Effects of sex and generation on hepatitis B viral load in families with hepatocellular carcinoma.

AIM: To explore factors associated with persistent hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in a cohort of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)-affected families and then investigate factors that correlate with individual viral load among hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-positive relatives. METHODS: We evaluated non-genetic factors associated with HBV replication in relatives of patients with HCC. Relatives of 355 HCC cases were interviewed using a structured questionnaire. Demographics, relationship to index case, HBsAg status of mothers and index cases were evaluated for association with the HBV persistent infection or viral load by generalized estimating equation analysis. RESULTS: Among 729 relatives enrolled, parent generation (P = 0.0076), index generation (P = 0.0044), mothers positive for HBsAg (P = 0.0007), and HBsAg-positive index cases (P = 5.98 × 10-8) were associated with persistent HBV infection. Factors associated with HBV viral load were evaluated among 303 HBsAg-positive relatives. Parent generation (P = 0.0359) and sex (P = 0.0007) were independent factors associated with HBV viral load. The intra-family HBV viral load was evaluated in families clustered with HBsAg-positive siblings. An intra-family trend of similar HBV viral load was found for 27 of 46 (58.7%) families. Male offspring of HBsAg-positive mothers (P = 0.024) and older siblings were associated with high viral load. CONCLUSION: Sex and generation play important roles on HBV viral load. Maternal birth age and nutritional changes could be the reasons of viral load difference between generations.

Impact of gender, viral transmission and aging in the prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen.

BACKGROUND: Age, gender, and perinatal infection are associated with hepatocarcinogenesis. The influence of perinatal transmission in chronic hepatitis B virus infection between genders at different ages is not well documented. METHODS: A consecutive series of individuals who had general check-ups and three groups of relatives of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma were analyzed. Siblings of index cases and children of female index cases represented groups with high perinatal transmission, while children of male index cases represented a low perinatal transmission group. RESULTS: A total of 45,035 individuals who had general check-ups and 14,513 first degree relatives of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma were included. The families of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma included 4,455 siblings of index cases, 7,111 children of male index cases, and 2,947 children of female index cases. The prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was high in groups with high perinatal infection and in men. Gender differences in the prevalence of HBsAg diminished in children of female index cases and siblings of index cases, and in all groups after the age of 60 years. The prevalence of HBsAg declined with increasing age in all groups, with the highest decline in male siblings of index cases ( 1.37% per year) and the lowest in female children of male index cases ( 0.05% per year) in the 35-59 year-old period. Hepatitis C antibody was higher in women (5.7%) than in men (4.0%) in the general check-up group. CONCLUSIONS: Females were less susceptible to become HBsAg carriers if HBV was not transmitted during the perinatal period. The prevalence of HBsAg declined significantly in high perinatal infection groups, implying that neonatal tolerance does not endure.