Effect of High-Fructose Diet-Induced Metabolic Syndrome on the Pituitary-Gonadal Axis in Male Rats.

Plasma testosterone levels have been found to decrease in older insulin-resistant male patients. Both lower total testosterone levels and a higher incidence of metabolic syndrome have also been reported. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of high-fructose diet-induced diabetes on both the testosterone release by Leydig cells and the activity of the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis in male rats. Male rats were fed with either standard chow (control group) or a high-fructose diet (fructose-fed group) for 21 weeks. Hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and hypertension were observed in the fructose-fed group. Moreover, plasma testosterone and LH levels decreased in the fructose-fed group compared to the control group. Sperm motility was also reduced by 15% in the fructose-fed rats. In contrast, the basal release of testosterone from rat Leydig cells was not altered by fructose feeding. Moreover, in vitro studies showed that the testosterone release, in response to different stimulants, including forskolin (an adenylyl cyclase activator, 10-5 M), 8-Br-cAMP (a permeable analog of cAMP, 10-5 M), A23187 (a calcium ionophore, 10-5 M), or 25-hydroxy-cholesterol (water-soluble cholesterol, 10-5 M), did not significantly differ between the fructose-fed and control groups. Interestingly, the release of testosterone in response to human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG, 0.05 IU/mL) was enhanced by eightfold in the control group, but elevenfold in the fructose-fed group. LH receptor expression in rat Leydig cells was also increased. Moreover, LH secretion from the anterior pituitary was altered in the fructose diet-fed group. These results suggest that fructose diet-fed rats have lower plasma testosterone levels, which can lead to a higher sensitivity of hCG in Leydig cells.

Amphetamine-Decreased Progesterone and Estradiol Release in Rat Granulosa Cells: The Regulatory Role of cAMP- and Ca2+-Mediated Signaling Pathways.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the amphetamine effects on progesterone and estradiol production in rat granulosa cells and the underlying cellular regulatory mechanisms. Freshly dispersed rat granulosa cells were cultured with various test drugs in the presence of amphetamine, and the estradiol/progesterone production and the cytosolic cAMP level were measured. Additionally, the cytosolic-free Ca2+ concentrations ([Ca2+]i) were measured to examine the role of Ca2+ influx in the presence of amphetamine. Amphetamine in vitro inhibited both basal and porcine follicle-stimulating hormone-stimulated estradiol/progesterone release, and amphetamine significantly decreased steroidogenic enzyme activities. Adding 8-Bromo-cAMP did not recover the inhibitory effects of amphetamine on progesterone and estradiol release. H89 significantly decreased progesterone and estradiol basal release but failed to enhance a further amphetamine inhibitory effect. Amphetamine was capable of further suppressing the release of estradiol release under the presence of nifedipine. Pretreatment with the amphetamine for 2 h decreased the basal [Ca2+]i and prostaglandin F2α-stimulated increase of [Ca2+]i. Amphetamine inhibits progesterone and estradiol secretion in rat granulosa cells through a mechanism involving decreased PKA-downstream steroidogenic enzyme activity and L-type Ca2+ channels. Our current findings show that it is necessary to study the possibility of amphetamine perturbing reproduction in females.

Inhibitory Effects of Digoxin and Digitoxin on Cell Growth in Human Ovarian Cancer Cell Line SKOV-3.

BACKGROUND: Cardiac glycosides (CGs) possess a chemical structure similar to steroids, and are inhibitors of the sodium potassium pump. An anti-tumor effect of CGs in breast and prostate cancers has been reported, but the effect of CGs on ovarian cancer is still unclear. AIMS: In this study, the effects of CGs on proliferation, cytotoxicity and cell cycle of ovarian cancer cell line (SKOV-3) have been investigated. PROCEDURE: The cell proliferation and cytotoxicity were detected by MTT assay and LDH activity assay, respectively. CGs, at concentrations higher than IC50, decreased cell proliferation and showed increased cytotoxicity toward SKOV-3 cells. The colony-formation ability was reduced after treatment with digoxin and digitoxin for 10 days. Furthermore, we explored the effect of digoxin and digitoxin on the distribution of cell cycle by flow cytometry. RESULTS: Results revealed that both digoxin and digitoxin led to cell cycle arrest in G0/G1 phase with 24 or 48 hours, but the arrest of G0/G1 phase was not observed at 72 hours. We evaluated the percentage of hypodiploid cell population as an index of the cellular fragments through flow cytometry. The data indicated that cellular fragments were significantly increased by treating with digitoxin at the concentrations of IC50 and 10-6 M for 72 hours. CONCLUSION: Taken together, these data suggest that CGs decreased cell proliferation and increased cytotoxicity through cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase. CGs have anti-tumor effect in SKOV-3 cells and might be a potential therapeutic drug for ovarian cancer. Since this study is a preliminary investigation of CGs on SKOV-3 cells, more experiments might be performed in the future. Furthermore, more ovarian cancer cell lines might also be employed in the future studies to confirm the effect of CGs in ovarian cancer.

Regulation of extracellular and intracellular prolactin on cell proliferation and survival rate through GHR/JAK2/STAT3 pathway in NSCLC.

Styrene increases serum prolactin (PRL) concentration. Hyperprolactinemia is associated with poor prognosis in lung cancer patients, but the mechanism of PRL action is unclear. The aims of this study were to (i) investigate the mechanism of PRL-action receptor in NSCLC cells (ii) measure whether PRL was secreted by NSCLC cells and its stimulatory mechanism in vitro and in vivo. We found that cell proliferation was increased after treatment of a pharmacological dose of PRL in A549 cells, which through up regulation of growth hormone receptor (GHR) and downstream of JAK2/STAT3/VEGF pathway. All NSCLC cells in the present study secreted PRL and expressed GHR, but not PRLR. Inhibition of GHR protein level led to decrease the PRL-induced cell proliferation. PRL was detected in NSCLC cells culture medium. Knockdown of intracellular PRL downregulated JAK2/STAT3 protein activities and GHR and VEGF protein levels. Furthermore, knockdown of intracellular PRL reduced the cell proliferation and the ability of colony-forming. In lung cancer tissues, PRL, GHR and VEGF levels were higher in the tumor tissues than in normal tissues and the protein expressions of these three proteins are positively correlated, respectively. High expression levels of both PRL and GHR cause a poor survival rate in lung cancer patients. Taken together, our results suggested that extracellular and intracellular PRL were involved in cell proliferation through GHR. Combination of in vitro and in vivo results, GHR and PRL are important targets for suppressing NSCLC cell proliferation, which might improve the survival rate in NSCLC patients.

Correction to: Disturbed Gastrointestinal Contractility in a Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Rat Model.

The original version of the article unfortunately contained an error in the legend of Figure 5B. Corrected version of Figure 5 is given below.

Downregulation of testosterone production through luteinizing hormone receptor regulation in male rats exposed to 17α-ethynylestradiol.

The pharmaceutical 17α-ethynylestradiol (EE2) is considered as an endocrine-disrupting chemical that interferes with male reproduction and hormonal activation. In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanism underlying EE2-regulatory testosterone release in vitro and in vivo. The results show that EE2 treatment decreased testosterone release from rat Leydig cells. Treatment of rats with EE2 reduced plasma testosterone levels and decreased the sensitivity of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). EE2 reduced luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) expression associated with decreased cAMP generation by downregulation of adenylyl cyclase activity and decreased intracellular calcium-mediated pathways. The expression levels of StAR and P450scc were decreased in Leydig cells by treatment of rats with EE2 for 7 days. The sperm motility in the vas deferens and epididymis was reduced, but the histopathological features of the testis and the total sperm number of the vas deferens were not affected. Moreover, the serum dihydrotestosterone (DHT) level was decreased by treatment with EE2. The prostate gland and seminal vesicle atrophied significantly, and their expression level of 5α-reductase type II was reduced after EE2 exposure. Taken together, these results demonstrate an underlying mechanism of EE2 to downregulate testosterone production in Leydig cells, explaining the damaging effects of EE2 on male reproduction.

Disturbed Gastrointestinal Contractility in a Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Rat Model.

BACKGROUND: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), a common hormonal disorder in women, affects 4-18% of women of reproductive age worldwide. A higher prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome was found in women with PCOS. However, the effects and mechanism of PCOS on stomach and colon contractility remain unclear. AIMS: This study aims to evaluate the correlation between PCOS and gastrointestinal disorder. METHODS: Four-week-old female rats were subcutaneously implanted with pellets containing 7.5 mg of dihydrotestosterone for 13 weeks to create PCOS rat models. After vaginal smears, the estrus cycle stage was evaluated. Oral glucose tolerance test was performed after 90 days of treatment. All animals were killed at 17 weeks. The rats were fasted overnight and then anesthetized before decapitation, and the stomach fundus and colon were surgically removed and cultured in oxygenated Krebs solution. Acetylcholine and carbachol were used to evaluate the cholinergic system on contractility. RESULTS: The basal and stomach fundus responded with a reduced frequency and contractility in response to acetylcholine in the PCOS group. Moreover, no difference was found in the spontaneous stomach contractility induced by carbachol in both groups. Lower maximal colon muscle contractility was also found in response to acetylcholine stimulation in PCOS rats. Furthermore, lower maximal muscle contractility was found in response to extracellular calcium levels. MLC20 phosphorylation was also reduced in the gastrointestinal tissue in PCOS rats. CONCLUSIONS: PCOS induces gastroparesis and reduces gastrointestinal muscle contractility. This effect is, at least partly, through reducing the responsiveness of acetylcholine and MLC20 phosphorylation.

Chronic intermittent hypoxia stimulates testosterone production in rat Leydig cells.

AIMS: The hypoxia-stimulated response of the endocrine system depends on the kind and duration of hypoxia. Hypoxia has been reported to stimulate testosterone (T) production in rats, but the mechanisms remain to be investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Male rats were divided into two groups. The rats exposed to chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) at 8 h/day were housed in a hypoxic chamber (12% O2) for 14 days. Normoxic rats were used as control animals. T was measured after challenging the rat Leydig cells (LCs) with different stimulators, including hCG (0.01 IU/ml), forskolin (10-5 M), 8-bromo-cAMP (10-4 M), A23187 (10-5 M), cyclopiazonic acid (10-4 M), and androstenedione (10-8 M). Meanwhile, the LCs were incubated with trilostane (10-5 M) and/or 25-OH-hydroxycholesterol (10-5 M); thereafter the media were collected for pregnenolone assay. KEY FINDINGS: In the CIH group, plasma T levels were increased, but the serum luteinizing hormone (LH) was decreased. Furthermore, at several time intervals after hCG injection, plasma T levels were higher in the CIH group. The evoked-release of T and pregnenolone were significantly increased in the CIH group. Compared with the normoxic group, the CIH group had higher mRNA and protein expression levels of the LH receptor and CYP11A1 but not StAR. The plasma and testicular microvasculature VEGF levels were increased in the CIH group. The testicular vessel distribution was more obvious in CIH rats. SIGNIFICANCE: CIH-induced T secretion might be partially mediated by mechanisms involving the induction of LH receptor expression, testicular angiogenesis, CYP11A1 activity, 17ß-HSD activity, and calcium-related pathway.

17α-Ethynylestradiol and 4-nonylphenol stimulate lung adenocarcinoma cell production in xenoestrogenic way.

Lung cancer has been one of the major cancers leading to mortalities worldwide. In addition to smoking, estrogen is considered to play an important role in the lung cancer development because women have a higher proportion of adenocarcinoma than men. In the environment, there are many metabolites and waste products that mimic human estrogen structurally and functionally. 17α-Ethynylestradiol (EE2) which is used as an oral contraceptive is released into wastewater after being utilized. Moreover, 4-nonylphenol (NP) which is found in the petrochemical products and air pollutants reveals estrogenic activity. In the present study, 17ß-estradiol (E2), EE2, and NP are administered to stimulate male lung adenocarcinoma cells (A549) and female lung adenocarcinoma cells (H1435). The results demonstrate that EE2 and NP stimulate A549 and H1435 cells proliferation in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Both estrogen receptors α and ß are simultaneously activated. In response to estrogens, up-regulation of the epidermal growth factor receptor and extracellular signal-regulated kinase expression occurs. In conclusion, this is the first study to report that EE2 and NP exert a biotoxic effect to stimulate the proliferation of both male and female lung cancer cell in a dose- and time- dependent manner. The environmental hormones posing new challenges for lung cancer deserve further investigation.

Inhibitory effect of berberine on interleukin-2 secretion from PHA-treated lymphocytic Jurkat cells.

Berberine is an isoquinoline alkaloid isolated from herb plants, such as Cortex phellodendri (Huangbai) and Rhizoma coptidis (Huanglian). Huanglian and Huangbai have been used as "heat-removing" agents. In addition, berberine has been reported to exert anti-inflammatory effect both in vivo and in vitro, where mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expressions are critically implicated. We herein tested the hypothesis that berberine exerts an anti-inflammatory effect through MAPK and COX-2 signaling pathway in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL). In Jurkat cells, we found that PHA exposure caused elevation on interleukin-2 (IL-2) production in a time-dependent manner. PHA-stimulated reactions were steeply suppressed by berberine, such as IL-2 mRNA expression and protein secretion. However, berberine did not exert any cytotoxic effect at doses of 40 µg/ml. In addition, the possible molecular mechanism of anti-inflammation effect of berberine could be the inhibition of PHA-evoked phosphorylation of p38, since c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) expressions did not alter. Consistent with above results, berberine inhibition on PHA-induced IL-2 secretion could be reversed by treatment of SB203580, a specific inhibitor of p38-MAPK. Interestingly, upregulation of PHA-induced COX-2 expression was also observed following berberine treatment of Jurkat cells. Furthermore, flow cytometry analysis showed berberine-induced cell cycle arrest at G1 phase after PHA stimulation and decreased percentage of G2/M phase. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that the anti-inflammatory effect of berberine largely potentially results from its ability to attenuate p38 MAPK expression, and does not exclude a positive action of berberine on cell cycle arrest. These results provide an innovative medicine strategy to against or treat T-ALL patients.

Anti-inflammatory Effects of Gossypol on Human Lymphocytic Jurkat Cells via Regulation of MAPK Signaling and Cell Cycle.

Gossypol, a natural polyphenolic compound extracted from cottonseed oil, has been reported to possess pharmacological properties via modulation cell cycle and immune signaling pathway. However, whether gossypol has anti-inflammatory effects against phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-induced cytokine secretion in T lymphocytes through similar mechanism remains unclear. Using the T lymphocytes Jurkat cell line, we found that PHA exposure caused dramatic increase in interleukin-2 (IL-2) mRNA expression as well as IL-2 secretion. All of these PHA-stimulated reactions were attenuated in a dose-dependent manner by being pretreated with gossypol. However, gossypol did not show any in vitro cytotoxic effect at doses of 5-20 µM. As a possible mechanism underlying gossypol action, such as pronounced suppression IL-2 release, robust decreased PHA-induced phosphorylation of p38 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase expressions was found with gossypol pretreatment, but not significant phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase expression. Furthermore, gossypol could suppress the Jurkat cells' growth, which was associated with increased percentage of G1/S phase and decreased fraction of G2 phase in flow cytometry test. We conclude that gossypol exerts anti-inflammatory effects probably through partial attenuation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (phosphorylated JNK and p38) signaling and cell cycle arrest in Jurkat cells.

An inhibitor of 11-ß hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (PF915275) alleviates nonylphenol-induced hyperadrenalism and adiposity in rat and human cells.

BACKGROUND: Nonylphenol (NP) is an environmental endocrine-disrupting chemical (EDC) detected in human cord blood and milk. NP exposure in developmental periods results in hyperadrenalism and increasing 11ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase I (11ß-HSD1) activity in an adult rat model. Alleviating 11ß-HSD1 activity is therefore a logical and common way to treat hyperadrenalism. PF915275 (PF; 4'-cyano-biphenyl-4-sulfonic acid (6-amino-pyridin-2-yl)-amide) is a selective inhibitor for 11ß-HSD1. This study aimed to determine whether PF915275 could alleviate the hyperadrenalism induced by NP. In addition to a rat model, the effects of NP and PF915275 were measured in human preadipocytes. METHODS: For the in vivo rat model, female adult rats exposed to NP during the developmental period were divided into two treatment groups, with one receiving oral DMSO solution and the other receiving PF915275 once per day for 4 weeks. After the final treatment, the rats from each group were sacrificed for analysis. For the in vitro human model, human preadipocytes received 2 regimens of NP treatment. One treatment regimen occurred before differentiation (to mimic the sensitive developmental period; P exposure), and the other included continuous exposure from preadipocytes to fully differentiated adipocytes (to mimic the growing and adult periods, respectively; C exposure). Protein and RNA were extracted from rat tissues and the preadipocytes for western blot and real-time PCR analysis. RESULTS: In the rat model, PF915275 alleviated NP-induced effects by interfering with adipogenesis pathways, including enhancing PPARα expression, decreasing PPARγ expression, and reducing both 11ß-HSD1 protein and mRNA expression levels. Additionally, PF915275 reduced the effects of the adrenal corticoid synthesis pathway by reducing StAR expression and 11ß-hydroxylase and aldosterone synthase activities. With short-term exposure, NP enhanced PPARγ and FASN mRNA expression levels and reduced PPARα expression, whereas PF915275 alleviated these effects. With C exposure, the NP-induced accumulation of intracellular lipids was reduced by PF915275 treatment, which was mediated by decreased PPARγ mRNA and protein expression levels and increased PPARα protein expression. CONCLUSIONS: The effects of NP and PF915275 treatment in both rat and human cell models are similar. Rats may be an appropriate model to study the effects of NP in humans, especially during the developmental period.

Stimulatory Effect of Intermittent Hypoxia on the Production of Corticosterone by Zona Fasciculata-Reticularis Cells in Rats.

Hypoxia or intermittent hypoxia (IH) have known to alter both synthesis and secretion of hormones. However, the effect of IH on the production of adrenal cortical steroid hormones is still unclear. The aim of present study was to explore the mechanism involved in the effect of IH on the production of corticosterone by rat ZFR cells. Male rats were exposed at 12% O2 and 88% N2 (8 hours per day) for 1, 2, or 4 days. The ZFR cells were incubated at 37 °C for 1 hour with or without ACTH, 8-Br-cAMP, calcium ion channel blockers, or steroidogenic precursors. The concentration of plasma corticosterone was increased time-dependently by administration of IH hypoxia. The basal levels of corticosterone production in cells were higher in the IH groups than in normoxic group. IH resulted in a time-dependent increase of corticosterone production in response to ACTH, 8-Br-cAMP, progesterone and deoxycorticosterone. The production of pregnenolone in response to 25-OH-C and that of progesterone in response to pregnenolone in ZFR cells were enhanced by 4-day IH. These results suggest that IH in rats increases the secretion of corticosterone via a mechanism at least in part associated with the activation of cAMP pathway and steroidogenic enzymes.

Stimulatory Effect of Food Restriction on the Steroidogenesis of Aldosterone in Ovariectomized Rats.

Food or calorie restriction (FR or CR) induces several physiological changes including weight loss, metabolic adaptations, mineral and hormonal changes. However, the effects of FR on aldosterone steroidogenesis in zona glomerulosa (ZG) cells have not been elucidated. Therefore, the present study was designed to investigate the effects of FR on aldosterone secretion and the involved mechanisms in ovariectomized (Ovx) rats. Ovx rats were divided into ad libitum fed (control) and FR groups. The FR rats exhibited decreased body weight, water intake, urine flow, sodium excretion and increased plasma aldosterone in comparison with control rats. FR elevated the basal and angiotensin II-stimulated aldosterone secretion from ZG cells. The conversions of 25-hydroxy-cholesterol to pregnenolone or corticosterone to aldosterone in ZG cells of FR group were greater than that in control group. FR group had a higher protein expression of steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) protein in ZG cells. However, there was no different protein expression of cytochrome P450 sidechain cleavage enzyme (P450scc) in ZG cells between control and FR groups. In summary, the increased activities of P450scc and aldosterone synthase as well as the protein expression of StAR protein in ZG cells are involved in the effects of FR on aldosterone steroidogenesis in Ovx rats. We also suggest that the increase of aldosterone might be associated with anti-diuresis and antinatriuresis in FR group. These results are helpful for understanding the role of aldosterone in physiological adaptation and renal sodium conservation during FR.

Interactive Effect of Corticosterone and Lactate on Regulation of Testosterone Production in Rat Leydig Cells.

The increasing intensity of exercise enhanced corticosterone and lactate production in both humans and rodents. Our previous studies also demonstrated that lactate could stimulate testosterone production in vivo and in vitro. However, the production of testosterone in response to combined corticosterone and lactate on Leydig cells, and underlying molecular mechanisms are remained unclear. This study investigated the changes in testosterone levels of Leydig cells upon exposure to lactate, corticosterone or combination of both, and revealed the detailed mechanisms. Leydig cells were isolated from rat testes, and treated with different concentrations of lactate (2.5-20 mM), cortiosterone (10-9 -10-4 M) and lactate plus corticosterone. The production of testosterone were assayed by radioimmunoassay, and the key molecular proteins, including luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR), protein kinase A (PKA), steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), and cholesterol P450 side-chain cleavage enzyme (P450scc) involved in testosterone production were performed by Western blot. Results showed that testosterone levels were significantly increased with lactate, while decresed with corticosterone and lactate plus corticosterone treatment. Protein expressions of LHR and P450scc were upregulated with lactate treatment. However, PKA and P450scc were downregulated by lactate plus corticosterone treatment. This downregulation was followed by decreased testoterone levels in Leydig cells. Furthermore, acetylated cAMP, which activates testosterone production was increased with lactate, but not altered by conrtiosterone. Our findings conclude that corticosterone may interfere with lactate, and restrict lactate-stimulated testosterone production in Leydig cells. J. Cell. Physiol. 232: 2135-2144, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Induction of renal senescence marker protein-30 (SMP30) expression by testosterone and its contribution to urinary calcium absorption in male rats.

The aim of this study was to investigate the involvement of androgen, mainly testosterone, in the expression of renal senescence marker protein-30 (SMP30) in male rats. We found that the renal SMP30 expression was up-regulated by endogenous testosterone stimulation during puberty. Interestingly, androgen-deficient orchidectomized (ORX) rats exhibited lower SMP30 mRNA and protein expression in the kidney, and that was restored by testosterone propionate (TP) replacement. Abrogation of androgen receptor (AR) activity by co-treatment with flutamide abolished testosterone-induced SMP30 expression in the kidney as well as in the NRK52E cells. However, SMP30 expression was unaltered in the liver of ORX rats. We also showed a positive correlation between renal SMP30 expression and plasma testosterone level during the aging process. TP-induced SMP30 expression in ovariectomized (OVX) rats was observed and was an evidence to explain the gender difference of SMP30 levels. Immunofluorescence assay showed that renal SMP30 was specifically expressed in the proximal tubular segments of the kidney. The urinary Ca(2+) level was increased in both ORX and male aging rats. Taken together, our results indicate a novel role of testosterone in regulating SMP30 expression specifically in the kidney to contribute to urinary calcium absorption.

Attenuation of exercise effect on inflammatory responses via novel role of TLR4/PI3K/Akt signaling in rat splenocytes.

Moderate exercise diminishes proinflammation cytokine production in various types of immune cells, but the intracellular signaling pathways involved are not completely understood. Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt, a crucial downstream protein of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), may modulate inflammation. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of exercises on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated inflammatory response in splenocytes and to explore potential mechanisms of the PI3K/Akt pathway. Male rats were divided into sedentary and exercise groups. Animals in the exercise group underwent endurance training 30 min/day, 7 days/wk, at the speed of 20 m/min on a treadmill for 1 wk. Here, we showed that exercise 1) attenuated TLR4, 2) increased PI3K/phospho-Akt (p-Akt), and 3) diminished phospho-nuclear factor-κB (p-NF-κB) expression. In addition, administration of splenocytes isolated from trained rats with LPS in vitro showed 1) reduced tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and nitric oxide secretion and 2) decreased splenocyte proliferation. The plasma corticosterone (CCS) level in the exercise group was higher than that in the sedentary group. We confirmed that CCS down-regulated TNF-α and IL-6 secretion in response to LPS in rat splenocytes. Dexamethasone also significantly attenuated LPS-evoked release of TNF-α and IL-6 in a dose-dependent manner. These findings suggested that exercise dampened the secretion of inflammation mediators probably through partial inhibition of TLR4 and p-NF-κB and activation of PI3K/p-Akt expression in the spleen.

Growth Modulation of Diabetic Factors and Antidiabetic Drugs on Prostate Cancer Cell Lines.

Risk factors for prostate cancer (PCa) include age, hormones, race, family history and diet. Recently, epidemiologic evidence has indicated that history of diabetes mellitus (DM) is inversely associated with risk of PCa. However, epidemiological investigations have yielded inconsistent results. Hence, the exact mechanism of DM-induced reduction in the incidence of PCa has yet to be fully elucidated. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of DM factors, including glucose, insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), on the proliferation of PCa cell lines in vitro. Cell proliferation and expression of hormone receptors was examined in MTT assay and Western blot analysis, respectively. The results showed that DM factors did not affect the viability of androgen receptor (AR)-expressing PCa cell lines. However, cell proliferation increased after treatment with DM factors in androgen-independent PCa cell lines. On PCa tissue arrays, intensities of total AR and nuclear IGF-1R were higher in malignant tissues than in normal prostate glands. In terms of hormonal receptors, androgen-dependent LNCaP cells treated with insulin and IGF-1 in a low-serum medium showed decreased expression of insulin receptor beta (IRß) and elevated expression of IGF-1 receptor beta (IGF-1Rß). Moreover, expression of AR was upregulated after insulin and IGF-1 treatment in LNCaP cells, but not in the other PCa cell lines. Most of the studied antidiabetic drugs promoted the viability of PCa cells. However, metformin decreased the viability of AR-expressing PCa cells. These results suggest that diabetic factors modify the expression of AR, IR and IGF-1R to increase cancer cell proliferation. Moreover, the growth suppressing effects of metformin on PCa may be via the regulation of the AR signaling pathway.

Nonylphenol-induced hyperadrenalism can be reversed/alleviated by inhibiting of 11-ß hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1.

We previously observed that nonylphenol (NP) exposure during development resulted in increases in body weight and hyperadrenalism in adult male offspring. The mechanism of hyperadrenalism includes the primary activation of the adrenal gland and the conversion of inactive glucocorticoids to active glucocorticoids by 11ß-HSD1. The inhibition of 11ß-HSD1 is investigated as a new therapeutic approach. This study examined the effect of PF915275 (a selective 11ß-HSD1 inhibitor) on hyperadrenalism and adipogenesis in male rats exposed to NP during development. The results showed that treatment with the 11ß-HSD1 inhibitor PF915275 reversed/alleviated NP-induced hyperadrenalism via the following mechanisms: (1) decreasing serum corticosterone, 11ß-hydroxylase, and aldosterone synthase levels; (2) significantly increasing PPARα protein and mRNA expression. In adipose tissue, NP significantly increased PPARγ mRNA expression, whereas PF915275 significantly decreased the level of mRNA expression; and (3) the expression of key regulators/enzymes in the adipogenesis metabolic pathway was also modulated.