Covalently Functionalized Nanopores for Highly Selective Separation of Monovalent Ions.

Biological ion channels possess prominent ion transport performances attributed to their critical chemical groups across the continuous nanoscale filters. However, it is still a challenge to imitate these sophisticated performances in artificial nanoscale systems. Herein, this work develops the strategy to fabricate functionalized graphene nanopores in pioneer based on the synergistic regulation of the pore size and chemical properties of atomically thin confined structure through decoupling etching combined with in situ covalent modification. The modified graphene nanopores possess asymmetric ion transport behaviors and efficient monovalent metal ions sieving (K+ /Li+ selectivity ≈48.6). Meanwhile, it also allows preferential transport for cations, the resulting membranes exhibit a K+ /Cl- selectivity of 76 and a H+ /Cl- selectivity of 59.3. The synergistic effects of steric hindrance and electrostatic interactions imposing a higher energy barrier for Cl- or Li+ across nanopores lead to ultra-selective H+ or K+ transport. Further, the functionalized graphene nanopores generate a power density of 25.3 W m-2 and a conversion efficiency of 33.9%, showing potential application prospects in energy conversion. The theoretical studies quantitatively match well with the experimental results. The feasible preparation of functionalized graphene nanopores paves the way toward direct investigation on ion transport mechanism and advanced design in devices.

Modulation of transport at the interface in the microporous layer for high power density proton exchange membrane fuel cells.

The proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell is a device that demonstrates a significant potential for environmental sustainability, since it efficiently converts chemical energy into electrical energy. The microporous layer (MPL) in PEM fuel cells promotes gas transport and eliminates water. Nevertheless, the power density of PEM fuel cells is restricted by ohmic losses and mass transport losses in conventional MPLs. In this study, we enhanced the power density of proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells through the identification of appropriate materials and the mitigation of mass transport losses occurring at the interface between the microporous layer and the catalyst layer. The incorporation of high electron conductivity, slip behavior at the interface between graphene and water, and rapid water evaporation facilitated by nanoporous graphene effectively address transport-related challenges. We evaluated two types of graphene as potential substitutes for carbon black in the microporous layer (MPL). The enhanced power density (up to 1.1 W cm-2) under all humidity conditions and reduced mass transport resistance (a 75 % reduction compared to carbon black MPL) make them promising candidates for next-generation PEM fuel cells. Furthermore, these findings provide guidance for controlling interfacial mass transport in colloidal systems.

Preanchoring Enabled Directional Modification of Atomically Thin Membrane for High-Performance Osmotic Energy Generation.

Salinity gradient energy is an environmentally friendly energy source that possesses potential to meet the growing global energy demand. Although covalently modified nanoporous graphene membranes are prospective candidates to break the trade-off between ion selectivity and permeability, the random reaction sites and inevitable defects during modification reduce the reaction efficiency and energy conversion performance. Here, we developed a preanchoring method to achieve directional modification near the graphene nanopores periphery. Numerical simulation revealed that the improved surface charge density around nanopores results in exceptional K+/Cl- selectivity and osmotic energy conversion performance, which agreed well with experimental results. Ionic transport measurements showed that the directionally modified graphene membranes achieved an outstanding power density of 81.6 W m-2 with an energy conversion efficiency of 35.4% under a 100-fold salinity gradient, outperforming state-of-the-art graphene-based nanoporous membranes. This work provided a facile approach for precise modification of nanoporous graphene membranes and opened up new ways for osmotic power harvesting.

Controlled Growth of Single-Crystal Graphene Wafers on Twin-Boundary-Free Cu(111) Substrates.

Single-crystal graphene (SCG) wafers are needed to enable mass-electronics and optoelectronics owing to their excellent properties and compatibility with silicon-based technology. Controlled synthesis of high-quality SCG wafers can be done exploiting single-crystal Cu(111) substrates as epitaxial growth substrates recently. However, current Cu(111) films prepared by magnetron sputtering on single-crystal sapphire wafers still suffer from in-plane twin boundaries, which degrade the SCG chemical vapor deposition. Here, it is shown how to eliminate twin boundaries on Cu and achieve 4 in. Cu(111) wafers with ≈95% crystallinity. The introduction of a temperature gradient on Cu films with designed texture during annealing drives abnormal grain growth across the whole Cu wafer. In-plane twin boundaries are eliminated via migration of out-of-plane grain boundaries. SCG wafers grown on the resulting single-crystal Cu(111) substrates exhibit improved crystallinity with >97% aligned graphene domains. As-synthesized SCG wafers exhibit an average carrier mobility up to 7284 cm2 V-1 s-1 at room temperature from 103 devices and a uniform sheet resistance with only 5% deviation in 4 in. region.

Glycolysis maintains AMPK activation in sorafenib-induced Warburg effect.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the second deadly cancer in the world and still lacks curative treatment. Aerobic glycolysis, or Warburg effect, is a major resistance mechanism induced by first-line treatment of HCC, sorafenib, and is regulated by the master regulator of metabolism, AMPK. Activation of AMPK is required for resistance; however, activation dynamics of AMPK and its regulation is rarely studied. Engineering cells to express an AMPK activity biosensor, we monitor AMPK activation in single HCC cells in a high throughput manner during sorafenib-induced drug resistance. Sorafenib induces transient activation of AMPK, duration of which is dependent on glucose. Inhibiting glycolysis shortens AMPK activation; whereas increasing glycolysis increases its activation duration. Our data highlight that activation duration of AMPK is important for cancer evasion of therapeutic treatment and glycolysis is a key regulator of activation duration of AMPK.

Slip-Enhanced Transport by Graphene in the Microporous Layer for High Power Density Proton-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells.

Proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells are a promising and environmentally friendly device to directly convert hydrogen energy into electric energy. However, water flooding and gas transport losses degrade its power density owing to structural issues (cracks, roughness, etc.) of the microporous layer (MPL). Here, we introduce a green material, supercritical fluid exfoliated graphene (s-Gr), to act as a network to effectively improve gas transport and water management. The assembled PEM fuel cell achieves a power density of 1.12 W cm-2. This improved performance is attributed to the reduction of cracks and the slip of water and gas on the s-Gr surface, in great contrast to the nonslip behavior on carbon black (CB). These findings open up an avenue to solve the water and gas transport problem in porous media by materials design with low friction and provide a new opportunity to boost high power density PEM fuel cells.

Dual-wavelength laser source by spectral beam combining of two Nd:YAG pulse lasers.

We present a dual-wavelength laser source obtained by spectral beam combining of two solid-state Nd:YAG pulsed lasers. The central wavelengths were locked at 1061.5 and 1064.6 nm. The output energy was the sum of the energy of the individually locked Nd:YAG lasers. The beam quality M 2 of the combined beam is 2.8×2.2, which is nearly the same as that of a single Nd:YAG laser beam. This work should be helpful to provide an effective dual-wavelength laser source for applications.

Artificial Monovalent Metal Ion-Selective Fluidic Devices Based on Crown Ether@Metal-Organic Frameworks with Subnanochannels.

Precise regulation of ion transport through nanoscale pores will profoundly impact diverse fields from separation to energy conversion but is still challenging to achieve in artificial ion channels. Herein, inspired by the exquisite ion selectivity of biological Na+ channels, we have successfully fabricated hierarchically grown metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) on an asymmetrical substrate assisted by atomically thin nanoporous graphene. Efficient separation of monovalent metal ions is realized by encapsulating 18-crown-6 into MOF crystals. The resulting 18-crown-6@ZIF-67/ZIF-8 device, with subnanochannels and specific K+ binding sites, shows an ultrahigh Li+ conductivity of 1.46 × 10-2 S cm-1 and selectivities of 9.56 and 6.43 for Li+/K+ and Na+/K+, respectively. The Li+ conductivity is around 1-2 orders of magnitude higher than reported values for the other MOF materials. It is the first time that MOFs with subnanochannels realize selective transport of Na+ (ionic diameter of 1.9 Å) over K+ (2.6 Å) based on subangstrom differences in their ionic diameter. Our work opens new avenues to develop crown ether@MOF platforms toward efficient ion transistors, fluidic logic devices, and biosensors.

Highly porous nanofiber-supported monolayer graphene membranes for ultrafast organic solvent nanofiltration.

Scalable fabrication of monolayer graphene membrane on porous supports is key to realizing practical applications of atomically thin membranes, but it is technologically challenging. Here, we demonstrate a facile and versatile electrospinning approach to realize nanoporous graphene membranes on different polymeric supports with high porosity for efficient diffusion- and pressure-driven separations. The conductive graphene works as an excellent receptor for deposition of highly porous nanofibers during electrospinning, thereby enabling direct attachment of graphene to the support. A universal "binder" additive is shown to enhance adhesion between the graphene layer and polymeric supports, resulting in high graphene coverage on nanofibers made from different polymers. After defect sealing and oxygen plasma treatment, the resulting nanoporous membranes demonstrate record-high performances in dialysis and organic solvent nanofiltration, with a pure ethanol permeance of 156.8 liters m−2 hour−1 bar−1 and 94.5% rejection to Rose Bengal (1011 g mol−1) that surpasses the permeability-selectivity trade-off.

Tunable Pore Size from Sub-Nanometer to a Few Nanometers in Large-Area Graphene Nanoporous Atomically Thin Membranes.

Membranes are key components in chemical purification, biological separation, and water desalination. Traditional polymeric membranes are subjected to a ubiquitous trade-off between permeance and selectivity, which significantly hinders the separation performance. Nanoporous atomically thin membranes (NATMs), such as graphene NATMs, have the potential to break this trade-off. Owing to their uniqueness of two-dimensional structure and potential nanopore structure controllability, NATMs are expected to have outstanding selectivity through molecular sieving while achieving ultimate permeance at the same time. However, a drastic selectivity discrepancy exists between the proof-of-concept demonstrations and scalable separation applications in graphene membranes. In this paper, we offer a possible solution to narrow this discrepancy by tuning the pore density and pore size separately with two successive plasma treatments. We demonstrate that by narrowing the pore size distribution, the selectivity of graphene membranes can be greatly increased. Low-energy argon plasma is first applied to nucleate high density of defects in graphene. Controlled oxygen plasma is then utilized to selectively enlarge the defects into nanopores with desired sizes. This method is scalable, and the fabricated 1 cm2 graphene NATMs with sub-nanometer pores can separate KCl and Allura Red with a selectivity of 104 and a permeance of 1.1 × 10-6 m s-1. The pores in NATMs can be further tuned from gas-selective sub-nanometer pores to a few nanometer size. The fabricated NATMs show a selectivity of 35 between CO2 and N2. With longer enlargement time, a selectivity of 21.2 between a lysozyme and bovine serum albumin can also be achieved with roughly four times higher permeance than that of a commercial dialysis membrane. This research offers a solution to realize NATMs of tunable pore size with a narrow pore size distribution for different separation processes from sub-nanometer in gas separation or desalination to a few nanometers in dialysis.

Biomimetic N-Doped Graphene Membrane for Proton Exchange Membranes.

Proton exchange membranes (PEMs) with both high selectivity and high permeance are of great demand in hydrogen-based applications, especially in fuel cells. Although graphene membranes have shown high selectivity of protons over other ions and molecules, the relatively low permeance of protons through perfect pristine graphene restricts its practical applications. Inspired by the nitrogen-assisted proton transport in biological systems, we introduced N-doping to increase the proton permeance and proposed a type of N-doped graphene membranes (NGMs) for proton exchange, which have both high proton permeance and high selectivity. Compared to the state-of-the-art commercial PEMs, the NGMs show significant increases in both areal proton conductivity (2-3 orders of magnitude) and selectivity of proton to methanol (1-2 orders of magnitude). The work realized the controllable tuning of proton permeance of the graphene membrane with N-doping and developed a new type of graphene-based PEMs with high performance for practical applications.

Engineering and characterization of gymnosperm sapwood toward enabling the design of water filtration devices.

Naturally-occurring membranes in the xylem tissue of gymnosperm sapwood enable its use as an abundantly-available material to construct filters, with potential to facilitate access to safe drinking water in resource-constrained settings. However, the material's behavior as a filter is poorly understood, and challenges such as short shelf life have not been addressed. Here, we characterize the operational attributes of xylem filters and show that the material exhibits a highly non-linear dependence of flow resistance on thickness upon drying, and a tendency for self-blocking. We develop guidelines for the design and fabrication of xylem filters, demonstrate gravity-operated filters with shelf life >2 years, and show that the filters can provide >3 log removal of E. coli, MS-2 phage, and rotavirus from synthetic test waters and coliform bacteria from contaminated spring, tap, and ground waters. Through interviews and workshops in India, we use a user-centric approach to design a prototype filtration device with daily- to weekly-replaceable xylem filters, and uncover indicators of social acceptance of xylem as a natural water filter. Our work enhances the understanding of xylem as a filtration material, and opens opportunities for engineering a diverse range of low-cost, biodegradable xylem-based filtration products on a global scale.

Decimeter-Scale Atomically Thin Graphene Membranes for Gas-Liquid Separation.

Graphene holds great potential for fabricating ultrathin selective membranes possessing high permeability without compromising selectivity and has attracted intensive interest in developing high-performance separation membranes for desalination, natural gas purification, hemodialysis, distillation, and other gas-liquid separation. However, the scalable and cost-effective synthesis of nanoporous graphene membranes, especially designing a method to produce an appropriate porous polymer substrate, remains very challenging. Here, we report a facile route to fabricate decimeter-scale (∼15 × 10 cm2) nanoporous atomically thin membranes (NATMs) via the direct casting of the porous polymer substrate onto graphene, which was produced by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). After the vapor-induced phase-inversion process under proper experimental conditions (60 °C and 60% humidity), the flexible nanoporous polymer substrate was formed. The resultant skin-free polymer substrate, which had the proper pore size and a uniform spongelike structure, provided enough mechanical support without reducing the permeance of the NATMs. It was demonstrated that after creating nanopores by the O2 plasma treatment, the NATMs were salt-resistant and simultaneously showed 3-5 times higher gas (CO2) permeance than the state-of-the-art commercial polymeric membranes. Therefore, our work provides guidance for the technological developments of graphene-based membranes and bridges the gap between the laboratory-scale "proof-of-concept" and the practical applications of NATMs in the industry.

Multifunctional PVDF/CNT/GO mixed matrix membranes for ultrafiltration and fouling detection.

Membrane fouling can be effectively addressed by modifying the membrane to realize anti-fouling capability together with real-time fouling detection. Here, we present the synthesis and water treatment testing of a promising candidate for this application, a composite membrane of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and functionalized carbon nano-materials prepared by a facile phase inversion method. The synergistic effect of oxidized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (OMWCNTs) and graphene oxide (GO) enabled better surface pore structures, higher surface roughness, hydrophilicity, and better antifouling property as compared with that of pristine PVDF membranes. The PVDF/OMWCNT/GO mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) achieved a high water flux of 125.6 L m-2 h-1 with high pollutant rejection rate, and their electrical conductivity of 2.11 × 10-4 S cm-1 at 100 kHz was sensitive to the amount of pollutant uptake. By using hybrid MMMs, we demonstrate simultaneous pollutant filtering and uptake monitoring, which is an important step in revolutionizing the water treatment industry.

Carbon nanotube-based flexible electrothermal film heaters with a high heating rate.

High-performance, flexible film heaters with carbon nanotube transparent conducting films are easily fabricated by both a rod-coating method and a spraying method. The main conclusion we have reached is that the film demonstrates a heating rate of 6.1°C s-1 at 35 V and sheet resistance as low as 94.7 Ω sq-1 with 72.04% optical transmittance at a wavelength of 550 nm by the spraying method after a series of post-treatment processes with acid and distilled water. Then, we adopt a mathematical method of nonlinear fitting to simulate the collected experimental data and the functions effectively. Furthermore, through analysis of the formula, the correlation between temperature and time is well explained. Therefore, carbon nanotube-based, flexible, transparent heaters exhibit high electrothermal performance and are expected to find different applications, e.g. various functional devices such as heating materials, heatable smart windows or dining tables.

Assessment and control of the impermeability of graphene for atomically thin membranes and barriers.

Two-dimensional materials such as graphene offer fundamentally transformative opportunities in membrane separations and as impermeable barriers, but the lack of facile methods to assess and control its 'impermeability' critically limits progress. Here we show that a simple etch of the growth catalyst (Cu) through defects in monolayer graphene synthesized by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) can be used to effectively assess graphene quality for membrane/barrier applications. Using feedback from the method to tune synthesis, we realize graphene with nearly no nanometer-scale defects as assessed by diffusion measurements, in contrast to commercially available graphene that is largely optimized for electronic applications. Interestingly, we observe clear evidence of leakage through larger defects associated with wrinkles in graphene, which are selectively sealed to realize centimeter-scale atomically thin barriers exhibiting <2% mass transport compared to the graphene support. Our work provides a facile method to assess and control the 'impermeability' of graphene and shows that future work should be directed towards the control of leakage associated with wrinkles.

Fundamental transport mechanisms, fabrication and potential applications of nanoporous atomically thin membranes.

Graphene and other two-dimensional materials offer a new approach to controlling mass transport at the nanoscale. These materials can sustain nanoscale pores in their rigid lattices and due to their minimum possible material thickness, high mechanical strength and chemical robustness, they could be used to address persistent challenges in membrane separations. Here we discuss theoretical and experimental developments in the emerging field of nanoporous atomically thin membranes, focusing on the fundamental mechanisms of gas- and liquid-phase transport, membrane fabrication techniques and advances towards practical application. We highlight potential functional characteristics of the membranes and discuss applications where they are expected to offer advantages. Finally, we outline the major scientific questions and technological challenges that need to be addressed to bridge the gap from theoretical simulations and proof-of-concept experiments to real-world applications.

Nanoporous Atomically Thin Graphene Membranes for Desalting and Dialysis Applications.

Dialysis is a ubiquitous separation process in biochemical processing and biological research. State-of-the-art dialysis membranes comprise a relatively thick polymer layer with tortuous pores, and suffer from low rates of diffusion leading to extremely long process times (often several days) and poor selectivity, especially in the 0-1000 Da molecular weight cut-off range. Here, the fabrication of large-area (cm2 ) nanoporous atomically thin membranes (NATMs) is reported, by transferring graphene synthesized using scalable chemical vapor deposition (CVD) to polycarbonate track-etched supports. After sealing defects introduced during transfer/handling by interfacial polymerization, a facile oxygen-plasma etch is used to create size-selective pores (≤1 nm) in the CVD graphene. Size-selective separation and desalting of small model molecules (≈200-1355 Da) and proteins (≈14 000 Da) are demonstrated, with ≈1-2 orders of magnitude increase in permeance compared to state-of-the-art commercial membranes. Rapid diffusion and size-selectivity in NATMs offers transformative opportunities in purification of drugs, removal of residual reactants, biochemical analytics, medical diagnostics, therapeutics, and nano-bio separations.

Harnessing the hygroscopic and biofluorescent behaviors of genetically tractable microbial cells to design biohybrid wearables.

Cells' biomechanical responses to external stimuli have been intensively studied but rarely implemented into devices that interact with the human body. We demonstrate that the hygroscopic and biofluorescent behaviors of living cells can be engineered to design biohybrid wearables, which give multifunctional responsiveness to human sweat. By depositing genetically tractable microbes on a humidity-inert material to form a heterogeneous multilayered structure, we obtained biohybrid films that can reversibly change shape and biofluorescence intensity within a few seconds in response to environmental humidity gradients. Experimental characterization and mechanical modeling of the film were performed to guide the design of a wearable running suit and a fluorescent shoe prototype with bio-flaps that dynamically modulates ventilation in synergy with the body's need for cooling.

Single-Layer Graphene Membranes Withstand Ultrahigh Applied Pressure.

High mechanical strength is essential for pressure-driven membrane separations with nanoporous single-layer graphene, but its ability to withstand high pressures remains to be demonstrated. We monitored failure of centimeter-scale single-layer graphene membranes on porous supports subjected to high pressures. Consistent with theory, the membranes were found to withstand higher pressures when placed on porous supports with smaller pore diameters, but failure occurred over a surprisingly broad range of pressures, attributed to heterogeneous susceptibility to failure at wrinkles, defects, and slack in the suspended graphene. Remarkably, nonwrinkled areas withstood pressure exceeding 100 bar at which many kinds of membrane suffer from compaction. Our study shows that single-layer graphene membranes can sustain ultrahigh pressure especially if the effect of wrinkles is isolated using supports with small pores and suggests the potential for the use of single-layer graphene in high-pressure membrane separations.