Hypoosmolar and hyperosmolar COVID-19 patients are predisposed to dismal clinical outcomes.

We aimed to investigate the associations of hypo- and hyperosmolarity at hospital admission with clinical characteristics and outcomes in 5645 consecutive hospitalized COVID-19 patients treated at a tertiary-level institution. Serum osmolarity was calculated as 2x Na (mmol/L) + urea (mmol/L) + glucose (mmol/L), with normal range from 275 to 295 mOsm/L. Median serum osmolarity was 292.9 mOsm/L with 51.8% normoosmolar, 5.3% hypoosmolar and 42.9% hyperosmolar patients present at the time of hospital admission. Hypoosmolarity was driven by hyponatremia, and was associated with the presence of chronic liver disease, liver cirrhosis, active malignancy and epilepsy. Hyperosmolarity was driven by an increase in urea and glucose and was associated with the presence of chronic metabolic and cardiovascular comorbidities. Both hypo- and hyperosmolar patients presented with more severe COVID-19 symptoms, higher inflammatory status, and experienced higher mortality in comparison to normoosmolar patients. In multivariate analysis, hypoosmolarity (adjusted odds ratio (aOR)=1.39, p = 0.024) and hyperosmolarity (aOR = 1.9, p < 0.001) remained significantly associated with higher mortality independently of older age, male sex, higher Charlson Comorbidity Index and more severe COVID-19. Disruptions in serum osmolarity are frequent in COVID-19 patients, may be easy to detect and target therapeutically, and thus potentially moderate associateds poor prognosis.

Investigating the role of obstructive pulmonary diseases and eosinophil count at admission on all-cause mortality in SARS-CoV-2 patients : A single center registry-based retrospective cohort study.

INTRODUCTION: The impact of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in the setting of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV­2) infection is not clearly defined. Blood eosinophil count is a standard diagnostic test which, according to the previously published literature, might have a potential prognostic role on mortality in patients with SARS-CoV­2 infection. AIM: To investigate the potential prognostic value of peripheral blood eosinophil count on all-cause mortality of patients hospitalized with SARS-CoV­2 infection, as well as to assess the impact of asthma or COPD premorbidity on all-cause mortality. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We conducted a retrospective registry-based cohort study. Survival analysis was performed by employing the Cox proportional hazards regression model at 30 days of follow-up. Prognostic value of eosinophil count on all-cause mortality was assessed using receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. RESULTS: A total of 5653 participants were included in the study. Our model did not reveal that pre-existing asthma or COPD is a statistically significant covariate for all-cause mortality but, indicated that higher eosinophil count at admission might have a protective effect (hazard ratio, HR 0.13 (95% confidence interval, CI 0.06-0.27), p = 0.0001). ROC curve analysis indicates cut-off value of 20 cells/mm3 (81% specificity; 30.9% sensitivity). CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that eosinophil count at hospital admission might have a potential prognostic role for all-cause mortality at 30 days of follow-up; however this was not demonstrated for pre-existing obstructive lung diseases.

Behavioral and Knowledge Patterns Regarding the Use of Antibiotics Among Urban and Rural Population in Bosnia and Herzegovina-a Cross-sectional Study.

Background: Antimicrobial resistance imposes one of the leading global health issues and is strongly associated with the overuse and misuse of antimicrobials. Objective: The present study aimed to determine the level of knowledge, attitudes, and behavior regarding the use of antibiotics among urban and rural population in the southeastern European country of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Methods: A cross-sectional questionnaire-based study was conducted by convenience sampling technique among people who visited health centers, malls, and also online. In total, 1057 questionnaires were completed, of which 920 were completed in the city of Mostar (i.e. urban area), while 137 in the municipality of Grude (i.e., rural area). Descriptive statistical analysis was performed to process the results. Results: Participants from Mostar had better knowledge about antibiotics (p = 0.031) and a higher level of education (p = 0.001). Women showed markedly better knowledge in the group of urban area responders (p = 0.004). Improper use of antibiotics was more common among respondents from Grude; they tend to use antibiotics more frequently and almost half of them are prone to self-medication (p = 0.017). Overall, those classified with adequate knowledge showed less tendency to irregular antibiotic intake. Having a medical worker in a family was significantly associated with better knowledge regarding antibiotics, while educational level was not. Conclusion: Although a significant number of respondents showed adequate knowledge about the use of antibiotics, there were noticeable irregular behavioral patterns, while significant differences between urban and rural population were detected as well. Further analysis is required to access the whole specter of the issue and to initiate policies directed toward reducing inappropriate use of antibiotics and bacterial resistance to these medications.

Innovative Insights into In Vitro Activity of Colloidal Platinum Nanoparticles against ESBL-Producing Strains of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae.

Growing morbidity and mortality rates due to increase in the number of infections caused by MDR (multi-drug resistant) microorganisms are becoming some of the foremost global health issues. Thus, the need to search for and find novel approaches to fight AMR (antimicrobial resistance) has become obligatory. This study aimed to determine the antimicrobial properties of commercially purchased colloidal platinum nanoparticles by examining the existence and potency of their antibacterial effects and investigating the mechanisms by means of which they express these activities. Antimicrobial properties were investigated with respect to standard laboratory ATCC (American Type Cell Culture) and clinical extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing strains of Escherichia (E.) coli and Klebsiella (K.) pneumoniae. Standard microbiological methods of serial microdilution, modulation of microbial cell death kinetics ("time-kill" assays), and biofilm inhibition were used. Bacterial cell wall damage and ROS (reactive oxygen species) levels were assessed in order to explore the mechanisms of platinum nanoparticles' antibacterial activities. Platinum nanoparticles showed strong antibacterial effects against all tested bacterial strains, though their antibacterial effects were found to succumb to time kinetics. Antibiofilm activity was modest overall and significantly effective only against E. coli strains. By measuring extracellular DNA/RNA and protein concentrations, induced bacterial cell wall damage could be assumed. The determination of ROS levels induced by platinum nanoparticles revealed their possible implication in antibacterial activity. We conclude that platinum nanoparticles exhibit potent antibacterial effects against standard laboratory and resistant strains of E. coli and K. pneumoniae. Both, cell wall damage and ROS induction could have important role as mechanisms of antibacterial activity, and, require further investigation.

Beneficial Treatment Outcomes of Severe COVID-19 Patients Treated Entirely in Primary Care Settings With Dexamethasone Including Regimen-Case Series Report.

Even in 2021, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) remains a major global health concern, especially in developing countries. The burden of this disease, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which affects not only primary respiratory but also other organ systems, keeps rising as the pandemic continues. Primary health care centers are the first line where COVID-19 patients are managed and should be able to manage the vast majority of them successfully. In this paper, we present a case series and concept of beneficial management of even deteriorating and severe patients treated entirely in our primary health center. The management is based on well-timed and rational dexamethasone use, as well as on various other pharmacological and nonpharmacological treatments and interventions, and is supported by provided statistical data. According to the presented experience and positive outcomes achieved, it seems that even deteriorating and severe COVID-19 patients can be treated successfully to some extent or even completely in primary care settings. This kind of approach could be particularly beneficial in conditions of overload of higher-level health care institutions.