Advancing diabetes treatment: the role of mesenchymal stem cells in islet transplantation.

Diabetes mellitus, a prevalent global health challenge, significantly impacts societal and economic well-being. Islet transplantation is increasingly recognized as a viable treatment for type 1 diabetes that aims to restore endogenous insulin production and mitigate complications associated with exogenous insulin dependence. We review the role of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in enhancing the efficacy of islet transplantation. MSCs, characterized by their immunomodulatory properties and differentiation potential, are increasingly seen as valuable in enhancing islet graft survival, reducing immune-mediated rejection, and supporting angiogenesis and tissue repair. The utilization of MSC-derived extracellular vesicles further exemplifies innovative approaches to improve transplantation outcomes. However, challenges such as MSC heterogeneity and the optimization of therapeutic applications persist. Advanced methodologies, including artificial intelligence (AI) and single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), are highlighted as potential technologies for addressing these challenges, potentially steering MSC therapy toward more effective, personalized treatment modalities for diabetes. This review revealed that MSCs are important for advancing diabetes treatment strategies, particularly through islet transplantation. This highlights the importance of MSCs in the field of regenerative medicine, acknowledging both their potential and the challenges that must be navigated to fully realize their therapeutic promise.

Relationship between glycated hemoglobin levels and three-month outcomes in acute ischemic stroke patients with or without diabetes: a prospective Korean cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: In patients experiencing acute ischemic stroke, there is ongoing debate surrounding the connection between chronic hyperglycemic status and their initial clinical outcomes. Our objective was to examine the connection between glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels and adverse clinical outcomes at both 3-months adverse clinical outcomes in individuals with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) with and without diabetes. METHODS: The present prospective cohort study involved 896 AIS patients without diabetes and 628 with diabetes treated at a South Korean hospital from January 2010 to December 2016. The target independent variable is HbA1c. The outcome variable is a modified Rankin scale score ≥ 3. A binary logistic regression model was applied to assess the connection between HbA1c levels and 3-month poor clinical outcomes in AIS patients with and without diabetes. Additionally, a generalized additive model and smoothed curve fitting were utilized to explore potential nonlinear associations between HbA1c levels and 3-month adverse clinical outcomes in AIS patients with and without diabetes. RESULTS: The binary logistic regression model could not identify any statistically significant connection between HbA1c and 3-month adverse clinical outcomes in AIS patients, both those with and without diabetes, after correcting for various factors. However, a nonlinear relationship emerged between HbA1c and 3-month adverse clinical outcomes in AIS patients with diabetes. The inflection point for HbA1c was determined to be 6.1%. For HbA1c values ≤ 6.1%, an inverse association was observed between HbA1c and 3-month adverse clinical outcomes in diabetic AIS patients, and each 1% increase in HbA1c in AIS patients with DM was associated with an 87% reduction in 3-month adverse clinical outcomes (OR = 0.13, 95% CI: 0.02-0.81). Conversely, when HbA1c exceeded 6.1%, a positive association between HbA1c and 3-month adverse clinical outcomes became apparent in diabetic AIS patients, and each 1% increase in HbA1c in AIS patients with DM was associated with a 23% increase in 3-month adverse clinical outcomes (OR = 1.23, 95%CI: 1.03-1.47). However, it's important to note that no significant linear or nonlinear relationships were observed between HbA1c levels and 3-month adverse clinical outcomes in AIS patients without diabetes. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest a nonlinear connection and threshold effect between HbA1c and 3-month adverse clinical outcomes in AIS patients with diabetes. AIS patients with diabetes had a lower risk of 3-month adverse clinical outcomes when their HbA1c control was close to 6.1%. Our findings may aid treatment decision-making and potentially guide interventions to optimize glycemic control in AIS patients.

Revolutionizing cancer immunotherapy in solid tumor: CAR engineering and single-cell sequencing insights.

The global increase in cancer incidence presents significant economic and societal challenges. While chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cell (CAR-T) therapy has demonstrated remarkable success in hematologic malignancies and has earned FDA approval, its translation to solid tumors encounters faces significant obstacles, primarily centered around identifying reliable tumor-associated antigens and navigating the complexities of the tumor microenvironment. Recent developments in single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) have greatly enhanced our understanding of tumors by offering high-resolution, unbiased analysis of cellular heterogeneity and molecular patterns. These technologies have revolutionized our comprehension of tumor immunology and have led to notable progress in cancer immunotherapy. This mini-review explores the progress of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) cell therapy in solid tumor treatment and the application of scRNA-seq at various stages following the administration of CAR cell products into the body. The advantages of scRNA-seq are poised to further advance the investigation of the biological characteristics of CAR cells in vivo, tumor immune evasion, the impact of different cellular components on clinical efficacy, the development of clinically relevant biomarkers, and the creation of new targeted drugs and combination therapy approaches. The integration of scRNA-seq with CAR therapy represents a promising avenue for future innovations in cancer immunotherapy. This synergy holds the potential to enhance the precision and efficacy of CAR cell therapies while expanding their applications to a broader range of malignancies.