies, interventions and research needed to steer the nutrition transition into a more positive direction in Africa. The review indicates that non-communicable, nutrition-related diseases have emerged in sub-Saharan Africa at a faster rate and at a lower economic level than in industrialized countries, before the battle against under-nutrition has been won. There is a putative epigenetic link between under- and over-nutrition, explaining the double burden of nutrition-related diseases in Africa. It is concluded that it is possible to steer the nutrition transition into a more positive direction, provided that some basic principles in planning public health promotion strategies, policies and interventions are followed. It is suggested that sub-Saharan African countries join forces to study the nutrition transition and implemented interventions on epidemiological, clinical and molecular (genetic) level for better prevention of both under- and over-nutrition.
Assuntos
Dieta , Distúrbios Nutricionais/epidemiologia , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição , África/epidemiologia , Países em Desenvolvimento , Feminino , Nível de Saúde , Humanos , Desnutrição/epidemiologia , Política Nutricional , Hipernutrição/epidemiologia , Mudança Social , UrbanizaçãoRESUMO
The role of ethanol metabolism in possible haemostatic cardioprotective effects has not yet been determined. To this end, we investigated the effect of a moderate dose of ethanol (35 g) and its metabolism, on haemostatic variables over 14 hours (h). Eighteen Caucasian males participated in a placebo-controlled, randomised, cross-over study. Blood was collected prior to alcohol consumption, and at 10 time points for 14 h. Blood ethanol peaked at 1 h and was cleared after 8 h following ethanol consumption, significantly increasing plasma acetate (p=0.0028). Ethanol did not influence the coagulation factors significantly. PAI-1act increased (p<0.0001) and tPAact (p=0.047) decreased following alcohol consumption, reaching maximum (0.69 to 22.2 IU/ml) and minimum (0.88 to 0.33 IU/ml) levels at 5 h, respectively. Significantly increased plasma clot lysis times (46.8 to 67.6 minutes) and reduced global fibrinolytic capacity of whole blood, measured as D-dimer production during incubation of blood clots (2.26 to 0.29 µg/ml), were found at 5 h. Except for PAI-1act (borderline significance; p=0.05), there was no significant difference in the fibrinolytic markers between the two groups the following morning. Moderate ethanol consumption resulted in a significant temporary fibrinolysis inhibition. Any protective effects of moderate ethanol consumption on cardiovascular disease do not appear to be due to improvement in fibrinolytic potential within the first 14 h following consumption. The use of global fibrinolytic assays is recommended for determining the true effect of ethanol on fibrinolysis.
Assuntos
Células Sanguíneas/metabolismo , Etanol/administração & dosagem , Produtos de Degradação da Fibrina e do Fibrinogênio/metabolismo , Fibrinólise/efeitos dos fármacos , Inibidor 1 de Ativador de Plasminogênio/metabolismo , Acetatos/sangue , Adulto , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Células Sanguíneas/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Sanguíneas/patologia , Fatores de Coagulação Sanguínea/metabolismo , Células Cultivadas , Produtos de Degradação da Fibrina e do Fibrinogênio/genética , Humanos , Masculino , Inibidor 1 de Ativador de Plasminogênio/genéticaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Omega-6 (n-6) polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) intake was previously reported to be adversely related to liver function in HIV-infected subjects, when compared with HIV-uninfected subjects, in a black population in South Africa. It was speculated that the use of heavily oxidized vegetable fats (abused fats) could have been responsible. OBJECTIVES: The objectives were to investigate the relation between plasma total PUFA concentrations (a marker of PUFA intake) and liver enzymes in HIV-infected asymptomatic compared with HIV-uninfected black South Africans and to investigate the reuse of oil and the use of abused oils. DESIGN: This was a case-control study nested in an epidemiologic study in 305 HIV-infected cases and 301 HIV-uninfected matched controls (matched according to location, sex, and age), as part of the PURE (Prospective Urban and Rural Epidemiology) Study, a prospective cohort study that includes a representative sample of 2000 apparently healthy black volunteers, aged between 36 and 60 y, from the North West Province of South Africa. RESULTS: Plasma total omega-6 PUFA concentrations were negatively (P < 0.05) associated with liver enzymes (gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotranferase, and alkaline phosphatase) in both HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected subjects (r values ranged from -0.22 to -0.56). Almost all subjects (99%) reported that they did not buy oil that had been used before. Oil was only used a mean (+/-SD) of 2.23 +/- 0.85 times for deep frying before being discarded. CONCLUSIONS: The adverse relations between omega-6 PUFA intake and liver enzymes that were previously shown could not be confirmed in this study. In contrast, plasma omega-6 PUFA concentration was inversely related to liver enzymes in both HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected subjects. Subjects in this study did not use abused fats, which could partly explain these findings.
Assuntos
Gorduras na Dieta/efeitos adversos , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-6/sangue , Abastecimento de Alimentos/normas , Infecções por HIV/complicações , Hepatopatias/etiologia , Fígado/enzimologia , Óleos de Plantas/efeitos adversos , Adulto , Alanina Transaminase/sangue , Fosfatase Alcalina/sangue , Aspartato Aminotransferases/sangue , População Negra , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Culinária/métodos , Inquéritos sobre Dietas , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-6/efeitos adversos , Feminino , Infecções por HIV/etnologia , Humanos , Hepatopatias/sangue , Hepatopatias/etnologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Prospectivos , África do Sul , Inquéritos e Questionários , gama-Glutamiltransferase/sangueRESUMO
We examined fibrinogen, thrombin-antithrombin complex, factor VIIIc and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 activity in African children in order to determine haemostatic profile patterning and to identify possible subdivisions at high risk for cardiovascular disease. In a cross-sectional analysis, a convenience sample of 117 girls and 78 boys (15.6 +/- 1.35 years) in a South African township was investigated within the Physical Activity in Youth study. Haemostatic variables were investigated in the total group and subdivisions for physical activity levels, maturity (Tanner staging), sex, fat percentage and height for age. Overfatness (53.6%) coexisted with stunting (17.5%). Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 activity differed significantly between the sexes after adjustments for fat percentage and physical activity levels. Sex explained 10% and muscle mass 1% of the variance in plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 activity. Fibrinogen was significantly higher in girls than in boys (before adjustment for fat percentage), in overfat than in lean children and in stunted than in the nonstunted children (even after adjustment for fat percentage). C-reactive protein, sex and height for age were predictors of fibrinogen. Thrombin-antithrombin complex was significantly higher in girls than in boys, but after separate adjustment for physical activity and fat percentage there were no significant differences. Fitness and muscle mass explained the variance in thrombin-antithrombin complex the best. No significant differences were seen between the groups for C-reactive protein and factor VIIIc. Overfatness, stunting and inactivity negatively influenced plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 activity, fibrinogen and thrombin-antithrombin complex possibly increased the risk for cardiovascular disease. These factors are modifiable through behavioural changes and optimal nutritional status throughout the early life.
Assuntos
Antitrombinas/análise , População Negra , Fibrinogênio/análise , Atividade Motora , Obesidade/sangue , Inibidor 1 de Ativador de Plasminogênio/sangue , Trombina/análise , Adolescente , Fatores Etários , Proteína C-Reativa/análise , Doenças Cardiovasculares/sangue , Doenças Cardiovasculares/etnologia , Doenças Cardiovasculares/etiologia , Fator VIII/análise , Feminino , Hemostasia , Humanos , Masculino , Obesidade/complicações , Obesidade/etnologia , Fatores Sexuais , África do SulRESUMO
South Africa is experiencing a rapid urbanization of its African population characterized by a demographic, nutrition, lifestyle, and health transition. The resultant high prevalence of high cardiovascular disease, in particular of stroke, is of concern. In this narrative review it is suggested that, together with hypertension, changes in the hemostatic system may be one of the major contributors to stroke in this population. It is further suggested that these changes are related to increased fat and animal protein intakes, decreased intakes of total carbohydrate and dietary fiber, as well as persistent suboptimal micronutrient intakes of Africans in transition. The effects of this nutrition transition on plasma fibrinogen, fibrin network structures, plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 activity levels and some other clotting and fibrinolytic factors are discussed. It is concluded that despite indications of present protective mechanisms against the development of coronary heart disease (CHD) in this population the observed changes in diet and hemostatic profiles may eventually lead to a high prevalence of both stroke and CHD in urban black South Africans. It is further suggested that timely nutritional interventions and research of effects thereof on the hemostatic system are urgently needed.
Assuntos
Hemostasia , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição , Urbanização , População Negra , Doenças Cardiovasculares/diagnóstico , Doenças Cardiovasculares/epidemiologia , Doenças Cardiovasculares/etiologia , Dieta , Gorduras na Dieta/administração & dosagem , Proteínas Alimentares/administração & dosagem , Fibrina/química , Fibrinogênio/análise , Humanos , Inibidor 1 de Ativador de Plasminogênio/sangue , Inibidor 1 de Ativador de Plasminogênio/genética , Inibidor 1 de Ativador de Plasminogênio/fisiologia , População Rural , África do Sul/epidemiologia , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/epidemiologia , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/etiologiaRESUMO
Although most countries and regions around the world set recommended nutrient intake values for their populations, there is no standardized terminology or framework for establishing these standards. Different terms used for various components of a set of dietary standards are described in this paper and a common set of terminology is proposed. The recommended terminology suggests that the set of values be called nutrient intake values (NIVs) and that the set be composed of three different values. The average nutrient requirement (ANR) reflects the median requirement for a nutrient in a specific population. The individual nutrient level (INLx) is the recommended level of nutrient intake for all healthy people in the population, which is set at a certain level x above the mean requirement. For example, a value set at 2 standard deviations above the mean requirement would cover the needs of 98% of the population and would be INL98. The third component of the NIVs is an upper nutrient level (UNL), which is the highest level of daily nutrient intake that is likely to pose no risk of adverse health effects for almost all individuals in a specified life-stage group. The proposed framework for deriving a set of NIVs is based on a statistical approach for determining the midpoint of a distribution of requirements for a set of nutrients in a population (the ANR), the standard deviation of the requirements, and an individual nutrient level that assures health at some point above the mean, e.g., 2 standard deviations. Ideally, a second set of distributions of risk of excessive intakes is used as the basis for a UNL.
Assuntos
Avaliação Nutricional , Política Nutricional , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição/fisiologia , Necessidades Nutricionais , Medição de Risco , Política de Saúde , Humanos , Terminologia como AssuntoRESUMO
This article describes the methods for using nutrient intake values (NIVs) to plan and assess intakes of both individuals and population groups. The advantages of the more recent standards, which use an average nutrient requirement (ANR) and its standard deviation to describe the distribution of nutrient requirements, are highlighted. The goal of assessing the intake of an individual is to determine the probability that the person's usual diet is meeting his or her nutrient needs and whether the person is at risk for adverse effects from excessive intakes, whereas the goal of planning an individual's intake is to ensure that the probability of inadequate intake and the likelihood of excessive intake are both small. The goal of assessing intakes of groups is to determine the prevalence of inadequate intakes and the prevalence of potentially excessive intakes, whereas the goal of planning nutrient intakes for groups is to minimize the prevalence of inadequate intakes and also to minimize the prevalence of potentially excessive intakes. For all of these goals, it is important to utilize appropriate food-composition tables and accurate dietary assessment methods. To fully utilize the new paradigm, it will be necessary for the professional nutrition community to identify ways to implement these new procedures in nutrition research and nutrition programs, to describe the strengths and weaknesses of the results, and to contribute to the evolution of both the theory and the application of the NIVs when planning and assessing diets.
Assuntos
Dieta/normas , Avaliação Nutricional , Política Nutricional , Necessidades Nutricionais , Medição de Risco , Análise de Alimentos , Humanos , Política Pública , Padrões de ReferênciaRESUMO
The process of applying nutrient intake values (NIVs) for dietary assessment, planning, and implementing programs is discussed in this paper. In addition to assessing, monitoring, and evaluating nutritional situations, applications include planning food policies, strategies, and programs for promotion of optimal nutrition and preventing and treating malnutrition (both over- and undernutrition). Other applications include nutrition education, food and nutrient legislation, marketing and labeling, research, product development, food procurement and trade (import and export), food aid, and therapeutic (clinical) nutrition. Specific examples of how NIVs are used to develop food labels, fortification policies, and food-based dietary guidelines are described. Applications in both developed and developing countries are also described. In summary, NIVs are the scientific backbone of all aspects of nutrition policy in countries and regions worldwide.
Assuntos
Legislação sobre Alimentos , Desnutrição/prevenção & controle , Avaliação Nutricional , Política Nutricional , Estado Nutricional/fisiologia , Comércio , Rotulagem de Alimentos/normas , Promoção da Saúde , HumanosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Dietary fat intake in the South African population is increasing. This population also has a high prevalence of HIV infection. However, information about metabolic effects of dietary fatty acids on HIV-infected subjects is lacking. OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to investigate the relation between dietary fatty acid intake and liver function in HIV-infected compared with HIV-uninfected subjects. DESIGN: This cross-sectional epidemiologic survey included a representative sample of 1854 apparently healthy black volunteers aged > or =15 y, who were recruited from 37 randomly selected sites throughout the North West province of South Africa. Data from 216 asymptomatic HIV-infected and 1604 HIV-uninfected subjects were used. RESULTS: Intakes of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), linoleic acid (n-6), and the ratio of PUFAs to saturated fatty acids (SFAs) were positively associated with all the liver enzymes measured in HIV-infected subjects (R = 0.16-0.65). Most of these R values differed significantly from the R values for HIV-uninfected subjects. No associations were seen between liver enzymes and intakes of SFAs and monounsaturated fatty acids. Vitamin E intake was positively associated with serum gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (R = 0.23), alanine aminotransferase (R = 0.37), and aspartate aminotransferase (R = 0.58) in HIV-infected subjects; these correlations differed significantly from those of the HIV-uninfected subjects because PUFA sources are the main carriers of vitamin E. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that n-6 PUFA intakes may be related to liver damage in these HIV-infected asymptomatic subjects. The reasons or mechanisms responsible are not clear, and further research is necessary to determine the optimal safe amounts for intake of n-6 PUFAs by HIV-infected subjects, especially in countries with traditionally high intakes of n-6 PUFA-rich vegetable oils.
Assuntos
Gorduras na Dieta/administração & dosagem , Ácidos Graxos Insaturados/efeitos adversos , Infecções por HIV/complicações , Hepatopatias/etiologia , Adulto , Alanina Transaminase/sangue , Aspartato Aminotransferases/sangue , População Negra , Estudos Transversais , Ácidos Graxos/administração & dosagem , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-6/efeitos adversos , Ácidos Graxos Insaturados/administração & dosagem , Infecções por HIV/fisiopatologia , Humanos , Ácido Linoleico/administração & dosagem , Fígado/fisiopatologia , Hepatopatias/fisiopatologia , África do Sul , Vitamina E/administração & dosagem , gama-Glutamiltransferase/sangueRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To specify the principles, definition and dimensions of the new nutrition science. PURPOSE: To identify nutrition, with its application in food and nutrition policy, as a science with great width and breadth of vision and scope, in order that it can fully contribute to the preservation, maintenance, development and sustenance of life on Earth. METHOD: A brief overview shows that current conventional nutrition is defined as a biological science, although its governing and guiding principles are implicit only, and no generally agreed definition is evident. Following are agreements on the principles, definition and dimensions of the new nutrition science, made by the authors as participants at a workshop on this theme held on 5-8 April 2005 at the Schloss Rauischholzhausen, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany. RESULT: Nutrition science as here specified will retain its current 'classical' identity as a biological science, within a broader and integrated conceptual framework, and will also be confirmed as a social and environmental science. As such it will be concerned with personal and population health, and with planetary health--the welfare and future of the whole physical and living world of which humans are a part.
Assuntos
Saúde Global , Política Nutricional , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição , Terminologia como Assunto , Disciplinas das Ciências Biológicas , HumanosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of a vitamin-fortified maize meal to improve the nutritional status of 1-3-year-old malnourished African children. DESIGN: A randomised parallel intervention study was used in which 21 experimental children and their families received maize meal fortified with vitamin A, thiamine, riboflavin and pyridoxine, while 23 control children and their families received unfortified maize meal. The maize meal was provided for 12 months to replace the maize meal habitually consumed by these households. METHODS: Sixty undernourished African children with height-for-age or weight-for-age below the 5th percentile of the National Center for Health Statistics' criteria and aged 1-3 years were randomly assigned to an experimental or control group. Baseline measurements included demographic, socio-economic and dietary data, as well as height, weight, haemoglobin, haematocrit, serum retinol and retinol-binding protein (RBP). Anthropometric, blood and serum variables were measured again after 12 months of intervention. Complete baseline measurements were available for 44 children and end data for only 36. Changes in these variables from baseline to end within and between groups were assessed for significance with paired t-tests, t-tests and analysis of variances using the SPSS program, controlling for expected weight gain in this age group over 12 months. Relationships between changes in variables were examined by calculating correlation coefficients. RESULTS: The children in the experimental group had a significantly (P < or = 0.05) higher increase in body weight than control children (4.6 kg vs. 2.0 kg) and both groups had significant (P < or = 0.05) but similar increases in height. The children in the experimental group showed non-significant increases in haemoglobin and serum retinol, while the control children had a significant (P = 0.007) decrease in RBP. The change in serum retinol showed a significant correlation with baseline retinol (P = 0.014), RBP (P = 0.007) and weight (P = 0.029), as well as with changes in haemoglobin (P = 0.029). CONCLUSION: Despite a small sample size, this study showed positive effects of a vitamin-fortified maize meal on weight gain and some variables of vitamin A status in 1-3-year-old African children. The study confirmed the relationship between vitamin A and iron status. The results suggest that fortification of maize meal would be an effective strategy to address micronutrient deficiencies in small children in South Africa.