RESUMO
Insects may provide an environmentally friendly way of producing high-quality bio-based materials that can be implemented for cosmetic applications. Insects can be bred on organic waste, in high numbers, and on small surfaces, therefore, making large scale industrial breeding possible. Fats from three insect species: the black soldier fly (BSF) (Hermetia illucens), the locust (Locusta migratoria), and the house cricket (Acheta domesticus) were evaluated for potential use in skin care. Insects were dried and fats were extracted using petroleum ether. The fats were further refined, and the fatty acid composition and the acid value were determined. The fats were used in a hand cream formulation and compared with the currently used mink-and plant-derived oils. Fatty acid analysis indicates that BSF contains > 60% of lauric acid, which makes it less suitable for application in a skin-care product, whereas locust and cricket fats are rich in C16 and C18 fatty acids which makes them more suitable. Phospholipids and free fatty acid levels in the three insect species are relatively high compared with commercial, refined oils, and need to be removed by appropriate refining protocols. Odor and color also need to be removed by physical refinement to improve the applicability.
Assuntos
Cosméticos/química , Gorduras/química , Gorduras/metabolismo , Insetos/química , Animais , Bactérias/efeitos dos fármacos , Bactérias/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Dípteros , Composição de Medicamentos , Estabilidade de Medicamentos , Ácidos Graxos/análise , Ácidos Graxos não Esterificados/análise , Gafanhotos , Gryllidae , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Insetos/metabolismo , Pomadas , Fosfolipídeos/química , ViscosidadeRESUMO
Several commercially available adsorbents were screened for their ability to remove Cu, Zn and organotin compounds from both artificial contaminated and real dockyard wastewater. An adsorption--flocculation process using a mixture of two adsorbents (a clay based adsorbent and a powdered activated carbon) was optimized for an optimal adsorbent and pollutant removal. At the optimal conditions the process was evaluated with both artificial and real shipyard wastewater, and the cost of the adsorption-flocculation process with relation to different influent concentrations and discharge limits was estimated.
Assuntos
Recuperação e Remediação Ambiental/métodos , Eliminação de Resíduos Líquidos/métodos , Poluentes Químicos da Água/isolamento & purificação , Purificação da Água/métodos , Adsorção , Cobre/análise , Cobre/isolamento & purificação , Custos e Análise de Custo , Recuperação e Remediação Ambiental/economia , Floculação , Resíduos Industriais/análise , Compostos Orgânicos de Estanho/análise , Compostos Orgânicos de Estanho/isolamento & purificação , Navios , Eliminação de Resíduos Líquidos/economia , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise , Purificação da Água/economia , Zinco/análise , Zinco/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
A sorbent (Organosorb) is used in the wastewater purification from organic contaminants, here simulated by tetradecane. A short hydrodynamic treatment in a rather intense hydrodynamic field (G>10(3)) (called ultraflocculation) is applied to the sorbent suspension to which a flocculant is added. The efficiency of removal of the sorbent is studied. The sorbent concentration, the flocculant concentration, the treatment time, the organic pollutant (which has to be sorbed by the sorbent), the detergent (used for the emulsification of the pollutant), the pH and the calcium concentration of the water all influence the flocculation efficiency (E) of the sorbent particles. For each set of these parameters there exists an optimum intensity of the hydrodynamic treatment at which maximum flocculation efficiency is reached. An increase in the optimum intensity of the hydrodynamic field corresponds to an increased floc break-up, and consequently a lower maximum flocculation efficiency.