Spatio-temporal distribution of sea surface chlorophyll-a in coral reefs of the South China Sea over the past decade based on Landsat-8 Operational Land Images.

The concentration of chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) in seawater reflects phytoplankton growth and water eutrophication, which are usually assessed for evaluation of primary productivity and carbon source/sink of coral reefs. However, the precise delineation of Chl-a concentration in coral reefs remains a challenge when ocean satellites with low spatial resolution are utilized. In this study, a remote sensing inversion model for Chl-a was developed in fringing reefs (R2 = 0.76, RMSE =0.41 µg/L, MRE = 14 %) and atolls (R2 = 0.79, RMSE =0.02 µg/L, MRE = 8 %), utilizing reflectance data from the sensitive band of the Landsat-8 Operational Land Imagers (OLI) with a spatial resolution of 30 m. The aforementioned model was utilized to invert high-resolution distribution maps of Chl-a concentration in six major coral reef regions of the South China Sea from 2013 to 2022 and subsequently used to analyze the variations in Chl-a concentration and its influencing factors. The results indicate a Chl-a concentration gradient among coral reefs Daya Bay, Weizhou Island, Luhuitou, Xuwen, Huangyan Island, and Xisha Island in that order. The Chl-a concentration in coral reefs exhibited an overall increasing trend, with significant seasonal fluctuations, characterized by higher concentrations during winter and spring and lower concentrations during summer and autumn. The concentration of Chl-a in coral reefs was positively correlated with the average wind speed.

Triplane technique for breast reconstruction after breast cancer surgery: A case series report.

RATIONALE: Implant-based breast reconstruction is an important method for post-mastectomy breast reconstruction. Currently, the most commonly used technique is the biplane technique. However, the high rate of postoperative complications, the inability of pockets to accommodate larger implants, and the expensive costs of biological mesh make the development of new surgical methods urgent. The triplane technique for breast reconstruction is an ideal candidate method. PATIENT CONCERNS: The main local symptoms were breast lump, abnormal breast skin, nipple discharge, and abnormal nipple or areola in 24 patients. DIAGNOSES: The study included 24 female patients who underwent breast reconstruction using the triplane technique after radical breast cancer surgery. INTERVENTIONS: The surgical procedure involved measuring the dimensions of the breast, designing the incision, and creating a pocket for the implant using the triplane technique, which includes the pectoralis major muscle, the pectoralis major fascia continuing to the rectus abdominis fascia, and the latissimus dorsa muscle fascia continuing to the rectus abdominis fascia. Postoperative follow-up included regular assessments of pain and evaluation of breast appearance. OUTCOMES: No cases of postoperative infection were observed in all patients. During the 1-year follow-up period after surgery, 5 patients (20.8%) who needed radiotherapy after mastectomy for cancer showed slight darkening of skin flap pigment after using the triplane technique implant. No cases of exposure or infection of the expanders were reported, and 1 patient underwent expander replacement with a permanent prosthesis. All patients expressed satisfaction with the reconstructed breast shape. The 10 patients (41.7%) experiencing postoperative swelling and pain. However, the pain gradually subsided during the postoperative recovery period. No cases of local recurrence or distant metastasis of breast cancer were observed during the 1-year-follow-up period. LESSONS: The triplane technique for breast reconstruction after breast cancer surgery provides good implant coverage, reduces the risk of complications, and is cost-effective.

Transition towards dual control of CO2 emissions and intensity through supply chain management in China.

To mitigate global climate change and achieve CO2 emissions reduction goals, China proposed to shift to dual control of total CO2 emissions (CE) and CO2 emissions intensity (CEI) as early as possible. Accurately assessing provincial sectoral CE and CEI and developing reasonable regulatory strategies is a prerequisite for achieving the goal of dual control. However, there is a lack of comprehensive analysis from different perspectives of the supply chain. Therefore, this paper evaluates the CE and CEI in provincial sectors of China in 2017 from production-based and consumption-based perspectives according to multi-regional input-output (MRIO) model. Then, we analyze the supply chain of transmission sector by betweenness-based method as a supplementary perspective. The results show that: (1) The CE and CEI from different perspectives are different and can complement each other. (2) Production and distribution of electric power and heat power in Inner Mongolia (P5D24), construction in Jiangsu (P10D27), distribution of electric power and heat power in Beijing (P1D24) are the critical sectors for dual control of CE and CEI from production, consumption, betweenness-based perspectives, respectively. (3) Construction in Jiangsu (P10D27) and Shanxi (P4D27) have the highest embodied CE and CEI in China respectively. Energy and raw material sectors from upstream supply chain contribute large CE to construction sectors. This research suggests that paying attention to critical sectors from different perspectives of the supply chain and taking different measures to decrease CO2 emissions. Taking both CE and CEI into consideration and allocating CO2 emissions reduction pressures reasonably among provincial sectors. At the same time, taking care of relevant upstream sectors of the supply chain to help a single sector achieve CO2 emissions reduction goals and promote China's transition to dual control of CE and CEI.

Catalytic Oxidation of Acetone on SmMn2O5: Effect of Acid Etching and Loading Treatment.

The key of catalytic oxidation technology is to develop a stable catalyst with high activity. It is still a serious challenge to achieve high conversion efficiency of acetone with an integral catalyst at low temperature. In this study, the SmMn2O5 catalyst after acid etching was used as the support, and the manganese mullite composite catalyst was prepared by loading Ag and CeO2 nanoparticles on its surface. By means of SEM, TEM, XRD, N2-BET, XPS, EPR, H2-TPR, O2-TPD, NH3-TPD, DRIFT, and other characterization methods, the related factors and mechanism analysis of acetone degradation activity of the composite catalyst were discussed. Among them, the CeO2-SmMn2O5-H catalyst has the best catalytic activity at 123 and 185 °C for T50 and T100, respectively, and shows excellent water and thermal resistance and stability. In essence, the surface and lattice defects of highly exposed Mn sites were formed by acid etching, and the dispersibility of Ag and CeO2 nanoparticles was optimized. Highly dispersed Ag and CeO2 nanoparticles have a highly synergistic effect with the support SmMn2O5, and the reactive oxygen species provided by CeO2 and the electron transfer brought by Ag further promote the decomposition of acetone on the carrier SMO-H. In the field of catalytic degradation of acetone, a new catalyst modification method of high-quality active noble metals and transition metal oxides supported by acid-etched SmMn2O5 has been developed.

Bio-straw or not? Determinants of consumption intention under the plastic straw ban.

A new plastic ban has banned the use of single-use non-degradable plastic drinking straws in China's food and beverage industry by the end of 2020. However, this has caused widespread discussion and complaints on social media. What are consumers' reactions and what factors influence consumers to choose bio-straws (substitutes for plastic straws) are unclear. Therefore, this research collected 4367 effective comments (177,832 words in total) on "bio-straws" from social media and extracted keywords based on grounded theory to generate questionnaires. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the consumption intention and influencing factors of 348 consumers regarding the ban. The results indicate the following: (1) consumer opinion on straws can be summarized into five main categories, namely, consumers' user experience, consumer subjectivity, policy awareness, policy acceptance, and consumption intention; (2) consumer subjectivity, policy awareness, and policy acceptance directly affect consumption intention significantly, while user experience affects consumption intention indirectly; and (3) user experience and consumer subjectivity play significant roles in mediating these relationships. From the perspective of consumers, this study provides an important basis for policymakers to formulate single-use plastic alternative policies in the future.

Accuracy of Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Diagnosing Placenta Accreta: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Background: The disease burden and incidence of placenta accreta are increasing worldwide. The morbidity and mortality associated with undiagnosed placenta accreta are both high, highlighting the important of early diagnosis and intervention. In recent years, increasing studies are exploring the diagnostic value of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for placenta accreta. Compared with traditional ultrasound, MRI has the advantages of high-resolution, multiangle imaging, and less influence by amniotic fluid and intestinal gas. However, the reported diagnostic accuracy among studies was inconsistent. Therefore, this study is aimed at exploring the diagnostic value of MRI for placenta accreta by systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods: Relevant literature were systematically searched in PubMed, Ovid, Embase, ScienceDirect database, CNKI, and Wanfang database by using medical subject headings and relevant diagnostic terminologies such as sensitivity, specificity, likelihood ratio, receiver-operating characteristic curve, and area under the curve. The sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio, negative likelihood ratio, and area under the curve of the included literature were analyzed using stata 17.0 software. Publication bias of the included studies was assessed by Deek's funnel plot. Cochrane Q statistics and I 2 statistics were used to test the heterogeneity. Results: A total of 10 primary publications, comprising 4 retrospective studies and 6 prospective studies, were included in this meta-analysis. The gestational weeks of pregnant women ranged from 32 to 35 weeks, and the sample size ranged from 37 cases to 575 cases. Only 4 studies used the blind method in the process of clinical diagnosis by MRI. The combined sensitivity, specificity, and area of curve under summary receiver-operating characteristic for the diagnosis of placenta accreta by MRI were 0.88 (95% CI, 0.79-0.93), 0.79 (95% CI, 0.68-0.87), and 0.91 (95% CI, 0.88.-0.93), respectively. The combined positive likelihood ratio, negative likelihood ratio, diagnostic odds ratio, and diagnostic score were 4.17 (95% CI, 2.62-6.66), 0.16 (95% CI, 0.09-0.29), 26.61 (95% CI, 10.22-69.28), and 3.28 (95% CI, 2.32-4.24), respectively. No publication bias was noted. Conclusion: Diagnosis of placenta accreta by MRI has good accuracy and predictive value that warrants clinical promotion.

Clinical Biochemical Indicators and Intestinal Microbiota Testing Reveal the Influence of Reproductive Age Extending from the Mother to the Offspring.

Age is an important factor that determines the physiological functions of the human body, but the changes in maternal physiology, biochemistry, and intestinal flora related to reproductive age and their impact on offspring are not clear. Here, we tested and analyzed the clinical physiological and biochemical indicators and/or intestinal flora, matching the data of 252 parturients and their newborns. We found that 4 clinical indicators, including the white blood cell count and the absolute value of monocytes, were significantly related to the reproductive age (P < 0.05). The composition of the intestinal flora also varied with age, and the intestinal flora of advanced-age women (≥35 years old) was different from that of middle-aged women (>25 and <35 years old). We also found that changes in maternal clinical physiological and biochemical indicators related to reproductive age could reflect changes in the abundance of bacteria, such as Peptococcus and Vibrio, and changes in the intestinal flora spread to offspring. These results provide new evidence to explain the increased adverse pregnancy outcomes of mothers of inappropriate age, describe the increased health risks of newborns, help us examine the importance of age-appropriate birth from a broader perspective, and contribute to the discovery of mother-child bonds for a better understanding of healthy reproduction. IMPORTANCE In this study, we demonstrated that physiological indicators and the gut microbiome fluctuate drastically among parturients of different reproductive ages and that there is a significant correlation between the two changes. Mothers of different ages had different gut microbes, and the gut microbiota varied as the childbearing age became too high. Changes in the gut microbiome with maternal reproductive age affected the offspring, and the influence of reproductive age on the intestinal flora had a synergistic effect between mother and child that was revealed for the first time. The maternal childbearing age might affect the colonization of the offspring's initial flora. The results provide new evidence to explain the increased adverse pregnancy outcomes of mothers of inappropriate age, describe the increased health risks of newborns, and contribute to the discovery of mother-child bonds for a better understanding of healthy reproduction.

Distribution and retention of microplastics in plantation mangrove forest sediments.

Microplastics (MPs) in ocean tides can be effectively intercepted by mangroves, especially sediments, which are considered to be effective sinks. However, the retention of plantation mangrove forests on MPs is still unclear. In this study, the spatial distribution and its implication factors of MPs in surface sediments of plantation mangrove forests were investigated for the first time. In plantation forests, MPs were detected with abundances ranging from 67 ± 21 to 203 ± 25 items/kg, and plantation forests were significantly lower than natural forests at the CJ sampling site (p < 0.05). Plantation forests had fewer fibrous MPs than natural forests (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the MPs abundance showed strong linear relationships with the sand content (p = 0.002, R2 = 0.86) and Aegiceras corniculata biomass (p = 0.001, R2 = 0.84). Partial least squares path modeling analysis (PLS-PM) indicated that these two factors influenced MPs abundance by retaining MPs with fibrous, fragmented, denser and larger-sized characteristics. Our results revealed the differences in MPs abundance and characteristics between plantation and natural mangrove forests, and it is necessary to monitor MPs pollution to provide significant guidance for the restoration of constructed wetlands.

Study on the Effect of Pyrolysis Conditions on the Combustion Behavior and Char Structure Evolution.

Pyrolysis polygeneration technology has been widely applied due to its wide adaptability to coal types and mild reaction conditions. In this paper, the in situ process test combining pyrolysis and combustion of Pingshuo coal was carried out using a thermogravimetric analyzer and a fluidized-bed reactor. The influence of pyrolysis conditions on the combustion behavior and char structure was studied. The reduction of the pyrolysis temperature and the increase in pyrolysis residence time resulted in a lower burnout temperature of char, thereby improving the combustion characteristics of char. Furthermore, the maximum CO2 release rate reached 2.8 mg/(g·s) during the combustion process. The decrease in the pyrolysis temperature was conducive to the increase of CO2 release mass, suggesting a more complete burning of char. The char combustion process was mainly controlled by the chemical reaction according to the reaction kinetics study. The apparent rate constant of the combustion process increased gradually with the decrease in the pyrolysis temperature of char, and the rate of the combustion reaction increased, which contributed to the enhancement of the combustion performance of the char within the range of 850-950 °C. Meanwhile, the crystal structure inside the char changed significantly after different pyrolysis conditions. However, it had little influence on the molar content of carbon structure, which suggested that the amount of CO2 released was mainly caused by the different resistances of oxygen diffusion to the reaction interface.

Is the key-treatment-in-key-areas approach in air pollution control policy effective? Evidence from the action plan for air pollution prevention and control in China.

The "Action Plan for Air Pollution Prevention and Control from 2013 to 2017" (APAPPC) establishes the key treatment for key areas in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and its surroundings (BTH), the Yangtze River Delta (YRD), and the Pearl River Delta (PRD) in China. Is the key-treatment-in-key-areas approach effective? Except the targeted pollutants, does there exist the synergistic effects of other air pollutants? Are there differences between the north and the south about the effectiveness of this approach? To answer these new and key questions, this study uses the difference-in-difference (DID) model to evaluate whether it is more effective to implement key treatment policies for two targeted pollutants, PM2.5 and PMcoarse (PM2.5-PM10), and verifies the synergistic emission-reduction effects of the policies on eight other emissions: SO2, NOX, VOC, CO, NH3, BC, OC, and CO2. At the same time, the policy effects are evaluated nationwide, in the north, and in the south using data from 2008 to 2017. The results show the following: (1) The APAPPC's establishment of the key treatment in key areas significantly reduces PM2.5 and PMcoarse by 7.25 % and 10.49 %, respectively, compared with non-key areas nationwide. (2) The key-treatment-in-key-areas policy has synergistic effects on six other emissions: SO2, NOX, CO, BC, OC, and CO2. (3) If viewing the north and the south separately, BTH beats other counterparts in the north by a large margin, while there is no significant difference among provinces and/or areas in the south. This margin is much larger than the one between key areas and other provinces nationwide. Therefore, this paper suggests that key treatment policies in key areas should continue to be implemented, especially for cities that have not dropped, but rather increased, their PM2.5 concentrations. Additionally, air pollution goals should incorporate China's carbon peaking and neutrality goals to reduce air pollutants and greenhouse gas emissions.

Fabrication of polydimethylsiloxane-attached solid slippery surface with high underwater transparency towards the antifouling of optical window for marine instruments.

Marine optical instruments are commonly suffering serious biofouling problem caused by the adhesion of marine microorganisms, which severely affects the instruments to monitor the marine environment. Herein, we developed a robust solid slippery surface (SSS) by fabricated a covalently attached polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) layer on glass substrate to solve the biofouling problem of marine optical instrument windows. The SSS could effectively inhibit the settlements of marine microorganism (bacteria and alga) in various environmental conditions, resulting from the high flexibility of PDMS molecular chains, and thus could maintain its high underwater-transparency. The antifouling mechanism of SSS was results from the weak nonspecific electrostatic Lifshitz-van der Waals forces and less specific hydrogen bonds between SSS and microorganism, which was been confirmed via both single bacterial force spectroscopy measurement and molecular dynamics simulation. Compared with the traditional slippery lubricant-infused porous surface (SLIPS), the SSS exhibited a better robust mechanical stability than that of the SLIPS. In addition, our study provides a valuable method to fabricated the SSS with reliable underwater-transmittance and antifouling properties, which is promised for the applications for the antifouling of marine optical instruments.

Systematic review and meta-analysis of imaging differential diagnosis of benign and malignant ovarian tumors.

Background: With the increasing incidence of gynecological ovarian tumors, the differential diagnosis of benign and malignant ovarian tumors is of great significance for subsequent treatment. Currently, ovarian examinations commonly use computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This study sought to compare the value of CT and MRI in differentiating between benign and malignant ovarian tumors. Methods: The PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Embase, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang, and Weipu databases were searched for published articles using the following terms "CT" or "Computed Tomography" or "MRI" or "Magnetic Resonance imaging" and "ovarian cancer" or "ovarian tumor" or "ovarian neoplasm" or "adnexal mass" or "adnexal lesion". The articles were screened and the data were extracted based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2 recommended by the Cochrane Collaboration was used to assess the methodological quality of the included studies, and the network meta-analysis was performed by Stata 15.0. Results: The results showed that the overall sensitivity and specificity of CT were 0.79 [95% confidence intervals (CI): 0.70-0.87] and 0.87 (95% CI: 0.80-0.92), respectively. The overall sensitivity and specificity of MRI were 0.94 (95% CI: 0.91-0.95) and 0.91 (95% CI: 0.90-0.93), respectively. The area under the curve of the CT and MRI summary receiver operating characteristics were 0.9016 and 0.9764, respectively. The positive likelihood ratio, negative likelihood ratio, and diagnostic odds ratio of CT were 5.26 (95% CI: 2.78-9.93), 0.26 (95% CI: 0.13-0.50), and 22.19 (95% CI: 7.54-65.30), respectively. The positive likelihood ratio, negative likelihood ratio, and diagnostic odds ratio of MRI were 8.69 (95% CI: 5.06-14.92), 0.07 (95% CI: 0.04-0.13), and 146.19 (95% CI: 68.88-310.24), respectively. Conclusions: Compared to CT, MRI has a stronger ability to differentiate between benign and malignant ovarian tumors. It's a promising non-radiological imaging technique and a more favorable choice for patients with ovarian tumors. However, in the future, large-sample, multi-center prospective studies need to be conducted to compare the performance of MRI and CT in distinguishing between benign and malignant ovarian tumors.

Significant growth inhibition by a bispecific affibody targeting oncoprotein E7 in both HPV16 and 18 positive cervical cancer in vitro and in vivo.

The infection with HPV 16 and 18 high-risk types account for more than 80 % of cervical cancer incidence, but there is still no targeted agent against HPV for cervical cancer therapy. Our previous study constructed a bispecific affibody Z16-18 targeting HPV16 and 18 early antigen 7 (E7, responsible for the infected cell malignant transformation). In the present study, we prepared Z16-18 in prokaryotic expression system and confirmed its significant growth inhibition both on SiHa (HPV16 positive) and HeLa (HPV18 positive) cervical cancer cells by arresting cell cycle at G0/G1 phase. The IC50 of Z16-18 on SiHa and HeLa were close in value. Z16-18 could specifically target E7 in both SiHa and HeLa, and exhibited prominent targeted enrichment on tumor tissues derived from SiHa or HeLa, resulting in the inhibition of tumourigenesis and tumour growth in vivo. Furthermore, Z16-18 could inhibit the interaction between E7 and pRb to block the E7-pRb carcinogenic pathway, resulting in the decreased release of E2F and the cell growth inhibition characterized by the decrease of CDK6 and Cyclin D1. This study provides a new strategy for targeted therapy based on affibody, and Z16-18 has great potential for utilisation and development as an agent targeting HPV16 and HPV18 related cervical cancer.

The oral microbiome of pregnant women facilitates gestational diabetes discrimination.

The oral microbiota plays an important role in the development of various diseases, whereas its association with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) remains largely unclear. The aim of this study is to identify biomarkers from the oral microbiota of GDM patients by analyzing the microbiome of the saliva and dental plaque samples of 111 pregnant women. We find that the microbiota of both types of oral samples in GDM patients exhibits differences and significantly varies from that of patients with periodontitis or dental caries. Using bacterial biomarkers from the oral microbiota, GDM classification models based on support vector machine and random forest algorithms are constructed. The area under curve (AUC) value of the classification model constructed by combination of Lautropia and Neisseria in dental plaque and Streptococcus in saliva reaches 0.83, and the value achieves a maximum value of 0.89 by adding clinical features. These findings suggest that certain bacteria in either saliva or dental plaque can effectively distinguish women with GDM from healthy pregnant women, which provides evidence of oral microbiome as an informative source for developing noninvasive biomarkers of GDM.

Targeted biological effect of an affitoxin composed of an HPV16E7 affibody fused with granzyme B (ZHPV16E7-GrB) against cervical cancer in vitro and in vivo.

BACKGROUND: High risk type 16 of human papillomavirus (HPV16) is associated with 50% of cervical cancer, for which reliable targeted therapies are lacking. HPV early protein 7 (E7) is an oncoprotein responsible for cell malignant transformation. In our previous work, a highly specific affibody targeting HPV16E7 (ZHPV16E7) was developed. OBJECTIVE: In order to improve the targeted therapeutic effect, the present study prepared an affitoxin consisting of ZHPV16E7 fused with granzyme B (GrB), namely, ZHPV16E7-GrB, and evaluated its targeting action in vitro and in vivo. METHODS: The ZHPV16E7-GrB fusion protein was produced in a prokaryotic expression system. The targeted binding properties of the ZHPV16E7-GrB to the HPV16E7 were confirmed by immunofluorescence assay (IFA) in cervical cancer cell lines, by immunohistochemical assay (IHA) in cervical cancer tissue from clinical specimens and by near-infrared imaging in tumour-bearing mice. The anti-tumour effect on both cervical cancer cells in vitro and tumour-bearing mice in vivo were further evaluated. RESULTS: A 34-kDa ZHPV16E7-GrB fusion protein was produced in E. coli and displayed corresponding immunoreactivity. IFA revealed that ZHPV16E7-GrB bound specifically to HPV16-positive TC-1 and SiHa cells. IHA showed that ZHPV16E7-GrB also bound specifically to HPV16-positive clinical tissue specimens. In addition, the near-infrared imaging results showed that ZHPV16E7-GrB was enriched in tumour tissues. Moreover, both the ZHPV16E7-GrB affitoxin and ZHPV16E7 affibody (without GrB) significantly reduced the proliferation of cervical cancer cells in vitro and tumour-bearing mice in vivo, and the antiproliferative effect of ZHPV16E7-GrB was higher than that of the ZHPV16E7 affibody. CONCLUSIONS: The affitoxin by coupling the affibody with GrB is a promising targeted therapeutic agent with the dual advantages of the targeted affibody and the GrB cytotoxin.

An approach for assessing ecosystem-based adaptation in coral reefs at relatively high latitudes to climate change and human pressure.

Relatively high-latitude waters are supposed as a refuge for corals under ocean warming. A systematic assessment of the Weizhou Island reef in the northern South China Sea, a relatively high-latitude region, shows that the ecosystem restoration index decreased from 0.96 to 0.62 during the period between 1990 and 2015. Although the biotic community, supporting services, and regulating services remained at good or very good states, the provisioning services, cultural services, and especially habitat structure deteriorated to very poor or moderate states. Gray relational analysis showed that these ecological declines exhibited a strong relationship with human pressures from tourism activities and the petrochemical industry. The recoveries of the biotic community and supporting services that benefited from wintertime warming appeared to be partly offset by intensive human pressures. The long-term effects on ecosystem structure and functions suggest that anthropogenic disturbances have impaired the possibility of this area serving as a potential thermal refuge for reef-building corals in the South China Sea. This study thus provides an integrated approach for assessing the adaptive responses of coral reef ecosystems to climate change and local human activities.

The Roles of Alternative Splicing in Tumor-immune Cell Interactions.

Alternative splicing (AS) plays a significant role in the hallmarks of cancer and can provide neoantigens for immunotherapy. Here, we summarize recent advances in immune system associated tumor specific-antigens (TSAs) produced by AS. We further discuss the regulating mechanisms involved in AS-mediated innate and adaptive immune responses and the anti-tumoral and protumoral roles in different types of cancer. For example, ULBP1_RI, MLL5Δ21spe, NKp44-1Δ5, MHC-IΔ7, CD200SΔ1, 2, PVR α/ß/γ/δ and IL-33 variants 1/2/3 act as regulators in solid tumors and IPAK4-L and, FOXP1ΔN100 exhibit functions in hematological cancers.

Identification of Novel Compound Heterozygous Mutations in the GAN Gene of a Chinese Patient Diagnosed With Giant Axonal Neuropathy.

Giant axonal neuropathy (GAN) is a very rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by abnormally large and dysfunctional neuronal axons. Mutations in the GAN gene have been identified as the cause of this disorder. In this report, we performed a detailed phenotypic assessment of a Chinese patient with GAN. An array-based exon capture test and targeted next-generation sequencing were used to detect the suspected mutation sites. Compound heterozygous mutations of p.S79L (c.236C > T) in the BTB domain and p.T489S (c.1466C > G) in the kelch domain were identified in the proband's genome. S79L was a known mutation, and T489S was reported for the first time. The p.S79L and p.T489S were confirmed in the proband's mother and father, respectively. Both mutations were located in highly conserved regions and affected the predicted protein crystal structures. The proband's sural biopsy revealed the classical GAN phenotype of swollen axons filled with closely packed neurofilaments. The combined application of the next-generation sequencing platform and bioinformatics analyses was an effective method for diagnosing GAN. The novel compound mutations of S79L and T489S in the GAN gene were likely the cause of the patient's GAN symptoms. Our findings enrich the spectrum of mutations associated with this rare type of axonopathy.