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1.
J Cell Biol ; 223(10)2024 Oct 07.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38967608

RESUMO

Peroxisomes are membrane-bound organelles harboring metabolic enzymes. In humans, peroxisomes are required for normal development, yet the genes regulating peroxisome function remain unclear. We performed a genome-wide CRISPRi screen to identify novel factors involved in peroxisomal homeostasis. We found that inhibition of RNF146, an E3 ligase activated by poly(ADP-ribose), reduced the import of proteins into peroxisomes. RNF146-mediated loss of peroxisome import depended on the stabilization and activity of the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases TNKS and TNKS2, which bind the peroxisomal membrane protein PEX14. We propose that RNF146 and TNKS/2 regulate peroxisome import efficiency by PARsylation of proteins at the peroxisome membrane. Interestingly, we found that the loss of peroxisomes increased TNKS/2 and RNF146-dependent degradation of non-peroxisomal substrates, including the ß-catenin destruction complex component AXIN1, which was sufficient to alter the amplitude of ß-catenin transcription. Together, these observations not only suggest previously undescribed roles for RNF146 in peroxisomal regulation but also a novel role in bridging peroxisome function with Wnt/ß-catenin signaling during development.


Assuntos
Proteína Axina , Peroxissomos , Ubiquitina-Proteína Ligases , Via de Sinalização Wnt , Peroxissomos/metabolismo , Peroxissomos/genética , Ubiquitina-Proteína Ligases/metabolismo , Ubiquitina-Proteína Ligases/genética , Humanos , Proteína Axina/metabolismo , Proteína Axina/genética , Proteínas de Membrana/metabolismo , Proteínas de Membrana/genética , beta Catenina/metabolismo , beta Catenina/genética , Células HEK293 , Transporte Proteico , Sistemas CRISPR-Cas
2.
bioRxiv ; 2024 Feb 04.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38352406

RESUMO

Peroxisomes are membrane-bound organelles harboring metabolic enzymes. In humans, peroxisomes are required for normal development, yet the genes regulating peroxisome function remain unclear. We performed a genome-wide CRISPRi screen to identify novel factors involved in peroxisomal homeostasis. We found that inhibition of RNF146, an E3 ligase activated by poly(ADP-ribose), reduced the import of proteins into peroxisomes. RNF146-mediated loss of peroxisome import depended on the stabilization and activity of the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase tankyrase, which binds the peroxisomal membrane protein PEX14. We propose that RNF146 and tankyrase regulate peroxisome import efficiency by PARsylation of proteins at the peroxisome membrane. Interestingly, we found that the loss of peroxisomes increased tankyrase and RNF146-dependent degradation of non-peroxisomal substrates, including the beta-catenin destruction complex component AXIN1, which was sufficient to alter the amplitude of beta-catenin transcription. Together, these observations not only suggest previously undescribed roles for RNF146 in peroxisomal regulation, but also a novel role in bridging peroxisome function with Wnt/beta-catenin signaling during development.

3.
Nat Biotechnol ; 41(10): 1398-1404, 2023 Oct.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36849829

RESUMO

We describe a strategy to boost the efficiency of gene editing via homology-directed repair (HDR) by covalently modifying the template DNA with interstrand crosslinks. Crosslinked templates (xHDRTs) increase Cas9-mediated editing efficiencies by up to fivefold in K562, HEK293T, U2OS, iPS and primary T cells. Increased editing from xHDRTs is driven by events on the template molecule and requires ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related (ATR) kinase and components of the Fanconi anemia pathway.

4.
iScience ; 25(6): 104374, 2022 Jun 17.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35633935

RESUMO

Background: A point mutation in sickle cell disease (SCD) alters one amino acid in the ß-globin subunit of hemoglobin, with resultant anemia and multiorgan damage that typically shortens lifespan by decades. Because SCD is caused by a single mutation, and hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) can be harvested, manipulated, and returned to an individual, it is an attractive target for gene correction. Results: An optimized Cas9 ribonucleoprotein (RNP) with an ssDNA oligonucleotide donor together generated correction of at least one ß-globin allele in more than 30% of long-term engrafting human HSCs. After adopting a high-fidelity Cas9 variant, efficient correction with minimal off-target events also was observed. In vivo erythroid differentiation markedly enriches for corrected ß-globin alleles, indicating that erythroblasts carrying one or more corrected alleles have a survival advantage. Significance: These findings indicate that the sickle mutation can be corrected in autologous HSCs with an optimized protocol suitable for clinical translation.

5.
Elife ; 112022 02 11.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35147495

RESUMO

Naturally occurring point mutations in the HBG promoter switch hemoglobin synthesis from defective adult beta-globin to fetal gamma-globin in sickle cell patients with hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin (HPFH) and ameliorate the clinical severity. Inspired by this natural phenomenon, we tiled the highly homologous HBG proximal promoters using adenine and cytosine base editors that avoid the generation of large deletions and identified novel regulatory regions including a cluster at the -123 region. Base editing at -123 and -124 bp of HBG promoter induced fetal hemoglobin (HbF) to a higher level than disruption of well-known BCL11A binding site in erythroblasts derived from human CD34+ hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPC). We further demonstrated in vitro that the introduction of -123T > C and -124T > C HPFH-like mutations drives gamma-globin expression by creating a de novo binding site for KLF1. Overall, our findings shed light on so far unknown regulatory elements within the HBG promoter and identified additional targets for therapeutic upregulation of fetal hemoglobin.


Assuntos
Anemia Falciforme/genética , Sistemas CRISPR-Cas , Hemoglobina Fetal/genética , Edição de Genes/métodos , Adenina/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular , Repetições Palindrômicas Curtas Agrupadas e Regularmente Espaçadas , Citosina/metabolismo , Células-Tronco Hematopoéticas/metabolismo , Humanos , Mutação Puntual , Regiões Promotoras Genéticas , Globinas beta/genética , Talassemia beta/genética , gama-Globinas/genética
6.
Cell Rep ; 32(9): 108093, 2020 09 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32877675

RESUMO

Genome editing often takes the form of either error-prone sequence disruption by non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) or sequence replacement by homology-directed repair (HDR). Although NHEJ is generally effective, HDR is often difficult in primary cells. Here, we use a combination of immunophenotyping, next-generation sequencing, and single-cell RNA sequencing to investigate and reprogram genome editing outcomes in subpopulations of adult hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. We find that although quiescent stem-enriched cells mostly use NHEJ, non-quiescent cells with the same immunophenotype use both NHEJ and HDR. Inducing quiescence before editing results in a loss of HDR in all cell subtypes. We develop a strategy of controlled cycling and quiescence that yields a 6-fold increase in the HDR/NHEJ ratio in quiescent stem cells ex vivo and in vivo. Our results highlight the tension between editing and cellular physiology and suggest strategies to manipulate quiescent cells for research and therapeutic genome editing.


Assuntos
Sistemas CRISPR-Cas/genética , Fator de Transcrição GATA3/metabolismo , Edição de Genes/métodos , Terapia Genética/métodos , Células-Tronco Hematopoéticas/metabolismo , Reparo de DNA por Recombinação/genética , Células-Tronco/metabolismo , Humanos
7.
Mol Cell ; 79(2): 221-233.e5, 2020 07 16.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32603710

RESUMO

Cas9 is a prokaryotic RNA-guided DNA endonuclease that binds substrates tightly in vitro but turns over rapidly when used to manipulate genomes in eukaryotic cells. Little is known about the factors responsible for dislodging Cas9 or how they influence genome engineering. Unbiased detection through proximity labeling of transient protein interactions in cell-free Xenopus laevis egg extract identified the dimeric histone chaperone facilitates chromatin transcription (FACT) as an interactor of substrate-bound Cas9. FACT is both necessary and sufficient to displace dCas9, and FACT immunodepletion converts Cas9's activity from multi-turnover to single turnover. In human cells, FACT depletion extends dCas9 residence times, delays genome editing, and alters the balance between indel formation and homology-directed repair. FACT knockdown also increases epigenetic marking by dCas9-based transcriptional effectors with a concomitant enhancement of transcriptional modulation. FACT thus shapes the intrinsic cellular response to Cas9-based genome manipulation most likely by determining Cas9 residence times.


Assuntos
Proteína 9 Associada à CRISPR/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/metabolismo , Genoma Humano , Proteínas de Grupo de Alta Mobilidade/metabolismo , Fatores de Elongação da Transcrição/metabolismo , Animais , Proteínas Associadas a CRISPR/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular , DNA/metabolismo , Quebras de DNA de Cadeia Dupla , Reparo do DNA , Epigênese Genética , Edição de Genes , Técnicas de Silenciamento de Genes , Humanos , Nucleossomos/metabolismo , Xenopus laevis
8.
Science ; 364(6437): 286-289, 2019 04 19.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31000663

RESUMO

CRISPR-Cas genome editing induces targeted DNA damage but can also affect off-target sites. Current off-target discovery methods work using purified DNA or specific cellular models but are incapable of direct detection in vivo. We developed DISCOVER-Seq (discovery of in situ Cas off-targets and verification by sequencing), a universally applicable approach for unbiased off-target identification that leverages the recruitment of DNA repair factors in cells and organisms. Tracking the precise recruitment of MRE11 uncovers the molecular nature of Cas activity in cells with single-base resolution. DISCOVER-Seq works with multiple guide RNA formats and types of Cas enzymes, allowing characterization of new editing tools. Off-targets can be identified in cell lines and patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells and during adenoviral editing of mice, paving the way for in situ off-target discovery within individual patient genotypes during therapeutic genome editing.


Assuntos
Sistemas CRISPR-Cas , Repetições Palindrômicas Curtas Agrupadas e Regularmente Espaçadas , Quebras de DNA de Cadeia Dupla , Reparo do DNA , Edição de Genes/métodos , Proteína Homóloga a MRE11/metabolismo , Análise de Sequência de DNA/métodos , Adenoviridae , Animais , Proteína 9 Associada à CRISPR/química , Proteína 9 Associada à CRISPR/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular , Imunoprecipitação da Cromatina , DNA/química , DNA/genética , Enzimas Reparadoras do DNA/metabolismo , Humanos , Células-Tronco Pluripotentes Induzidas , Células K562 , Proteína Homóloga a MRE11/genética , RNA Guia de Cinetoplastídeos
9.
ACS Chem Biol ; 13(8): 2261-2268, 2018 08 17.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29912551

RESUMO

In the search for molecular machinery for custom biosynthesis of valuable compounds, the modular type I polyketide synthases (PKSs) offer great potential. In this study, we investigate the flexibility of BorM5, the iterative fifth module of the borrelidin synthase, with a panel of non-native priming substrates in vitro. BorM5 differentially extends various aliphatic and substituted substrates. Depending on substrate size and substitution BorM5 can exceed the three iterations it natively performs. To probe the effect of methyl branching on chain length regulation, we engineered a BorM5 variant capable of incorporating methylmalonyl- and malonyl-CoA into its intermediates. Intermediate methylation did not affect overall chain length, indicating that the enzyme does not to count methyl branches to specify the number of iterations. In addition to providing regulatory insight about BorM5, we produced dozens of novel methylated intermediates that might be used for production of various hydrocarbons or pharmaceuticals. These findings enable rational engineering and recombination of BorM5 and inform the study of other iterative modules.


Assuntos
Policetídeo Sintases/metabolismo , Streptomyces/enzimologia , Clonagem Molecular , Escherichia coli/genética , Álcoois Graxos/metabolismo , Malonil Coenzima A/metabolismo , Metilação , Policetídeo Sintases/genética , Engenharia de Proteínas , Streptomyces/genética , Streptomyces/metabolismo , Especificidade por Substrato
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