Defect dipole stretching enables ultrahigh electrostrain.

Piezoelectric actuators have been extensively utilized as micro-displacement devices because of their advantages of large output displacement, high sensitivity, and immunity to electromagnetic interference. Here, we propose a straightforward approach to design <110>-oriented defect dipoles by introducing A-site vacancies and oxygen vacancies in (K0.48Na0.52)0.99NbO2.995 ceramics. As a result, we achieve ultrahigh electrostrains of 0.7% at 20 kV cm-1 (with an effective piezoelectric strain coefficient d33* = 3500 pm V-1), outperforming the performance of existing piezoelectric ceramics at the same driving field. The exceptional electrostrain is primarily attributed to the large stretching of defect dipoles when subjected to an applied electric field, a phenomenon that has been experimentally confirmed. Moreover, the strong interaction between these defect dipoles and <110> spontaneous polarizations plays a critical role in minimizing hysteresis and ensuring excellent fatigue resistance. Our findings present a practical and effective strategy for developing high-performance piezoelectric materials tailored for advanced actuator applications.

Ultrahigh Electrobending Deformation in Lead-Free Piezoelectric Ceramics via Defect Concentration Gradient Design.

Recent breakthroughs in defect-engineered lead-free piezoelectric ceramics have reported remarkable electrostrain values, surpassing the limit of lattice distortion. This has aroused wide concern on bending deformation and the associated underlying mechanism. Herein, via designing lead-free piezoelectric ceramics with varying volatilization characteristics, it is uncovered that the ultrahigh electrobending deformation is primarily attributed to a large strain gradient induced by unevenly distributed defect dipoles. In 0.5 mm thick Sr/Sn co-doped potassium sodium niobate ceramics featuring volatile K/Na elements, the inherent bipolar electrostrain value can reach 0.3% at 20 kV cm-1 due to the existence of defect dipoles, while the gradient distribution of defect dipole generates significant bending displacement, amplifying apparent electrostrain value to 1.1%. Notably, nonvolatile Ba0.99TiO2.99 ceramic with homogeneous defect dipole distribution does not present electrobending. Of particular interest is that the electrobending phenomenon can be observed through introducing a defect dipole gradient into barium titanate ceramic. A monolayer ceramic with defect dipole gradient can generate large tip displacement (±1.5 mm) in cantilever structure, demonstrating its promising potential in precise positioning. This study delves into the underlying mechanism driving electrobending deformation and its impact on the apparent electrostrain measurement in defect-engineered piezoelectric ceramics, providing fresh perspectives for the development of piezoelectric bending actuators.

Bisphenol S impairs mitochondrial function by targeting Myo19/oxidative phosphorylation pathway contributing to axonal and dendritic injury.

Exposure to bisphenol S (BPS) is known to adversely affect neuronal development. As pivotal components of neuronal polarization, axons and dendrites are indispensable structures within neurons, crucial for the maintenance of nervous system function. Here, we investigated the impact of BPS exposure on axonal and dendritic development both in vivo and in vitro. Our results revealed that exposure to BPS during pregnancy and lactation led to a reduction in the complexity, density, and length of axons and dendrites in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of offspring. Employing RNA sequencing technology to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of axonal and dendritic damage induced by BPS, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis highlighted a significant alteration in the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) pathway, essential for mitochondrial function. Subsequent experiments demonstrate BPS-induced impairment in mitochondrial function, including damaged morphology, decreased adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels, and increased reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde (MDA). These alterations coincided with the downregulated expression of OXPHOS pathway-related genes (ATP6V1B1, ATP5K, NDUFC1, NDUFC2, NDUFA3, COX6B1) and Myosin 19 (Myo19). Notably, Myo19 overexpression restored the BPS-induced mitochondrial dysfunction by alleviating the inhibition of OXPHOS pathway. Consequently, this amelioration was associated with a reduction in BPS-induced axonal and dendritic injury observed in cultured neurons of the PFC.

TDCPP and TiO2 NPs aggregates synergistically induce SH-SY5Y cell neurotoxicity by excessive mitochondrial fission and mitophagy inhibition.

Tris (1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP), a halogen-containing phosphorus flame retardant, is widely used and has been shown to possess health risks to humans. The sustained release of artificial nanomaterials into the environment increases the toxicological risks of their coexisting pollutants. Nanomaterials may seriously change the environmental behavior and fate of pollutants. In this study, we investigated this combined toxicity and the potential mechanisms of toxicity of TDCPP and titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) aggregates on human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. TDCPP and TiO2 NPs aggregates were exposed in various concentration combinations, revealing that TDCPP (25 µg/mL) reduced cell viability, while synergistic exposure to TiO2 NPs aggregates exacerbated cytotoxicity. This combined exposure also disrupted mitochondrial function, leading to dysregulation in the expression of mitochondrial fission proteins (DRP1 and FIS1) and fusion proteins (OPA1 and MFN1). Consequently, excessive mitochondrial fission occurred, facilitating the translocation of cytochrome C from mitochondria to activate apoptotic signaling pathways. Furthermore, exposure of the combination of TDCPP and TiO2 NPs aggregates activated upstream mitochondrial autophagy but disrupted downstream Parkin recruitment to damaged mitochondria, preventing autophagosome-lysosome fusion and thereby disrupting mitochondrial autophagy. Altogether, our findings suggest that TDCPP and TiO2 NPs aggregates may stimulate apoptosis in neuronal SH-SY5Y cells by inducing mitochondrial hyperfission and inhibiting mitochondrial autophagy.

Lead exposure induced transgenerational developmental neurotoxicity by altering genome methylation in Drosophila melanogaster.

Heavy metal toxicity is a significant global health concern, with particular attention given to lead (Pb) exposure due to its adverse effects on cognitive development, especially in children exposed to low concentrations. While Pb neurotoxicity has been extensively studied, the analysis and molecular mechanisms underlying the transgenerational effects of Pb exposure-induced neurotoxicity remain poorly understood. In this study, we utilized Drosophila, a powerful developmental animal model, to investigate this phenomenon. Our findings demonstrated that Pb exposure during the developmental stage had a profound effect on the neurodevelopment of F0 fruit flies. Specifically, we observed a loss of correlation between the terminal motor area and muscle fiber area, along with an increased frequency of the ß-lobe midline crossing phenotype in mushroom bodies. Western blot analysis indicated altered expression levels of synaptic vesicle proteins, with a decrease in Synapsin (SYN) and an increase in Bruchpilot (BRP) expression, suggesting changes in synaptic vesicle release sites. These findings were corroborated by electrophysiological data, showing an increase in the amplitude of evoked excitatory junctional potential (EJP) and an increase in the frequency of spontaneous excitatory junctional potential (mEJP) following Pb exposure. Importantly, our results further confirmed that the developmental neurotoxicity resulting from grandparental Pb exposure exhibited a transgenerational effect. The F3 offspring displayed neurodevelopmental defects, synaptic function abnormalities, and repetitive behavior despite lacking direct Pb exposure. Our MeDIP-seq analysis further revealed significant alterations in DNA methylation levels in several neurodevelopmental associated genes (eagle, happyhour, neuroglian, bazooka, and spinophilin) in the F3 offspring exposed to Pb. These findings suggest that DNA methylation modifications may underlie the inheritance of acquired phenotypic traits resulting from environmental Pb exposure.

Pulmonary nodule detection in x-ray images by feature augmentation and context aggregation.

Recent developments in x-ray image based pulmonary nodule detection have achieved remarkable results. However, existing methods are focused on transferring off-the-shelf coarse-grained classification models and fine-grained detection models rather than developing a dedicated framework optimized for nodule detection. In this paper, we propose PN-DetX, which as we know is the first dedicated pulmonary nodule detection framework. PN-DetX incorporates feature fusion and self-attention into x-ray based pulmonary nodule detection tasks, achieving improved detection performance. Specifically, PN-DetX adopts CSPDarknet backbone to extract features, and utilizes feature augmentation module to fuse features from different levels followed by context aggregation module to aggregate semantic information. To evaluate the efficacy of our method, we collect aLArge-scalePulmonaryNOduleDetection dataset,LAPNOD, comprising 2954 x-ray images along with expert-annotated ground truths. As we know, this is the first large-scale chest x-ray pulmonary nodule detection dataset. Experiments demonstrates that our method outperforms baseline by 3.8% mAP and 5.1%AP0.5. The generality of our approach is also evaluated on the publicly available dataset NODE21. We aspire for our method to serve as an inspiration for future research in the field of pulmonary nodule detection. The dataset and codes will be made in public.

Neurotoxicity of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles: A Comprehensive Review.

The increasing use of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) across various fields has led to a growing concern regarding their environmental contamination and inevitable human exposure. Consequently, significant research efforts have been directed toward understanding the effects of TiO2 NPs on both humans and the environment. Notably, TiO2 NPs exposure has been associated with multiple impairments of the nervous system. This review aims to provide an overview of the documented neurotoxic effects of TiO2 NPs in different species and in vitro models. Following exposure, TiO2 NPs can reach the brain, although the specific mechanism and quantity of particles that cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) remain unclear. Exposure to TiO2 NPs has been shown to induce oxidative stress, promote neuroinflammation, disrupt brain biochemistry, and ultimately impair neuronal function and structure. Subsequent neuronal damage may contribute to various behavioral disorders and play a significant role in the onset and progression of neurodevelopmental or neurodegenerative diseases. Moreover, the neurotoxic potential of TiO2 NPs can be influenced by various factors, including exposure characteristics and the physicochemical properties of the TiO2 NPs. However, a systematic comparison of the neurotoxic effects of TiO2 NPs with different characteristics under various exposure conditions is still lacking. Additionally, our understanding of the underlying neurotoxic mechanisms exerted by TiO2 NPs remains incomplete and fragmented. Given these knowledge gaps, it is imperative to further investigate the neurotoxic hazards and risks associated with exposure to TiO2 NPs.

Stabilizing iron single atoms with electrospun hollow carbon nanofibers as self-standing air-electrodes for long-time Zn - air batteries.

Developing iron-based single-atom catalysts (Fe SACs) with low cost, high activity and stability is vital for commercialising sustainable energy technologies. However, accurately controlling and identifying structure-activity relationships of Fe SACs remains a significant challenge. Herein, we report Fe/N co-doped carbon nanofiber membranes with highly exposed Fe-N4 sites (Fe/NCNFs), synthesized by electrospinning and pyrolysis. The three-dimensional (3D) hierarchical structure and atomically dispersed pyrrole-type Fe (III)-N4 active sites provide the as-prepared catalyst with a positive half-wave potential of 0.87 V and an ultralow Tafel slope of 53 mV dec-1. As an air cathode catalyst for liquid Zn - air batteries, it delivers a high open-circuit voltage (1.474 V), a large peak power density (190 mW cm-2) and a high durability of 2000 cycles at 5 mA cm-2. As a self-standing air cathode, the as-assembled solid-state Zn - air batteries also show stable cycling with a small discharge/charge voltage gap of 0.65 V, indicating great prospects for developing portable zinc - air batteries.

Developmental neurotoxic effects of bisphenol A and its derivatives in Drosophila melanogaster.

As a result of the ban on bisphenol A (BPA), a hormone disruptor with developmental neurotoxicity, several BPA derivatives (BPs) have been widely used in industrial production. However, there are no effective methods for assessing the neurodevelopmental toxic effects of BPs. To address this, a Drosophila exposure model was established, and W1118 was reared in food containing these BPs. Results showed that each BPs displayed different semi-lethal doses ranging from 1.76 to 19.43 mM. Exposure to BPs delayed larval development and affected axonal growth, resulting in the abnormal crossing of the midline of axons in the ß lobules of mushroom bodies, but the damage caused by BPE and BPF was relatively minor. BPC, BPAF, and BPAP have the most significant effects on locomotor behavior, whereas BPC exhibited the most affected social interactions. Furthermore, exposure to high-dose BPA, BPC, BPS, BPAF, and BPAP also significantly increased the expression of Drosophila estrogen-related receptors. These demonstrated that different kinds of BPs had different levels of neurodevelopmental toxicity, and the severity was BPZ > BPC and BPAF > BPB > BPS > BPAP ≈ BPAl ≈ BPF > BPE. Therefore, BPZ, BPC, BPS, BPAF, and BPAP should be evaluated as potential alternatives to BPA.

Autism Spectrum Disorder: Neurodevelopmental Risk Factors, Biological Mechanism, and Precision Therapy.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a heterogeneous, behaviorally defined neurodevelopmental disorder. Over the past two decades, the prevalence of autism spectrum disorders has progressively increased, however, no clear diagnostic markers and specifically targeted medications for autism have emerged. As a result, neurobehavioral abnormalities, neurobiological alterations in ASD, and the development of novel ASD pharmacological therapy necessitate multidisciplinary collaboration. In this review, we discuss the development of multiple animal models of ASD to contribute to the disease mechanisms of ASD, as well as new studies from multiple disciplines to assess the behavioral pathology of ASD. In addition, we summarize and highlight the mechanistic advances regarding gene transcription, RNA and non-coding RNA translation, abnormal synaptic signaling pathways, epigenetic post-translational modifications, brain-gut axis, immune inflammation and neural loop abnormalities in autism to provide a theoretical basis for the next step of precision therapy. Furthermore, we review existing autism therapy tactics and limits and present challenges and opportunities for translating multidisciplinary knowledge of ASD into clinical practice.

Giant electric field-induced strain in lead-free piezoceramics.

Piezoelectric actuators are indispensable over a wide range of industries for their fast response and precise displacement. Most commercial piezoelectric actuators contain lead, posing environmental challenges. We show that a giant strain (1.05%) and a large-signal piezoelectric strain coefficient (2100 picometer/volt) are achieved in strontium (Sr)-doped (K,Na)NbO3 lead-free piezoceramics, being synthesized by the conventional solid-state reaction method without any post treatment. The underlying mechanism responsible for the ultrahigh electrostrain is the interaction between defect dipoles and domain switching. The fatigue resistance, thermal stability, and strain value (0.25%) at 20 kilovolt/centimeter are comparable with or better than those of commercial Pb(Zr,Ti)O3-based ceramics, showing great potential for practical applications. This material may provide a lead-free alternative with a simple composition for piezoelectric actuators and a paradigm for the design of high-performance piezoelectrics.

Organizational Silence among Hospital Nurses in China: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Objective: To analyze the factors that contribute to organizational silence among Chinese nurses. Methods: A descriptive, comparative, and cross-sectional study was performed with the participation of 866 nurses from public hospitals in China. The data were collected using an online questionnaire that included sociodemographic information and a silence scale. Results: The overall level of organizational silence among nurses was moderate (51.35 ± 14.99). Nurses indicated that they remained silent about administrative (2.97 ± 1.10) and organizational topics (2.94 ± 1.11) yet were more vocal about matters related to responsibility (1.68 ± 0.86), honor (1.87 ± 0.95), and enthusiasm (2.07 ± 0.99). Moreover, data analysis demonstrated that department, educational status, professional title, years of employment, and employment status had effects on nurses' organizational silence (p < .05). Conclusion: This study provides information that could facilitate an understanding of organizational silence for both nurses and nursing managers. The results helped to identify the urgent need to adopt effective strategies to address the problem of nurses' organizational silence. Changes in management practices and organizational culture should be implemented to remove communication and other barriers that impede nurses' contributions to their organizations.

Sulforaphane alleviates hypoxic vestibular vertigo (HVV) by increasing NO production via upregulating the expression of NRF2.

Sulforaphane (SFP) treatment represses oxidative stress by activating NRF2. Meanwhile, SFP may also increase the production of nitric oxide (NO) and activate the signaling pathway of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), which is involved in the pathogenesis of hypoxic vestibular vertigo (HVV). However, it remains unknown as whether SFP plays a therapeutic role in the treatment of HVV. A rat model of HVV was established to measure the levels of escape latency, malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the aorta tissues. Quantitative real-time PCR was performed to evaluate the expression of NRF2 mRNA, and Western blot and immunohistochemistry were carried out to analyze the expression of NRF2 protein. ELISA was used to examine the production of NO and cGMP. SFP treatment helped to maintain the escape latency and MDA, GSH, SOD concentrations in the brain of HVV rats, and recovered the expression of NRF2 inhibited in the brain of HVV rats. SFP treatment also elevated NO and cGMP production that was down-regulated in the brain of HVV rats. On the cellular level, SFP enhanced the expression of NRF2, reduced the concentrations of MDA, GSH and SOD, and promoted the production of NO and cGMP in a dose-dependent manner. In this study, we treated an animal model of HVV with SFP to investigate its effect on NO production and oxidative stress. Our work provided a mechanistic insight into the therapeutic effect of SFP on the treatment of HVV.

Barriers and facilitators to physical activity participation in patients with head and neck cancer: a scoping review.

BACKGROUND: Patients with head and neck cancer (HNC) usually experienced disfigurement, dysfunction, and psychosocial distress, leading to a decline in their quality of life. Physical activity (PA) is recommended for such patients. Despite the proven benefits of participating in PA, the compliance of patients with HNC is still poor. Hence, the factors influencing PA participation and adherence in patients with HNC need to be explored. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to (1) identify barriers and enablers of PA in adult patients living with HNC and (2) map barriers and facilitators to the Capability-Opportunity-Motivation-Behavior (COM-B) model. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA: Types of studies: Studies with qualitative, quantitative, and mixed designs were included in this review. TYPES OF PARTICIPANTS: The current review takes into account patients with HNC aged 18 years or above. Types of interventions: This review considered all studies focusing on full-body PA. TYPES OF OUTCOMES: This scoping review focused on studies examining health behavior, patients' compliance, and facilitators and/or barriers to PA engagement. Five databases (Ovid Medline, Ovid Embase, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, and PsycINFO) were searched following the methodology for scoping reviews from inception to July 2021. DATA EXTRACTION: The extracted data included author(s)/year of publication, country, main purpose of the study, sample size/disease site and stage, methodology and methods, type of treatment, and main findings/barriers, or facilitators. RESULTS: A total of 22 studies were finally selected. The top three barriers were physical-related issues, time pressures, and low motivation or interest. Most facilitators included perceived psychological, health, and social benefits and preference for the model of PA. The most frequent COM-B model components were physical capability, automatic motivation, and physical opportunity. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with HNC have unique facilitators and barriers to participating in PA. Interventions must leverage facilitators and limit barriers to exercise so as to increase compliance with exercise. Future studies should test the effectiveness of behavioral change measures based on the factors influencing the COM-B model.

[Research progress on the screening questionnaire related to benign paroxysmal positional vertigo].

Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo（BPPV） is the most common peripheral vestibular disease in clinical practice, which can easily lead to missed diagnosis and misdiagnosis. Many guidelines have emphasized that detailed medical history and Dix-Hallpike test are sufficient to complete the diagnosis of BPPV. However, when the patient is unable or refused to undergo the displacement test due to obesity, physical weakness, cervical or lumbar dysfunction, fear of dizziness, and the displacement test does not induce nystagmus or weak nystagmus, the detailed medical history provides a supplementary basis for the diagnosis of BPPV, and compulsive posture therapy and drug treatment can be carried out accordingly. In order to standardize consultations, shorten the time for patients to visit, and help clinicians make more accurate diagnoses, many scholars at home and abroad have designed relevant screening questionnaires based on the history of BPPV, which has achieved good results.This article is summarized as follows, in order to provide ideas and references for clinical inquiry.

The effectiveness of computer-assisted Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (cCBT) for psychological outcomes in patients with laryngectomy: Randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: The symptom burden was tremendous and rates of psychological distress were high because of laryngectomy in Laryngeal carcinoma. Anxiety and depression as mainly psychological distress influenced their sleep, pain, and the quality of life (QOL). This study aimed to assess the effiacy of computer-assisted Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (cCBT) for psychological outcomes and QOL in patients with laryngectomy, in addition to overall experience with health care service, during the perioperative period. METHODS: A cCBT program was be customized focused on improving anxiety and depressive symptoms among patients with laryngectomy, and then its effectiveness was assessed. Participants were randomly assigned to the TAU (treatment as usual) group (n=40) or CCBT group (cCBT+ TAU, n = 40). The primary outcome measures were the State Anxiety Inventory (SAI), Patients Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). The secondary outcome measures were the Athens Insomnia Scale (AIS), Visual Analogue Scale-10 (VAS-10). The outcomes were obtained from patients before intervention (T1), 1 hour before surgery (T2), postoperative 3-day (T3), postoperative 7-day (T4), and postoperative 10-day(T5: after intervention completed). Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Head and Neck (FACT-H&N) and satisfaction for health care service were assessed before discharge. RESULTS: A mixed linear model displayed significant improvement in symptoms of anxiety, depression, insomnia, and pain in the two groups (all p<0.001); and revealed a significant decreasing on the SAI, PHQ-9, AIS, and VAS-10 scores in the CCBT group compared to that of TAU group during the post-intervention periods (all p<0.05). Furthermore, the other QOL of patients were higher except for physical well-being (p=0.176) and the satisfaction scores were higher in the CCBT group than that of TAU group (all p<0.05). CONCLUSION: The new developed cCBT program has a positive effect on psychosomatic symptoms surgery-related among patients with laryngectomy,. And patients with cCBT program reported high levels of QOL and satisfaction during perioperative period. To minimize face-to-face contact, the computer-assisted intervention may be an attractive approach.

[Research progress of microRNA in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma].

Laryngeal carcinoma is one of the most common malignant tumors in the area of head and neck, and the main pathological type is laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Due to the fact that the disease usually have no overt clinical symptoms at the early stage and easy to relapse, it has a poor prognosis and low five-year survival rate. microRNA is a class of endogenous, non-coding RNA with a length of 19-25 nucleotides. microRNAs, mainly regulate the expression of target genes at the post-transcriptional level after complementing and pairing with the 3'-UTR area of the target gene. Studies have shown that the abnormal expression of microRNA is closely related to the occurrence, development, metastasis and prognosis of various cancers including laryngeal carcinoma. In this article, the research progress of microRNA in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma is reviewed.

[Research progress of cancer stem cell biomarkers in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma].

Cancer stem cells （CSCs）, as a few amount of tumors, have infinite replication, self-renewal, differentiation and regeneration of cell subsets with tumorigenicity, have close relationship with tumor occurrence and recurrence, which can be found in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma （HNSCC）. One of the important measures to improve the patient prognosis is monitoring cancer stem cells and timely clinical intervention. Biomarker detection of cancer stem cells is an important method for clinical monitoring of cancer stem cells. This article reviews the biomarkers of CSCs in HNSCC, which is consist of membrane surface markers, non-coding RNAs, target genes and proteins.

Epidemiological Analysis of 1234 Cases of Laryngeal Cancer in Shanxi Province, China.

BACKGROUND: Laryngeal cancer is a common malignancy of the head and neck, especially in northern China, including Shanxi province. This study intends to describe the epidemiological characteristics of laryngeal cancer in Shanxi Province, China, in order to support prevention and treatment efforts. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of the medical records of patients diagnosed with laryngeal cancer in hospitals in Shanxi Province from 2008 to 2012. RESULTS: The average annual incidence rate of laryngeal cancer in Shanxi province from 2008 to 2012 was 0.70/105, the Chinese population standardized incidence rate was 0.57/105 and the world population standardized incidence rate was 0.60/105. The city with the highest incidence of laryngeal cancer in Shanxi Province is Taiyuan, followed by Yangquan, and the lowest incidence are Yuncheng and Jincheng. The cases included 723 farmers (58.6%), 338 workers (27.4%), 95 government cadres (7.7%), 35 unemployed individuals (2.8%), 30 teachers (2.4%) and 13 individuals with other occupations (1.1%). The incidence of laryngeal cancer in rural areas was 0.78/105, while urban areas was 0.60/105. Of 1006 patients with smoking and drinking status reported, there were 238 both smoking and drinking (23.7%), 491 only smoking but not drinking (48.8%), 4 only drinking but not smoking (0.4%), 273 both not smoking and not drinking (27.1%) (P<0.001), and there were 695 males smoking (95.3%), 34 females smoking (4.7%) (P<0.001). Of 879 patients for whom the primary cancer location was known, 406 cases (46.2%) were supraglottic and 428 cases (48.7%) were glottic. Among 1009 patients with known pathological classification, the vast majority had squamous cell carcinoma (992 cases, 98.3%). CONCLUSIONS: To sum up, the incidence of laryngeal cancer in Shanxi Province exhibited a relatively stable trend from 2008 to 2012, and the incidence is higher in men than in women in all years. The high percentage of smokers in this study underscores the importance of smoking as a risk factor for laryngeal cancer, whereas rates of drinking did not appear to be linked. Incidence of laryngeal cancer was higher in rural areas than in urban areas, a pattern that differs from other regions of China and internationally.