Synergistic analysis of lignin degrading bacterial consortium and its application in rice straw fiber film.

Fiber film have received widespread attention due to its green friendliness. We can use microorganisms to degrade lignin in straw to obtain cellulose and make fiber films. Herein, a group of high-temperature (50 °C) lignin degrading bacterial consortium (LDH) was enriched and culture conditions for lignin degradation were optimized. Combined with high-throughput sequencing technology, the synergistic effect of LDH-composited bacteria was analyzed. Then LDH was used to treat rice straw for the bio-pulping experiment. The results showed that the lignin of rice straw was degraded 32.4 % by LDH at 50 °C for 10 d, and after the optimization of culture conditions, lignin degradation rate increased by 9.05 % (P < 0.001). The bacteria that compose in LDH can synergistically degrade lignin. Paenibacillus can encode all lignin-degrading enzymes present in the LDH. Preliminary tests of LDH in the pulping industry have been completed. This study is the first to use high temperature lignin degrading bacteria to fabricate fiber film.

Synergistic effect of two bacterial strains promoting anaerobic digestion of rice straw to produce methane.

A large amount of agricultural waste causes global environmental pollution. Biogas production by microbial pretreatment is an important way to utilize agricultural waste resources. In this study, Sporocytophaga CG-1 (A, cellulolytic strain) was co-cultured with Bacillus clausii HP-1 (B, non-cellulolytic strain) to analyze the effect of pretreatment of rice straw on methanogenic capacity of anaerobic digestion (AD). The results showed that weight loss rate of filter paper of co-culture combination is 53.38%, which is 29.37% higher than that of A. The synergistic effect of B on A can promote its degradation of cellulose. The cumulative methane production rate of the co-culture combination was the highest (93.04 mL/g VS substrate), which was significantly higher than that of A, B and the control group (82.38, 67.28 and 67.70 mL/g VS substrate). Auxiliary bacteria can improve cellulose degradation rate by promoting secondary product metabolism. These results provide data support for the application of co-culture strategies in the field of anaerobic digestion practices.

Impacts of nano-acetamiprid pesticide on faba bean root metabolic response and soil health.

The associated benefits and potential environmental risks of nanopesticides on plant and soil health, particularly in comparison with traditional pesticides, have not been systematically elucidated. Herein, we investigated the impacts of the as-synthesized nano-acetamiprid (Nano-Ace, 20 nm) at low (10 mg/L), medium (50 mg/L), high (100 mg/L) doses and the corresponding high commercial acetamiprid (Ace, 100 mg/L) on the physiological and metabolic response of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) plants, as well as on rhizosphere bacterial communities and functions over short-, medium- and long-term exposures. Overall, Nano-Ace exposure contributed to basic metabolic pathways (e.g., flavonoids, amino acids, TCA cycle intermediate, etc.) in faba bean roots across the whole exposure period. Moreover, Nano-Ace exposure enriched rhizosphere beneficial bacteria (e.g., Streptomyces (420.7%), Pseudomonas (33.8%), Flavobacterium (23.3%)) and suppressed pathogenic bacteria (e.g., Acidovorax (44.5%)). Additionally, Nano-Ace exposure showed a trend of low promotion and high inhibition of soil enzyme activities (e.g., invertase, urease, arylsulfatase, alkaline phosphatase) involved in soil C, N, S, and P cycling, while the inhibition was generally weaker than that of conventional Ace. Altogether, this study indicated that the redox-responsive nano-acetamiprid pesticide possessed high safety for host plants and soil health.

Determining dense velocity fields for fluid images based on affine motion.

In this article, we address the problem of estimating fluid flows between two adjacent images containing fluid and non-fluid objects. Typically, traditional optical flow estimation methods lack accuracy, because of the highly deformable nature of fluid, the lack of definitive features, and the motion differences between fluid and non-fluid objects. Our approach captures fluid motions using an affine motion model for each small patch of an image. To obtain robust patch matches, we propose a best-buddies similarity-based method to address the lack of definitive features but many similar features in fluid phenomena. A dense set of affine motion models was then obtained by performing nearest-neighbor interpolation. Finally, dense fluid flow was recovered by applying the affine transformation to each patch and was improved by minimizing a variational energy function. Our method was validated using different types of fluid images. Experimental results show that the proposed method achieves the best performance.

Key Modulation of ROS and HSP for Effective Therapy Against Hypoxic Tumor with Multifunctional Nanosystem.

Background: Though nanomedicine-based photothermal therapy (PTT) has demonstrated promising prospect in tumor treatment due to its high therapeutic efficiency and controllable range, the overexpression of heat shock proteins (HSPs) during PTT can lead to intracellular thermal resistance and reduce its effectiveness. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), followed by the application of chemodynamic therapy (CDT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT), can eliminate HSPs and overcome thermal resistance. However, the tumor microenvironment, including hypoxia and glutathione (GSH) overexpression, impedes the production of ROS and therapeutic efficacy of CDT and PDT. Therefore, we proposed a multifunctional nanoplatform (HMPB@TCPP-Cu) driving PTT/ PDT/ CDT synergistic therapy for tumor treatment via modulating ROS and HSPs. Methods and Results: In this work, a novel nanoplatform (HMPB@TCPP-Cu) composed of O2/PTT supplier HMPB (hollow mesoporous Prussian blue) and the loaded PDT/CDT agent (TCPP-Cu2+) was prepared. HMPB acts as an photothermal converter, effectively raising the tumor temperature and inducing apoptosis. HMPB is also a potent catalase-like nanozyme, which can catalyze hydrogen peroxide into oxygen and reduce tumor hypoxia, thus elevating the efficiency of ROS production and the effectiveness of PDT with the wing of sonosensitizer-TCPP. The intracellular glutathione(GSH) was depleted by Cu2+ and •OH was generated along with the Cu2+/Cu+ converting and Cu+-mediated Fenton-like reaction. Subsequently, the increased levels of ROS effectively eliminate intratumoral thermal resistance. The HMPB@TCPP-Cu has achieved synergistic PTT/PDT/CDT for hepatoblastoma treatment and significant inhibition of tumor growth was detected both in vitro and in vivo. Conclusion: This study presents a multifunctional nanoplatform that combines photothermal/ chemodynamic/ photodynamic therapy for efficient hepatoblastoma treatment via modulating ROS and HSPs. Collectively, this study provides an appealing strategy in the cleavage of thermal resistance and a novel assistance and enhancement on thermal-related therapies.

Potentilla sericea stress-responsive spermine synthase PsSPMS enhances cadmium tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana.

Potentilla sericea is resistant and tolerates rough management. It is an excellent garden groundcover for ecological restoration and soil consolidation for slope protection. Polyamines have functions such as promoting tissue growth and physiological resistance, while spermine synthase catalyzes the production of spermine. The PsSPMS gene from Potentilla sericea was cloned and transformed into Arabidopsis thaliana to study the response of transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana to cadmium stress. The results showed that the contents of spermidine, spermine as well as glutathione were higher in PsSPMS overexpressing Arabidopsis thaliana than the control, while the contents of putrescine were less than the control. Net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, chlorophyll content, water use efficiency, electron transfer rate, PSII-related parameters, proline content, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione reductase activities were higher in PsSPMS overexpressing Arabidopsis thaliana than the control, while malondialdehyde, superoxide anion, and hydrogen peroxide contents were lower than the control. Correlation analysis showed significant differences between the indicators (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01). Expression of AtSPMS, AtSPD3, AtGSH2 and AtGR in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana was higher than that of the control. Therefore, this study provides a genetic reference for the cultivation of cadmium-tolerant plants through genetic engineering and lays the foundation for further research on cadmium-tolerant Potentilla sericea.

The role of neutrophil extracellular traps in sepsis and sepsis-related acute lung injury.

Neutrophils release neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) to trap pathogenic microorganisms. NETs are involved in the inflammatory response and bacterial killing and clearance. However, their excessive activation can lead to an inflammatory storm in the body, which may damage tissues and cause organ dysfunction. Organ dysfunction is the main pathophysiological cause of sepsis and also a cause of the high mortality rate in sepsis. Acute lung injury caused by sepsis accounts for the highest proportion of organ damage in sepsis. NET formation can lead to the development of sepsis because by promoting the release of interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-8, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, thereby accelerating acute lung injury. In this review, we describe the critical role of NETs in sepsis-associated acute lung injury and review the current knowledge and novel therapeutic approaches.

SERS with Flexible ß-CD@AuNP/PTFE Substrates for In Situ Detection and Identification of PAH Residues on Fruit and Vegetable Surfaces Combined with Lightweight Network.

The detection of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) on fruit and vegetable surfaces is important for protecting human health and ensuring food safety. In this study, a method for the in situ detection and identification of PAH residues on fruit and vegetable surfaces was developed using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) based on a flexible substrate and lightweight deep learning network. The flexible SERS substrate was fabricated by assembling ß-cyclodextrin-modified gold nanoparticles (ß-CD@AuNPs) on polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) film coated with perfluorinated liquid (ß-CD@AuNP/PTFE). The concentrations of benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), naphthalene (Nap), and pyrene (Pyr) residues on fruit and vegetable surfaces could be detected at 0.25, 0.5, and 0.25 µg/cm2, respectively, and all the relative standard deviations (RSD) were less than 10%, indicating that the ß-CD@AuNP/PTFE exhibited high sensitivity and stability. The lightweight network was then used to construct a classification model for identifying various PAH residues. ShuffleNet obtained the best results with accuracies of 100%, 96.61%, and 97.63% for the training, validation, and prediction datasets, respectively. The proposed method realised the in situ detection and identification of various PAH residues on fruit and vegetables with simplicity, celerity, and sensitivity, demonstrating great potential for the rapid, nondestructive analysis of surface contaminant residues in the food-safety field.

Multistage Anticoagulant Surfaces: A Synergistic Combination of Protein Resistance, Fibrinolysis, and Endothelialization.

Anticoagulant surface modification of blood-contacting materials has been shown to be effective in preventing thrombosis and reducing the dose of anticoagulant drugs that patients take. However, commercially available anticoagulant coatings, that is, both bioinert and bioactive coatings, are typically based on a single anticoagulation strategy. This puts the anticoagulation function of the coating at risk of failure during long-term use. Considering the several pathways of the human coagulation system, the synergy of multiple anticoagulation theories may provide separate, targeted effects at different stages of thrombosis. Based on this presumption, in this work, negatively charged poly(sodium p-styrenesulfonate-co-oligo(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate) and positively charged poly(lysine-co-1-adamantan-1-ylmethyl methacrylate) were synthesized to construct matrix layers on the substrate by electrostatic layer-by-layer self-assembly (LBL). Amino-functionalized ß-cyclodextrin (ß-CD-PEI) was subsequently immobilized on the surface by host-guest interactions, and heparin was grafted. By adjusting the content of poly(oligo(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate) (POEGMA), the interactions between modified surfaces and plasma proteins/cells were regulated. This multistage anticoagulant surface exhibits inertness at the initial stage of implantation, resisting nonspecific protein adsorption (POEGMA). When coagulation reactions occur, heparin exerts its active anticoagulant function in a timely manner, blocking the pathway of thrombosis. If thrombus formation is inevitable, lysine can play a fibrinolytic role in dissolving fibrin clots. Finally, during implantation, endothelial cells continue to adhere and proliferate on the surface, forming an endothelial layer, which meets the blood compatibility requirements. This method provides a new approach to construct a multistage anticoagulant surface for blood-contacting materials.

Biocompatible cationic polypeptoids with antibacterial selectivity depending on hydrophobic carbon chain length.

The overuse of antibiotics has triggered a new infection crisis and natural antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have been extensively studied as an alternative to fight microorganisms. Polypeptoids, or polypeptide-biomimetics, offer similar properties to polypeptides and a highly tunable structure that has been synthesized by various methods such as ring opening polymerization (ROP) using N-carboxyanhydride monomers. Simultaneous high antibacterial activity and biocompatibility of a structure by efficient synthesis is desired in the application of those materials. Herein, a series of cationic polypeptoids (PNBs) with variable side chain lengths was obtained by introducing positive charges to the main chain in one step and preserving the backbone structure, namely polypeptoids (PNBM, PNBE, PNBB) with different end groups (methyl (M), ethyl (E), butyl (B)). To address the issue of infection in interventional biomedical implants, we report cost-effective modified polyurethane (PU) films (PU-PNBM, PU-PNBE, PU-PNBB) as physical-biological synergistic antibacterial surfaces that overcome problems such as steric hindrance and the solubility of the materials. Antibacterial selectivity was achieved by regulating the different side chain lengths. When methyl and ethyl were used as hydrophobic side chains, they can only selectively kill Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus. PNBB, the most hydrophobic and with a butyl side chain can kill both Gram-negative Escherichia coli and Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and inhibit the growth of bacterial biofilms. Effective in both solution and modified substrate, its biocompatibility is not compromised while the antibacterial properties are substantially improved. Furthermore, PU-PNBB films demonstrated their potential in vivo antimicrobial efficiency in a model of S. aureus infection established on mouse skin. The synthesis route and the surface modification strategies are convenient, providing a solution to the problem of poor biocompatibility in antimicrobial surface applications and a strategy for the use of peptide polymers for targeted therapy after specific infections in the biomedical field.

Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy charged probes under inverted superhydrophobic platform for detection of agricultural chemicals residues in rice combined with lightweight deep learning network.

In this study, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) charged probes and an inverted superhydrophobic platform were used to develop a detection method for agricultural chemicals residues (ACRs) in rice combined with lightweight deep learning network. First, positively and negatively charged probes were prepared to adsorb ACRs molecules to SERS substrate. An inverted superhydrophobic platform was prepared to alleviate the coffee ring effect and induce tight self-assembly of nanoparticles for high sensitivity. Chlormequat chloride of 15.5-0.05 mg/L and acephate of 100.2-0.2 mg/L in rice were measured with the relative standard deviation of 4.15% and 6.25%. SqueezeNet were used to develop regression models for the analysis of chlormequat chloride and acephate. And the excellent performances were obtained with the coefficients of determination of prediction of 0.9836 and 0.9826 and root-mean-square errors of prediction of 0.49 and 4.08. Therefore, the proposed method can realize sensitive and accurate detection of ACRs in rice.

Detection of apple fruit damages through Raman spectroscopy with cascade forest.

Apple fruit damages seriously cause product and economic losses, infringe consumer rights and interests, and have harmful effects on human and livestock health. In this study, Raman spectroscopy (RS) and cascade forest (CForest) were adopted to determine apple fruit damages. First, the RS spectra of healthy, bruised, Rhizopus-infected, and Botrytis-infected apples were measured. Spectral changes and band attribution were analyzed. Different modeling methods were combined with various pre-processing and dimension reduction methods to construct recognition models. Among all models, CForest constructed with full spectra processed by Savitsky-Golay smoothing obtained the best performance with accuracies of 100%, 91.96%, and 92.80% in the training, validation, and test sets (ACCTE). And the modeling time is reduced to 1/3 of the full-spectra model with a similar ACCTE of 91.56% after principal component analysis. Overall, RS and CForest provided a non-destructive, rapid, and accurate identification of apple fruit damages and could be used in disease recognition and safety assurance of other fruits.

Changes of Plasma Blood Ammonia Levels of Chinese Healthy People and the Establishment of Reference Intervals.

BACKGROUND: Blood ammonia detection is used for the diagnosis or differential diagnosis of various hepatitis virus infections, severe liver cirrhosis, and hepatic encephalopathy. It is also one of the important indexes reflecting liver coma, Reyes syndrome, and other diseases. However, blood ammonia changes rapidly with time. If samples are not sent and detected in time, the results will be wrong, resulting in clinical misdiagnosis and life danger to patients. The purpose of this paper is to explore the change of blood ammonia with time and establish its reference interval. METHODS: For this study, 228 healthy patients (111 males and 117 females) were selected who underwent physical examination at the Health Management Center of the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University from April to May 2021. The blood ammonia detection kit (colorimetric method) produced by Roche Diagnostics GmbH of Germany was used for detection on the Roche cobas c702 automatic biochemical analyzer. After eliminating outliers from the obtained test results, they were grouped according to gender and age, and SPSS 26.0 software was employed to statistically analyze the blood ammonia test results. RESULTS: The differences in blood ammonia levels at each detection time were statistically significant (p < 0.05). The differences in blood ammonia levels between male and female subjects at 1 hour, 2 hours, and 3 hours were statistically significant (p < 0.05), but all ages saw no statistically significant difference in blood ammonia levels between segments (p > 0.05). The blood ammonia levels of each detection time and different genders showed a normal distribution. Therefore, it is necessary to take the 95% (X ± 1.96S) results of both sides as the reference interval according to the detection time and gender, and establish the reference intervals. The 1-hour blood ammonia reference interval for healthy men in Changsha is 15.8 - 47.5 µmol/L, for healthy women it is 12.4 - 39.6 µmol/L; the 2-hour blood ammonia reference interval for healthy men is 22.3 - 56.5 µmol/L, and for healthy women it is 19.1 - 48.0 µmol/L; the reference interval of 3-hours blood ammonia for healthy men is 27.9 - 65.7 µmol/L, and for healthy women it is 24.6 - 56.7 µmol/L. CONCLUSIONS: There are differences in blood ammonia levels between men and women at different detection times in Changsha. A reference interval suitable for blood ammonia in healthy individuals in the region should be established according to the detection time and gender, so as to provide better relevant evidence for clinical diagnosis.

Detection of amylase activity and moisture content in rice by reflectance spectroscopy combined with spectral data transformation.

In this study, reflectance spectroscopy was used to achieve rapid and non-destructive detection of amylase activity and moisture content in rice. Since rice husk can interfere with spectral measurements, spectral data transformation was used to remove the husk interference. Reflectance spectra of rice were transformed by direct standardization, convolutional autoencoder network, and kernel regression (KR). Then, random frog and elliptical envelope were adopted to select effective wavelengths, and partial least squares regression (PLSR) and support vector regression were used to establish analysis models. The optimal transformation was from KR, and PLSR and effective wavelengths of the transformed spectra obtained excellent performance with coefficient of determination of test of 0.6987 and 0.8317 and root-mean-square error of test of 0.3359 and 2.2239, respectively. The result was better than that of the rice spectra and was close to that of the husked rice spectra. When the moisture content was integrated into the regression model of amylase activity, a better result was obtained. Thus, the proposed method can detect amylase activity and moisture content in rice accurately.

Titin-truncating variants in hiPSC cardiomyocytes induce pathogenic proteinopathy and sarcomere defects with preserved core contractile machinery.

Titin-truncating variants (TTNtv) are the single largest genetic cause of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). In this study we modeled disease phenotypes of A-band TTNtv-induced DCM in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) using genome editing and tissue engineering technologies. Transcriptomic, cellular, and micro-tissue studies revealed that A-band TTNtv hiPSC-CMs exhibit pathogenic proteinopathy, sarcomere defects, aberrant Na+ channel activities, and contractile dysfunction. These phenotypes establish a dual mechanism of poison peptide effect and haploinsufficiency that collectively contribute to DCM pathogenesis. However, TTNtv cellular defects did not interfere with the function of the core contractile machinery, the actin-myosin-troponin-Ca2+ complex, and preserved the therapeutic mechanism of sarcomere modulators. Treatment of TTNtv cardiac micro-tissues with investigational sarcomere modulators augmented contractility and resulted in sustained transcriptomic changes that promote reversal of DCM disease signatures. Together, our findings elucidate the underlying pathogenic mechanisms of A-band TTNtv-induced DCM and demonstrate the validity of sarcomere modulators as potential therapeutics.

Distinct Mechanisms for Increased Cardiac Contraction Through Selective Alteration of Either Myosin or Troponin Activity.

Modulation of sarcomere contractility represents a new therapeutic opportunity for the treatment of heart failure by directly targeting the thick and thin filament proteins of the sarcomere to increase cardiac muscle contraction. This study compared the effect of 2 small molecules (M and T) that selectively alter myosin thick filament (M) or troponin thin filament (T) activity on overall cardiac muscle mechanics. This study revealed key differences related to the mechanism utilized by M and T to increase contractile force generation and suggests that targeting different proteins within the sarcomere may result in differentiating therapeutic profiles.

Predictive Glycaemic Response of Pasta Enriched with Juice, Puree, and Pomace from Red Cabbage and Spinach.

This study reports the digestibility and nutritional quality of pasta made from durum wheat semolina which was partially substituted by puree, juice or pomace from spinach and red cabbage. The results show that 10% substitution of semolina with red cabbage pomace and spinach pomace, 1% substitution of spinach juice, and 2% substitution of spinach puree significantly reduced the area under the curve of the in vitro starch digestion. This reduction was due to a combined effect of decreased starch content, increased dietary fibre content and inhibition of α-amylase caused by vegetable material addition. Total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant capacity increased significantly on raw, cooked and digested samples of vegetable fortified pasta compared to control. The ß-carotene content of spinach pasta (raw, cooked, and digested) was also higher than that of control. At the 1% substitution level, the juice was more efficient in improving the antioxidant capacity of resultant pasta compared to puree or pomace.

Artificial Extracellular Matrix Composed of Heparin-Mimicking Polymers for Efficient Anticoagulation and Promotion of Endothelial Cell Proliferation.

Heparin-mimicking polymers have emerged as an alternative to heparin to construct effective and safe anticoagulant surfaces. However, the present heparin-mimicking polymers are usually limited to the combinations of glucose and sulfonic acid units, and the structure origin of their anticoagulant properties remains vague. Inspired by the structure of natural heparin, we synthesized a series of novel heparin-mimicking polymers (named GSAs) composed of three units, glucose, sulfonic acid, and carboxylic acid. Then, we constructed artificial extracellular matrices composed of GSAs and two typical cationic polymers, polyethyleneimine and chitosan, to investigate the anticoagulation and endothelialization of GSAs. By changing the ratio of the three units, their functions in the matrices were studied systematically. We found that an increase in the sulfonic acid content enhanced surface anticoagulant activity, an increase in glucose and sulfonic acid content promoted the proliferation of human umbilical vein vascular endothelial cells, and an increase in the carboxylic acid content inhibited the adherence of human umbilical vein vascular smooth muscle cells. This work uncovers the important role of the GSAs structure to the anticoagulation properties, which sheds new light on the design and preparation of heparin-mimicking polymers for practical engineering applications.

Mechanisms of ginsenosides exert neuroprotective effects on spinal cord injury: A promising traditional Chinese medicine.

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating disorder of the central nervous system (CNS). It is mainly caused by trauma and reduces the quality of life of the affected individual. Ginsenosides are safe and effective traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs), and their efficacy against SCI is being increasingly researched in many countries, especially in China and Korea. This systematic review evaluated the neuroprotective effects of ginsenosides in SCI and elucidated their properties. Methods: All experimental information and summaries used in this review were acquired from peer-reviewed articles in the relevant fields. The PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure databases were searched for relevant articles. Information on the manual classification and selection of ginsenosides that protect against SCI is included in this review. Results: A literature survey yielded studies reporting several properties of ginsenosides, including anti-inflammation, anti-apoptosis, anti-oxidative stress, and inhibition of glial scar formation. Conclusion: In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of action of different ginsenosides that exert neuroprotective effects in SCI. These results suggest that after further verification in the future, ginsenosides may be used as adjunctive therapy to promote neurological recovery.

Meta-analysis of chitosan-mediated effects on plant defense against oxidative stress.

Chitosan, as a natural non-toxic biomaterial, has been demonstrated to enhance plant defense against oxidative stress. However, the general pattern and mechanism of how chitosan application modifies the amelioration of oxidative stress in plants have not been elucidated yet. Herein, we performed a meta-analysis of 58 published articles up to January 2022 to fill this knowledge gap, and found that chitosan application significantly increased the antioxidant enzyme activity (by 40.6 %), antioxidant metabolites content (by 24.6 %), defense enzyme activity (by 77.9 %), defense-related genes expression (by 103.2 %), phytohormones (by 26.9 %), and osmotic regulators (by 23.2 %) under stress conditions, which in turn notably reduced oxidative stress (by 32.2 %), and increased plant biomass (by 28.1 %) and yield (by 15.7 %). Moreover, chitosan-mediated effects on the amelioration of oxidative stress depended on the properties and application methods of chitosan. Our findings provide a comprehensive understanding of the mechanism of chitosan-alleviated oxidative stress, which would promote the application of chitosan in plant protection in agriculture.