Factors influencing surgical decision-making in pediatric and adolescent scaphoid fractures.

We aimed to assess the risk of conversion to surgical intervention in children initially managed with casting for an isolated scaphoid fracture with a secondary aim of assessing the incidence and management of occult scaphoid fractures without signs of fracture on initial radiographs. A retrospective review was performed. Our primary outcome was conversion to surgery. Subsequent evidence of fracture in those with only initial snuffbox tenderness was recorded for the secondary aim. Three hundred and eighty-four wrists with radiographic evidence of a scaphoid fracture were included. Twenty-one scaphoid fractures failed conservative treatment. Subjects that failed cast treatment were older than those that did not (15.9 years vs. 14.0 years; P < 0.001). Subjects with a delay in treatment of at least 6 weeks from injury were 8× more likely to require surgery than those with prompt treatment ( P < 0.001). Surgical conversion varied based on fracture location: distal pole 0.7%, waist 7.4%, and proximal pole 23.5% of the time ( P < 0.001). A total of 14% of wrists managed in a cast without radiographic evidence of fracture at presentation subsequently demonstrated a fracture on follow-up films. The primary predictor of failed conservative treatment is a delay in presentation. We found that the sequelae of delay in presentation or diagnosis of a scaphoid fracture increased the likelihood of requiring surgery. Therefore, clinical suspicion should dictate early management and these factors should play a role in determining when to initiate casting in the setting of pediatric scaphoid fractures. Level of evidence: III.

Predicting initial treatment failure of fiberglass casts in pediatric distal radius fractures: utility of the second metacarpal-radius angle.

PURPOSE: Recent literature comparing the effectiveness of above-elbow and below-elbow plaster casts appears to suggest that either cast type offers adequate immobilization for distal radius and ulna fractures. The idea that an appropriate mold placed on the cast is the most significant determinant of successful immobilization and, thereby, patient outcome has also been elucidated. The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of above-elbow versus below-elbow fiberglass casts in maintaining distal radius/ulna fracture reduction and to identify factors associated with treatment failures. METHODS: We reviewed the radiographs and clinical data of 253 children with distal third forearm fractures requiring reduction under conscious sedation or a hematoma block. Outcome measures included rates of re-manipulation, loss of reduction, and cast complications. RESULTS: One hundred and nineteen children were treated with below-elbow fiberglass casts and 134 were treated with above-elbow fiberglass casts based on a clinical pathway created before the study period. There were no differences between the two groups in age, weight, fracture pattern, percentage of both-bone fractures, and initial fracture angulation. Of the 253 fractures in the study, 38 (15%) were considered to have less than ideal outcomes. There were no differences between the 'ideal' and 'non-ideal' groups in age, fracture pattern, presence of ulna fracture, cast index, or cast type. All immediate post-reduction measures (anterior-posterior [AP] and lateral displacement/angulation) were significantly correlated with treatment outcome, except angulation on AP films. The magnitude of reduction as measured by a newly described variable, the angle between the second metacarpal and long axis of the radius in the AP projection, was significantly correlated with treatment failure (r = -0.139, P = 0.027). Binary logistic regression was performed and demonstrated that the success of the reduction, as determined by the AP radiograph second metacarpal-radius angle, was a significant predictor of treatment success (odds ratio 1.6, P < 0.001). Also, the change in lateral view angulation post-reduction was a significant predictor of treatment failure based on regression (odds ratio 1.2, P = 0.004). The above-elbow cast group had a slightly greater cast index (0.80) compared to the below-elbow cast group (0.77) (P = 0.003). Whereas below-elbow fiberglass casts appear to be equally effective in immobilizing pediatric distal third forearm fractures as above-elbow fiberglass casts, it seems that they have an increased risk for poor molding, particularly with regards to ulnar deviation. We did not find an association between the treatment 'failure' and cast index, likely because the number of poor molds (cast index >0.8) was nearly equal in each group (above-elbow with 61 and below-elbow with 45). However, the mold seen on the AP radiograph as determined by the second metacarpal-radius angle was a reproducible radiographic predictor of treatment success. If molded with ulnar deviation (second metacarpal-radius angle >0 degrees ), the outcome was considered to be ideal in 86.7% of cases compared to only 74.4% when it was <0 degrees . CONCLUSION: We agree with prior studies suggesting the equal efficacy of below-elbow versus above-elbow casts in distal radius and ulna fracture treatment using either plaster or fiberglass, but wish to emphasize the importance of not only the cast index, but also the ulnar deviation mold (for most dorsally displaced fractures), as measured by the second metacarpal-radius angle.