Relationship between age and remimazolam dose required for inducing loss of consciousness in older surgical patients.

Background: Remimazolam is a new ultra-short-acting benzodiazepine for procedural sedation and general anaesthesia, characterised by rapid onset of action, quick recovery, and organ-independent metabolism. Older patients tend to sustain more treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) and worse perioperative prognoses after receiving remimazolam. However, few studies have investigated the appropriate dose of remimazolam for loss of consciousness (LOC) in geriatric patients. We designed this study to provide evidence for dose references and elucidate the relationship between age and remimazolam requirement for inducing LOC during anaesthesia induction. Methods: Exactly 120 patients scheduled for general surgery under general anaesthesia were included and divided into two groups: Group A (60 patients, 18-64 years) and Group B (60 patients, ≥ 65 years). LOC, defined as a Modified Observer's Assessment of Alertness and Sedation score at 1 had been reached, emerged after all participants received a continuous infusion of remimazolam at a rate of 0.05 mg/kg/min. Results: The remimazolam required for inducing LOC was 0.26 and 0.19 mg/kg in groups A and B, respectively, and the remimazolam dose in group B decreased by 26.9% compared to group A. According to the bivariate linear correlation analysis, remimazolam requirement was negatively correlated with age. Multivariable linear regression models and further adjustments for potential impact factors indicated that age was an independent factor for the remimazolam dose required for LOC. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that age was significantly and independently correlated with the remimazolam requirement for inducing LOC. To obtain haemodynamic stability during the induction of general anaesthesia, appropriately reducing the remimazolam dose is recommended for geriatric patients.

Comparison of the recovery time of remimazolam besylate and propofol for gastrointestinal endoscopy sedation in elderly patients.

Background: Recovery time is a crucial factor in ensuring the safety and effectiveness of both patients and endoscopy centers. Propofol is often preferred due to its fast onset and minimal side effects. Remimazolam is a new intravenous sedative agent, characterized by its rapid onset of action, quick recovery and organ-independent metabolism. Importantly, its effect can be specifically antagonized by flumazenil. The primary goal of this study is to compare the recovery time of remimazolam besylate and propofol anesthesia during endoscopic procedures in elderly patients. Methods: 60 patients aged 65-95 years who underwent gastrointestinal endoscopy were randomly and equally assigned to two groups: the remimazolam group (Group R) and the propofol group (Group P). The primary measure was the recovery time, defined as the time from discontinuing remimazolam or propofol until reaching an Observer's Assessment of Alertness and Sedation scale (OAA/S) score of 5 (responds readily to name spoken in normal tone). The time required to achieve an OAA/S score of 3 (responds after name spoken loudly or repeatedly along with glazed marked ptosis) was also recorded and compared. Results: The recovery time for Group R (2.6 ± 1.6 min) was significantly shorter than that for Group P (10.8 ± 3.0 min), with a 95% confidence interval (CI): 6.949-9.431 min, p <0.001. Similarly, the time to attain an OAA/S score of 3 was significantly less in Group R (1.6 ± 0.9 min) compared to Group P (9.6 ± 2.6 min), with a 95% CI: 6.930-8.957 min, p <0.001. Conclusion: Our study demonstrated that remimazolam anesthesia combined with flumazenil antagonism causes a shorter recovery time for elderly patients undergoing gastrointestinal endoscopy compared to propofol. Remimazolam followed by flumazenil antagonism provides a promising alternative to propofol for geriatric patients, particularly during gastrointestinal endoscopy.

[An experimental study of acute toxicity and pharmacology of fermented Platycodonis Radix].

This study investigated the acute toxicity of fermented Platycodonis Radix on mice and its effect on coughing in mice infected with Mycoplasma pneumoniae. The maximum dosage(MAD) was used in the acute toxicity experiment on mice to observe the signs of mice. After 14 days, dissection, blood biochemical examination, and pathological tissue section observation were conducted. In the pharmacological experiment of fermented Platycodonis Radix, 60 healthy BALB/c mice, 30 males and 30 females, were randomly divided into a blank group, a model group, a carbetapentane group(0.013 g·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)), and high-, medium-, and low-dose fermented Platycodonis Radix groups(5.2, 2.6, and 1.3 g·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)), with 10 mice in each group. Except for the blank group, the mice in the other five groups underwent model induction by intranasally instilling 20 µL of 1×10~6 CCU M. pneumoniae for 3 days, and the mice in each group were orally administered the corresponding drugs for 7 days. Cough induction experiment was conducted to observe and record the cough latency and total cough count within 3 min for each group. Hematoxylin-eosin(HE) staining and Masson staining were used to observe the pathological changes in lung tissues. Immunohistochemistry was performed to observe the protein expression of transient receptor potential A1(TRPA1), calcitonin gene-related peptide(CGRP), and substance P(SP) in the lung tissues of mice in each group. Real-time fluorescence-based quantitative polymerase chain reaction(qRT-PCR) was used to elucidate the changes in the mRNA levels of cough-related factors TRPA1, CGRP, and SP in mice treated with fermented Platycodonis Radix. No mice died in the acute toxicity experiment, and there were no changes in general behavior and major organ histopathological examinations. Compared with the blank group, there were no statistically significant differences in blood biochemical indexes. In the pharmacological experiment of fermented Platycodonis Radix, compared with the model group, the high-and medium-dose fermented Platycodonis Radix groups showed improved lung tissue structure of mice, with clear structure and regular tissue morphology. The qRT-PCR and immunohistochemical detection showed a decrease in the expression of TRPA1, CGRP, and SP in the fermented Platycodonis Radix groups. Fermented Platycodonis Radix can exert an inhibitory effect on cough by suppressing the expression of TRPA1, CGRP, and SP in lung tissues, thereby identifying the target of the drug.

Research Progress of Forensic Diagnosis Approaches of Early Acute Myocardial Infarction.

The postmortem diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction (AMI), especially the postmortem diagnosis of early AMI that died immediately after onset or within 1 hour, has always been a difficulty in forensic identification. This article reviews the forensic application of diagnosis and analysis methods for AMI postmortem diagnosis including autopsy imaging, histomorphology, immunohisto-chemistry, biochemical marker and molecular biology diagnosis, and explores the feasible scheme of early postmortem diagnosis in AMI.

The salience of competing nonsocial objects reduces gaze toward social stimuli, but not the eyes, more in typically developing than autistic boys.

Decreased attention to social information is considered an early emerging symptom of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), although the underlying causes remain controversial. Here we explored the impact of nonsocial object salience on reduced attention to social stimuli in male ASD compared with typically developing (TD) children. Correlations with blood concentrations of neuropeptides linked with social cognition were also investigated. Eye-tracking was performed in 102 preschool-aged boys (50 ASD, 52 TD) using a paradigm with social (faces) versus nonsocial (objects) stimuli presented in pairs in two conditions where nonsocial stimulus salience was varied. Basal oxytocin (OXT) and vasopressin concentrations were measured in blood. Compared with TD boys those with ASD viewed social stimuli less only when they were paired with low-salience nonsocial objects. Additionally, boys with ASD spent less time than TD ones viewing facial features, particularly the eyes. In TD boys, OXT concentrations and cognitive development scores were positively associated with time spent viewing the eye region, whereas for boys with ASD associations with time spent viewing faces were negative. Reduced gaze toward social stimuli in ASD relative to TD individuals may therefore be influenced by how salient the paired nonsocial objects are for the latter. On the other hand, reduced interest in the eyes of faces in boys with ASD is not influenced by how salient competing nonsocial stimuli are. Basal OXT concentrations and cognitive development scores are predictive of time spent viewing social stimuli in TD boys (eyes) and those with ASD (faces) but in the opposite direction. LAY SUMMARY: Children with autism exhibit reduced attention to social paired with nonsocial stimuli compared to typically developing children. Using eye-tracking we show this difference is due to typically developing rather than autistic boys being more influenced by how interesting competing nonsocial objects are. On the other hand, reduced time looking at the eyes in autistic relative to typically developing boys is unaffected by nonsocial object salience. Time spent viewing social stimuli is associated with cognitive development and blood levels of oxytocin.

Comparison of the Metabolic Profiles in the Plasma and Urine Samples Between Autistic and Typically Developing Boys: A Preliminary Study.

Background: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is defined as a pervasive developmental disorder which is caused by genetic and environmental risk factors. Besides the core behavioral symptoms, accumulated results indicate children with ASD also share some metabolic abnormalities. Objectives: To analyze the comprehensive metabolic profiles in both of the first-morning urine and plasma samples collected from the same cohort of autistic boys. Methods: In this study, 30 autistic boys and 30 tightly matched healthy control (HC) boys (age range: 2.4~6.7 years) were recruited. First-morning urine and plasma samples were collected and the liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was applied to obtain the untargeted metabolic profiles. The acquired data were processed by multivariate analysis and the screened metabolites were grouped by metabolic pathway. Results: Different discriminating metabolites were found in plasma and urine samples. Notably, taurine and catechol levels were decreased in urine but increased in plasma in the same cohort of ASD children. Enriched pathway analysis revealed that perturbations in taurine and hypotaurine metabolism, phenylalanine metabolism, and arginine and proline metabolism could be found in both of the plasma and urine samples. Conclusion: These preliminary results suggest that a series of common metabolic perturbations exist in children with ASD, and confirmed the importance to have a comprehensive analysis of the metabolites in different biological samples to reveal the full picture of the complex metabolic patterns associated with ASD. Further targeted analyses are needed to validate these results in a larger cohort.

Effect of Short-Term Kinesiology Taping on Knee Proprioception and Quadriceps Performance in Healthy Individuals.

Background: Kinesiology taping (KT) is well known measure for preventing musculoskeletal injuries. Our study aims to explore the actual effects of KT on healthy participants' knee proprioception and quadriceps performance within 1 h. Methods: A total of 35 healthy male amateur runners were recruited in our study. Four taping sequences were randomly allocated to four different weeks, namely, no taping, placebo taping, KT with tension, and KT with no tension. A CON-TREX isokinetic dynamometer was used in assessing the participants' knee proprioception and muscle strength of knee extension and flexion at 60°/s. The electromyography (EMG) signals of medial oblique muscle and vastus lateralis were collected using Myon EMG system synchronously. Two-way repeated measures ANOVA was used in exploring the difference between taping and time effects, and the significance was set to alpha <0.05. Results: Significant interaction effect was found between the taping groups and time effect [F (3.32) = 2.389, p = 0.029, η 2 = 0.050] in the peak torque during the concentric contraction of quadriceps. No significant interaction and no significant differences between groups and time effects in knee proprioception and muscle activation. Conclusion: The effect of KT seems insufficiently large to impose a positive effect on healthy people within short periods. Health participants may not necessarily use KT to increase muscle activation and proprioception of knee.

[Application and potential future directions of self-healing polymers in dentistry].

Self-healing materials have rapidly developed in recent years to overcome the micro-cracks occurring in the polymer matrix. Self-healing ability offers autonomous crack repairs to prolong the service lives of polymers or polymer composites. As a main approach, extrinsic self-healing materials based on microcapsules have been applied in dentistry recently. This paper comprehensively presented and reviewed the definition and classification of self-healing materials, the synthesis of microcapsules, the calculation of self-healing efficiency, and the application of self-healing materials in dentistry. The future directions of self-healing polymers are also discussed.

[Effect of baicalin on expression of fibrogenic factors TGF-ß1, mmp2 and timp2 in tissue of mice with pulmonary fibrosis].

To investigate the effect of baicalin extracted from Qinbai Qingfei Concentrated Pills on the expressions of TGF-ß1, mmp2 and timp2 in mice with pulmonary fibrosis induced by bleomycin. The Biacore technique was used to detect the specific binding between Qinbai Qingfei Concentrated Pills and TGF-ß1, and the affinity components were enriched, regenerated and recovered by Biacore fishing. Then ultra-performance liquid chromatography and quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry(UPLC-Q-TOF-MS) were used to determine whether the monomer was baicalin. Biacore was used to verify the affinity kinetics of baicalin, which was validated by pharmacodynamics in vivo. Totally 30 BALB/C mice were randomly divided into three groups: baicalin group, blank group and model group. The blank group was given sodium chloride injection(0.08 mL·kg~(-1)), while the model group and the baicalin group were injected with 4 mg·kg~(-1) bleomycin. The localization of TGF-ß1, mmp2 and timp2 protein in the cells and the mRNA expressions of TGF-ß1, mmp2 and timp2 were detected by RT-PCR 14 days later. The results of Biacore affinity analysis showed that the peak of binding response between Qinbai Qingfei Concentrated Pills and TGF-ß1 protein reached 1 524.0 RU, with specific binding. The affinity constant K_D of baicalin and TGF-ß1 was 1.620 06 µmol·L~(-1), which was determined by SPR kinetic analysis, suggesting a stable binding between baicalin and TGF-ß1, which verified the results of angulation. The results of immunohistochemistry showed that the deposition of cellulose in baicalin group was significantly less than that in model group, the mRNA expressions of TGF-ß1, mmp2 and timp2 were decreased in baicalin solution compared with the model group. Baicalin combined with TGF-ß1 could inhibit the expressions of mmp2 and timp2 and delay the progress of pulmonary fibrosis.

C10ORF12 modulates PRC2 histone methyltransferase activity and H3K27me3 levels.

The polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) catalyzes the methylation of histone H3 on lysine 27 (H3K27) to generate trimethyl-H3K27 (H3K27me3) marks, thereby leading to a repressive chromatin state that inhibits gene expression. C10ORF12 was recently identified as a novel PRC2 interactor. Here, we show that C10ORF12 specifically interacts with PRC2 through its middle region (positions 619-718). C10ORF12 significantly enhances the histone methyltransferase activity of PRC2 in vitro and dramatically increases the total H3K27me3 levels in HeLa cells. C10ORF12 also antagonizes Jarid2, which is an auxiliary factor of the PRC2.2 subcomplex, to promote increased H3K27me3 levels in HeLa cells. Moreover, C10ORF12 alters the substrate preference of PRC2. These results indicate that C10ORF12 functions as a positive regulator of PRC2 and facilitates PRC2-mediated H3K27me3 modification of chromatin. These findings provide new insight into the roles of C10ORF12 in regulating the activity of the PRC2 complex.

Preparation of Core-Shell Silver Nanoparticles@Mesoporous Silica Nanospheres with Catalytic Activities.

Core-shell silver nanoparticles@mesoporous silica spherical nanoparticles (Ag NPs@MSNs) were prepared by a two-step method. First, Ag NPs were synthesized by chemical reduction using silver nitrate (AgNO3) as the precursor, cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) as the stabilizer, and sodium borohydride (NaBH4) as the reductant. Then, MSNs were obtained by employing CTABstabilized Ag NPs as the template and hydrolyzing tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) precursor in the presence of the alkaline precipitant, triethanolamine (TEOA). The effects of different preparation routes (core-first vs. shell-first), type of reductants as well as extraction methods and agents were studied. The obtained core-shell NPs were characterized by infrared spectroscopy (IR) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Our results showed that the core-first route was viable to produce uniform Ag NPs@MSNs with ordered mesostructures. Afterwards, those NPs were used as the catalyst to catalyze the reduction of rhodamine, a model dye compound representing organic pollutants in waste water, in the presence of NaBH4. It was found that Ag NPs@MSNs not only were efficient catalysts but also participated as coreductants in the reaction. Moreover, they exhibited almost no loss of catalytic efficacy after several reduction cycles, which indicated their promising future use as efficient recyclable catalysts for organic pollutant treatments.

Ligand-induced activation of ERK1/2 signaling by constitutively active Gs-coupled 5-HT receptors.

5-HT4R, 5-HT6R, and 5-HT7AR are three constitutively active Gs-coupled 5-HT receptors that have key roles in brain development, learning, memory, cognition, and other physiological processes in the central nervous system. In addition to Gs signaling cascade mediated by these three 5-HT receptors, the ERK1/2 signaling which is dependent on cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) production and protein kinase A (PKA) activation downstream of Gs signaling has also been widely studied. In this study, we investigated these two signaling pathways originating from the three Gs-coupled 5-HT receptors in AD293 cells. We found that the phosphorylation and activation of ERK1/2 are ligand-induced, in contrast to the constitutively active Gs signaling. This indicates that Gs signaling alone is not sufficient for ERK1/2 activation in these three 5-HT receptors. In addition to Gs, we found that ß-arrestin and Fyn are essential for the activation of ERK1/2. Together, these results put forth a novel mechanism for ERK1/2 activation involving the cooperative action of Gs, ß-arrestin, and Fyn.

[Effect of Dilong on expression of fibrogenic factors TGF-ß1 and α-SMA in lung tissue of mice with pulmonary fibrosis].

The aim of this paper was to investigate the effect of Dilong( geosaurus) on the expressions of fibrotic factors TGF-ß1 and α-SMA in bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis mice. The binding ability of Dilong to fibrotic factor TGF-ß1 was initially detected by Biacore technology and verified by in vivo pharmacodynamics. A total of 60 SPF C57 mice were randomly divided into 6 groups. Except the blank group( injecting 0. 08 m L·kg-1 sodium chloride in the trachea),the other five groups were given bleomycin( 4 mg·kg-1) to replicate the pulmonary fibrosis model. After 14 days of drug treatment,the expressions of TGF-ß1 and α-SMA were detected by Masson staining,immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR. The results of Biacore experiment showed that the extract of Dilong was well bound to TGF-ß1 protein in vitro,and the binding value reached 619. 3. Compared with the model group,Masson's results showed that cellulose deposition in high-dose,medium-dose and low-dose Dilong groups decreased to varying degrees. RT-PCR results showed that different doses of Dilong could reduce protein and mRNA expressions of TGF-ß1 and α-SMA to a certain extent in a dose-dependent manner. In conclusion,Dilong could delay the process of pulmonary fibrosis by binding to target protein TGF-ß1 and inhibiting the expression of α-SMA.

Structure of the PRC2 complex and application to drug discovery.

The polycomb repressive complexes 2 (PRC2) complex catalyzes tri-methylation of histone H3 lysine 27 (H3K27), a repressive chromatin marker associated with gene silencing. Overexpression and mutations of PRC2 are found in a wide variety of cancers, making the catalytic activity of PRC2 an important target of cancer therapy. This review highlights recent structural breakthroughs of the human PRC2 complex bound to the H3K27 peptide and a small molecule inhibitor, which provide critically needed insight into PRC2-targeted drug discovery.

Effect of mechanically damaged starch from wheat flour on the quality of frozen dough and steamed bread.

The influence of damaged starch (DS) on the quality of frozen dough and steamed bread were investigated. Characterization of the farinographical properties showed that DS levels affected water absorption, development, weakness, falling number and gluten index. Flour viscosity profiles indicated that pasting temperatures increased, but peak viscosity, low viscosity, breakdown, final viscosity and setback increased and then decreased with increasing amounts of DS. Compared to leavened dough, unleavened dough had significantly higher peak times, of T21 and T22, and was also affected by DS concentration. Steamed bread had a higher specific volume, relatively lower hardness, exhibited more whiteness, and a higher degree of gumminess and chewiness with higher DS levels. We compared two methods of making steamed bread and assessed the quality of the product. We found that an appropriate DS content improved the quality of frozen dough and steamed bread. This study provides the basis for future development and improvements to methods for making frozen dough products.

[Anti-A/B Antibody Titers in Group O Healthy Donors in Hainan Province Area].

OBJECTIVE: To detect the IgM anti-A (B) and IgG anti-A (B) antibody titers of group O healthy donors in Hainan province area, to understand the distribution of O-type blood donor IgM and IgG antibody titers and to analyze the relationship between antibody titers, so as to provide experimental evidences for the safety and feasibility of urgent transfusion of uncrossmatched group O RBCs. METHODS: Group O whole blood sample was collected from 80 volunteers blood donors. IgM antibody titrations was performed using the immediate spin (IS) tube, and IgG antibody titration were performed using the column agglutination technique with anti-human globulin (AHG). Using two-way ANOVA, paired t-test and correlation analysis, the different types of antibodies were compared. RESULTS: The IgM antibody titers distributed in 4-1 024, IgG antibody titer distributed in 2-2 048. Anti-A antibody titers of IgG were significantly higher than that of IgM anti-B, IgG anti-B and IgM anti-A titers (P < 0.05). There was a positive correlation bewteen IgM anti-A and anti-B, IgM anti-B and IgG anti-B, IgG anti-A and anti-B (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Group O blood donors have high antibody titers in Hainan province area, type O RBC suspensions should be first screened through screening the anti-A titer of IgG, so that can significantly improve the pass rate of O-type universal blood and reduce testing costs.

Prevalence and associated positive psychological variables of depression and anxiety among Chinese cervical cancer patients: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of depression and anxiety and its associated factors in cervical cancer are not well evaluated in China. Meanwhile, with increasing attention given to positive psychological variables in oncology field, there is a need to conduct a study to explore the integrative effects of positive psychological variables on depression/anxiety so as to provide patients a more holistic cancer care. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of depression/anxiety as well as the integrative effects of hope, optimism and general self-efficacy on depression/anxiety among Chinese cervical cancer patients. METHODS: A multi-centre, cross-sectional study was conducted of consecutive inpatients at the Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute and the Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University in Liaoning Province, northeast China. A total of 224 cervical cancer patients eligible for this study completed questionnaires on demographic and clinic variables, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Herth Hope Index, Life Orientation Scale-Revised, and General Self-Efficacy Scale during February and August 2013. RESULTS: The prevalence of depression and anxiety was 52.2% and 65.6% in cervical cancer patients. The anxiety score was significantly higher in patients at the period of 4-6 months after diagnose and at cancer stage II. Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that hope, optimism and general self-efficacy as a whole accounted for 31.3% variance of depression and 35.6% variance of anxiety. Under standardized estimate (ß) sequence, hope, optimism and general self-efficacy significantly associated with depression, respectively; hope and optimism were also significant individual predictors of anxiety. CONCLUSIONS: The high prevalence of depression and anxiety among cervical cancer patients should receive more attention in Chinese medical settings. More importantly, efforts to develop the integrated psychosocial interventions are effective and necessary to alleviate depression/anxiety in cervical cancer patients by synthesizing and integrating the individual protective effects of hope, optimism and general self-efficacy.

EZH2: biology, disease, and structure-based drug discovery.

EZH2 is the catalytic subunit of the polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2), which is a highly conserved histone methyltransferase that methylates lysine 27 of histone 3. Overexpression of EZH2 has been found in a wide range of cancers, including those of the prostate and breast. In this review, we address the current understanding of the oncogenic role of EZH2, including its PRC2-dependent transcriptional repression and PRC2-independent gene activation. We also discuss the connections between EZH2 and other silencing enzymes, such as DNA methyltransferase and histone deacetylase. We comprehensively address the architecture of the PRC2 complex and the crucial roles of each subunit. Finally, we summarize new progress in developing EZH2 inhibitors, which could be a new epigenetic therapy for cancers.

Extraction, characterization and spontaneous emulsifying properties of pectin from sugar beet pulp.

The effects of organic acid extractants on the yield and characteristics of pectin from sugar beet pulp were investigated with citric acid, malic acid and lactic acid at different pH (1.5 and 2.0) and time (1 h and 2 h). The results demonstrated that the yields of pectins were directly correlated with the decrease of pH and reaction time, and the optimum yield of 17.2% was obtained at pH 1.5 and 2 h. Furthermore, the acid type also affected the physicochemical characteristics of pectin, especially on the esterification degree (42-71), galacturonic acid content (60.2-77.8%), emulsion activity (35.2-40.1%) and emulsion stability (62.1-79.4%), and a relatively single pectin mainly consisted of homogalacturonan could be obtained under a suitable reaction condition, which was an excellent crude material for the production of emulsion activity.

Caveolin-1, through its ability to negatively regulate TLR4, is a crucial determinant of MAPK activation in LPS-challenged mammary epithelial cells.

BACKGROUND: To explore the role of caveolin-1(CAV-1) gene silencing on MAPK activation in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-challenged human mammary epithelial cells. METHODS: We established a MCF-10ACE of CAV-1 gene silencing from human mammary epithelial cell line MCF-10A by RNAi technology. DNA Microarray were used to detect the expression of inflammation-associated genes in MCF-10ACE. Western blotting was used to examine the activation of MAPK in lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-challenged MCF-10A and MCF-10ACE. Moreover, immunofluorescence and Western bloting were performed to detect the co-localization of CAV-1 and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in human mammary epithelial cells. RESULTS: MCF-10ACE exhibited significant increases in inflammation-associated gene expression, especially IL-6 (~7-fold) and IL6R (~17-fold). In addition, LPS-induced p38 MAPK and JNK MAPK activation was significantly increased in MCF-10ACE. Furthermore, CAV-1 co- localized with TLR4 and appeared a negative correlation trend. CONCLUSION: CAV-1 gene silencing promotes MAPK activation via TLR4 signaling in human mammary epithelial cells response to LPS.