Rapid Glutathione Analysis with SERS Microneedles for Deep Glioblastoma Tissue Differentiation.

Rapid tissue differentiation at the molecular level is a prerequisite for precise surgical resection, which is of special value for the treatment of malignant tumors, such as glioblastoma (GBM). Herein, a SERS-active microneedle is prepared by modifying glutathione (GSH)-responsive molecules, 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB), on the surface of Au@Ag substrates for the distinction of different GBM tissues. Since the Raman signals on the surface of the DTNB@Au@Ag microneedle can be collected by both portable and benchtop Raman spectrometers, the distribution of GSH in different tissues at centimeter scale can be displayed through Raman spectroscopy and Raman imaging, and the entire analysis process can be accomplished within 12 min. Accordingly, in vivo brain tissues of orthotopic GBM xenograft mice and ex vivo tissues of GBM patients are accurately differentiated with the microneedle, and the results are well consistent with tissue staining and postoperative pathological reports. In addition, the outline of tumor, peritumoral, and normal tissues can be indicated by the DTNB@Au@Ag microneedle for at least 56 days. Considering that the tumor tissues are quickly discriminated at the molecular level without the restriction of depth, the DTNB@Au@Ag microneedle is promising to be a powerful intraoperative diagnostic tool for surgery navigation.

SMYD2 induced PGC1α methylation promotes stemness maintenance of glioblastoma stem cells.

BACKGROUND: The high fatality rate of glioblastoma (GBM) is attributed to glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs), which exhibit heterogeneity and therapeutic resistance. Metabolic plasticity of mitochondria is the hallmark of GSCs. Targeting mitochondrial biogenesis of GSCs is crucial for improving clinical prognosis in GBM patients. METHODS: SMYD2-induced PGC1α methylation and followed nuclear export is confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation, cellular fractionation, and immunofluorescence. The effects of SMYD2/PGC1α/CRM1 axis on GSCs mitochondrial biogenesis is validated by OCR, ECAR and intracranial glioma model. RESULTS: PGC1α methylation causes disabled mitochondrial function to maintain the stemness, thereby enhancing radio-resistance of GSCs. SMYD2 drives PGC1α K224 methylation (K224me), which is essential for promoting the stem-like characteristics of GSCs. PGC1α K224me is preferred binding with CRM1, accelerating PGC1α nuclear export and subsequent dysfunction. Targeting PGC1α methylation exhibits significant radiotherapeutic efficacy and prolongs patient survival. CONCLUSIONS: These findings unveil a novel regulatory pathway involving mitochondria that governs stemness in GSCs, thereby emphasizing promising therapeutic strategies targeting PGC1α and mitochondria for the treatment of GBM.

IFI35 regulates non-canonical NF-κB signaling to maintain glioblastoma stem cells and recruit tumor-associated macrophages.

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive malignant primary brain tumor characterized by a highly heterogeneous and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). The symbiotic interactions between glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs) and tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) in the TME are critical for tumor progression. Here, we identified that IFI35, a transcriptional regulatory factor, plays both cell-intrinsic and cell-extrinsic roles in maintaining GSCs and the immunosuppressive TME. IFI35 induced non-canonical NF-kB signaling through proteasomal processing of p105 to the DNA-binding transcription factor p50, which heterodimerizes with RELB (RELB/p50), and activated cell chemotaxis in a cell-autonomous manner. Further, IFI35 induced recruitment and maintenance of M2-like TAMs in TME in a paracrine manner. Targeting IFI35 effectively suppressed in vivo tumor growth and prolonged survival of orthotopic xenograft-bearing mice. Collectively, these findings reveal the tumor-promoting functions of IFI35 and suggest that targeting IFI35 or its downstream effectors may provide effective approaches to improve GBM treatment.

Reactivating PTEN to impair glioma stem cells by inhibiting cytosolic iron-sulfur assembly.

Glioblastoma, the most lethal primary brain tumor, harbors glioma stem cells (GSCs) that not only initiate and maintain malignant phenotypes but also enhance therapeutic resistance. Although frequently mutated in glioblastomas, the function and regulation of PTEN in PTEN-intact GSCs are unknown. Here, we found that PTEN directly interacted with MMS19 and competitively disrupted MMS19-based cytosolic iron-sulfur (Fe-S) cluster assembly (CIA) machinery in differentiated glioma cells. PTEN was specifically succinated at cysteine (C) 211 in GSCs compared with matched differentiated glioma cells. Isotope tracing coupled with mass spectrometry analysis confirmed that fumarate, generated by adenylosuccinate lyase (ADSL) in the de novo purine synthesis pathway that is highly activated in GSCs, promoted PTEN C211 succination. This modification abrogated the interaction between PTEN and MMS19, reactivating the CIA machinery pathway in GSCs. Functionally, inhibiting PTEN C211 succination by reexpressing a PTEN C211S mutant, depleting ADSL by shRNAs, or consuming fumarate by the US Food and Drug Administration-approved prescription drug N-acetylcysteine (NAC) impaired GSC maintenance. Reexpressing PTEN C211S or treating with NAC sensitized GSC-derived brain tumors to temozolomide and irradiation, the standard-of-care treatments for patients with glioblastoma, by slowing CIA machinery-mediated DNA damage repair. These findings reveal an immediately practicable strategy to target GSCs to treat glioblastoma by combination therapy with repurposed NAC.

[Response Characteristics of Soil Fungal Community Structure to Long-term Continuous Cropping of Pepper].

This study aimed to clarify the effect of long-term continuous cropping of pepper on soil fungal community structure, reveal the mechanism of continuous cropping obstacles, and provide a theoretical basis for the ecological safety and sustainable development of pepper industry. We took the pepper continuous cropping soil in the vegetable greenhouse planting base of Tongren City as the research object. The diversity and community structure of fungi in farmland soil were analyzed using Illumina MiSeq high-throughput sequencing, the responses of soil physio-chemical properties and fungal community characteristics to long-term continuous pepper cropping were discussed, and the relationships between the characteristics of fungal community structure and environmental factors were determined using CCA and correlation network analysis. The results showed that with the extension of pepper continuous cropping years, the soil pH value and organic matter (OM) content decreased, total phosphorus (TP) and available phosphorus (AP) contents increased, hydrolyzed nitrogen (AN) and available potassium (AK) contents decreased first and then increased, and total nitrogen (TN) and total potassium (TK) contents did not change significantly. Long-term continuous cropping decreased the Chao1 index and observed species index and decreased the Shannon index and Simpson index. The change in continuous cropping years had a significant effect on the relative abundance of soil fungal dominant flora. At the phylum level, the relative abundance of Mortierellomycota decreased with the extension of pepper continuous cropping years, the relative abundance of Ascomycota increased first and then decreased, and the relative abundance of Basidiomycota decreased first and then increased. At the genus level, with the increasing of pepper continuous cropping years, the relative abundance of Fusarium increased, and the relative abundance of Mortierella and Penicillium decreased. In addition, long-term continuous cropping simplified the soil fungal symbiosis network. CCA analysis indicated that pH, OM, TN, AN, AP, and AK were the driving factors of soil fungal community structure, and correlation network analysis showed that pH, OM, TN, TP, TK, AN, AP, and AK were the driving factors of soil fungal community structure, including Fusarium, Lophotrichus, Penicillium, Mortierella, Botryotrichum, Staphylotrichum, Plectosphaerella, and Acremonium. In conclusion, continuous cropping changed the soil physical and chemical properties, affected the diversity and community structure of the soil fungal community, changed the interaction between microorganisms, and destroyed the microecological balance of the soil, which might explain obstacles associated with continuous cropped pepper.

Noninvasive radiomics model reveals macrophage infiltration in glioma.

Preoperative MRI is an essential diagnostic and therapeutic reference for gliomas. This study aims to evaluate the prognostic aspect of a radiomics biomarker for glioma and further investigate its relationship with tumor microenvironment and macrophage infiltration. We covered preoperative MRI of 664 glioma patients from three independent datasets: Jiangsu Province Hospital (JSPH, n = 338), The Cancer Genome Atlas dataset (TCGA, n = 252), and Repository of Molecular Brain Neoplasia Data (REMBRANDT, n = 74). Incorporating a multistep post-processing workflow, 20 radiomics features (Rads) were selected and a radiomics survival biomarker (RadSurv) was developed, proving highly efficient in risk stratification of gliomas (cut-off = 1.06), as well as lower-grade gliomas (cut-off = 0.64) and glioblastomas (cut-off = 1.80) through three fixed cut-off values. Through immune infiltration analysis, we found a positive correlation between RadSurv and macrophage infiltration (RMΦ = 0.297, p < 0.001; RM2Φ = 0.241, p < 0.001), further confirmed by immunohistochemical-staining (glioblastomas, n = 32) and single-cell sequencing (multifocal glioblastomas, n = 2). In conclusion, RadSurv acts as a strong prognostic biomarker for gliomas, exhibiting a non-negligible positive correlation with macrophage infiltration, especially with M2 macrophage, which strongly suggests the promise of radiomics-based models as a preoperative alternative to conventional genomics for predicting tumor macrophage infiltration and provides clinical guidance for immunotherapy.

Hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase 1 metabolizes temozolomide to activate AMPK for driving chemoresistance of glioblastomas.

Temozolomide (TMZ) is a standard treatment for glioblastoma (GBM) patients. However, TMZ has moderate therapeutic effects due to chemoresistance of GBM cells through less clarified mechanisms. Here, we demonstrate that TMZ-derived 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide (AICA) is converted to AICA ribosyl-5-phosphate (AICAR) in GBM cells. This conversion is catalyzed by hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase 1 (HPRT1), which is highly expressed in human GBMs. As the bona fide activator of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), TMZ-derived AICAR activates AMPK to phosphorylate threonine 52 (T52) of RRM1, the catalytic subunit of ribonucleotide reductase (RNR), leading to RNR activation and increased production of dNTPs to fuel the repairment of TMZ-induced-DNA damage. RRM1 T52A expression, genetic interruption of HPRT1-mediated AICAR production, or administration of 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP), a clinically approved inhibitor of HPRT1, blocks TMZ-induced AMPK activation and sensitizes brain tumor cells to TMZ treatment in mice. In addition, HPRT1 expression levels are positively correlated with poor prognosis in GBM patients who received TMZ treatment. These results uncover a critical bifunctional role of TMZ in GBM treatment that leads to chemoresistance. Our findings underscore the potential of combined administration of clinically available 6-MP to overcome TMZ chemoresistance and improve GBM treatment.

HSP90B1-mediated plasma membrane localization of GLUT1 promotes radioresistance of glioblastomas.

Ionizing radiation is a popular and effective treatment option for glioblastoma (GBM). However, resistance to radiation therapy inevitably occurs during treatment. It is urgent to investigate the mechanisms of radioresistance in GBM and to find ways to improve radiosensitivity. Here, we found that heat shock protein 90 beta family member 1 (HSP90B1) was significantly upregulated in radioresistant GBM cell lines. More importantly, HSP90B1 promoted the localization of glucose transporter type 1, a key rate-limiting factor of glycolysis, on the plasma membrane, which in turn enhanced glycolytic activity and subsequently tumor growth and radioresistance of GBM cells. These findings imply that targeting HSP90B1 may effectively improve the efficacy of radiotherapy for GBM patients, a potential new approach to the treatment of glioblastoma.

Intradural fat graft packing is not indispensable in preventing postoperative cerebrospinal fluid leakage in endoscopic endonasal pituitary adenoma surgeries.

Objectives: Is intradural fat graft packing indispensable in preventing postoperative cerebrospinal fluid leakage in endoscopic endonasal pituitary adenoma surgeries? This study aimed to review the methods and outcomes of our graded sellar floor reconstruction strategy without fat graft packing in endoscopic endonasal pituitary adenoma surgeries. Methods: From March 2018 to December 2022, 200 patients underwent endoscopic endonasal pituitary adenoma resection by a single author in our institute. We applied different graded skull base reconstruction strategies in different periods. Intradural fat graft packing was used to reconstruct the skull base in the early period, from March 2018 to June 2019, but fat graft was not used in the late period, from January 2020 to December 2022. The effect of these different graded skull base reconstruction strategies and whether intradural fat graft packing is necessary were evaluated by observing the incidence of postoperative cerebrospinal fluid leak. Results: In the early period, fat graft was used to reconstruct skull base when the intraoperative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage existed. There were two patients who suffered from postoperative cerebrospinal fluid leak in this group. In the late period, fat graft was not used to reconstruct the skull base, and no patient suffered from postoperative cerebrospinal fluid leakage in this group. Conclusions: Intradural fat graft packing is unnecessary in the endoscopic endonasal pituitary adenoma resection. The outcome of our graded sellar floor reconstruction strategy is satisfactory.

METTL3-mediated m6A modification of LINC00839 maintains glioma stem cells and radiation resistance by activating Wnt/ß-catenin signaling.

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are involved in glioma initiation and progression. Glioma stem cells (GSCs) are essential for tumor initiation, maintenance, and therapeutic resistance. However, the biological functions and underlying mechanisms of lncRNAs in GSCs remain poorly understood. Here, we identified that LINC00839 was overexpressed in GSCs. A high level of LINC00839 was associated with GBM progression and radiation resistance. METTL3-mediated m6A modification on LINC00839 enhanced its expression in a YTHDF2-dependent manner. Mechanistically, LINC00839 functioned as a scaffold promoting c-Src-mediated phosphorylation of ß-catenin, thereby inducing Wnt/ß-catenin activation. Combinational use of celecoxib, an inhibitor of Wnt/ß-catenin signaling, greatly sensitized GSCs to radiation. Taken together, our results showed that LINC00839, modified by METTL3-mediated m6A, exerts tumor progression and radiation resistance by activating Wnt/ß-catenin signaling.

Non-traditional cognitive brain network involvement in insulo-Sylvian gliomas: a case series study and clinical experience using Quicktome.

BACKGROUND: Patients with insulo-Sylvian gliomas continue to present with severe morbidity in cognitive functions primarily due to neurosurgeons' lack of familiarity with non-traditional brain networks. We sought to identify the frequency of invasion and proximity of gliomas to portions of these networks. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed data from 45 patients undergoing glioma surgery centered in the insular lobe. Tumors were categorized based on their proximity and invasiveness of non-traditional cognitive networks and traditionally eloquent structures. Diffusion tensor imaging tractography was completed by creating a personalized brain atlas using Quicktome to determine eloquent and non-eloquent networks in each patient. Additionally, we prospectively collected neuropsychological data on 7 patients to compare tumor-network involvement with change in cognition. Lastly, 2 prospective patients had their surgical plan influenced by network mapping determined by Quicktome. RESULTS: Forty-four of 45 patients demonstrated tumor involvement (< 1 cm proximity or invasion) with components of non-traditional brain networks involved in cognition such as the salience network (SN, 60%) and the central executive network (CEN, 56%). Of the seven prospective patients, all had tumors involved with the SN, CEN (5/7, 71%), and language network (5/7, 71%). The mean scores of MMSE and MOCA before surgery were 18.71 ± 6.94 and 17.29 ± 6.26, respectively. The two cases who received preoperative planning with Quicktome had a postoperative performance that was anticipated. CONCLUSIONS: Non-traditional brain networks involved in cognition are encountered during surgical resection of insulo-Sylvian gliomas. Quicktome can improve the understanding of the presence of these networks and allow for more informed surgical decisions based on patient functional goals.

SRSF4 Confers Temozolomide Resistance of Glioma via Accelerating Double Strand Break Repair.

Temozolomide (TMZ)-based chemotherapy plays a central part in glioma treatment. However, prominent resistance to TMZ is a major change by now. In this study, expression and prognosis of SRSF4 were analyzed using multiple public datasets. Therapeutic efficacy against TMZ resistance was determined by assessing colony formation, flow cytometry, and western blot assays. Bio-informational analysis, immunofluorescence (IF), and western blot assays were performed to evaluate double strand break repair. An orthotopic xenograft model was used to exam the functional role of SRSF4. Here, we found that SRSF4 expression was associated with histological grade, IDH1 status, 1p/19q codeletion, molecular subtype, tumor recurrence, and poor prognosis. SRSF4 promotes TMZ resistance through positively regulating MDC1, thereby accelerating double strand break repair. Targeting SRSF4 could significantly improve chemosensitivity. Taken together, our collective findings highlight an important role of SRSF4 in the regulation of TMZ resistance by modulation of double strand break repair.

Structural alterations of the salience network in patients with insular glioma.

OBJECTIVE: The structural alteration that occurs within the salience network (SN) in patients with insular glioma is unclear. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the changes in the topological network and brain structure alterations within the SN in patients with insular glioma. METHODS: We enrolled 46 patients with left insular glioma, 39 patients with right insular glioma, and 21 demographically matched healthy controls (HCs). We compared the topological network, gray matter (GM) volume, and fractional anisotropy (FA) between HCs and patients after controlling for the effects of age and gender. RESULTS: Patients with insular glioma showed topological network decline mainly in the insula, basal ganglia region, and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). Compared with HCs, patients primarily showed GM volume increased in the ACC, inferior temporal gyrus (ITG), superior temporal gyrus (STG), temporal pole: middle temporal gyrus (TPOmid), insula, middle temporal gyrus (MTG), middle frontal gyrus, and superior occipital gyrus (SOG), but decreased in TPOmid, ITG, temporal pole: superior temporal gyrus, and SOG. FA declined mainly in the STG, MTG, ACC, superior frontal gyrus, and SOG, and also showed an increased cluster in SOG. CONCLUSIONS: FA represents the integrity of the white matter. In patients with insular glioma, decreased FA may lead to the destruction of the topological network within the SN, which in turn may lead to the decrease of network efficiency and brain function, and the increase of GM volume may compensate for these changes. Overall, this pattern of structural changes provides new insight into the compensation model of insular glioma.

PGC1α Degradation Suppresses Mitochondrial Biogenesis to Confer Radiation Resistance in Glioma.

Radiotherapy is a major component of standard-of-care treatment for gliomas, the most prevalent type of brain tumor. However, resistance to radiotherapy remains a major concern. Identification of mechanisms governing radioresistance in gliomas could reveal improved therapeutic strategies for treating patients. Here, we report that mitochondrial metabolic pathways are suppressed in radioresistant gliomas through integrated analyses of transcriptomic data from glioma specimens and cell lines. Decreased expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC1α), the key regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis and metabolism, correlated with glioma recurrence and predicted poor prognosis and response to radiotherapy of patients with glioma. The subpopulation of glioma cells with low-mitochondrial-mass exhibited reduced expression of PGC1α and enhanced resistance to radiotherapy treatment. Mechanistically, PGC1α was phosphorylated at serine (S) 636 by DNA-dependent protein kinase in response to irradiation. Phosphorylation at S636 promoted the degradation of PGC1α by facilitating its binding to the E3 ligase RNF34. Restoring PGC1α activity with expression of PGC1α S636A, a phosphorylation-resistant mutant, or a small-molecule PGC1α activator ZLN005 increased radiosensitivity of resistant glioma cells by reactivating mitochondria-related reactive oxygen species production and inducing apoptotic effects both in vitro and in vivo. In summary, this study identified a self-protective mechanism in glioma cells in which radiotherapy-induced degradation of PGC1α and suppression of mitochondrial biogenesis play a central role. Targeted activation of PGC1α could help improve response to radiotherapy in patients with glioma. SIGNIFICANCE: Glioma cells reduce mitochondrial biogenesis by promoting PGC1α degradation to promote resistance to radiotherapy, indicating potential therapeutic strategies to enhance radiosensitivity.

Argininosuccinate lyase drives activation of mutant TERT promoter in glioblastomas.

Cancer-specific TERT promoter mutations have been linked to the reactivation of epigenetically silenced TERT gene by creating de novo binding motifs for E-Twenty-Six transcription factors, especially GABPA. How these mutations switch on TERT from epigenetically repressed states to expressed states have not been defined. Here, we revealed that EGFR activation induces ERK1/2-dependent phosphorylation of argininosuccinate lyase (ASL) at Ser417 (S417), leading to interactions between ASL and GABPA at the mutant regions of TERT promoters. The ASL-generated fumarate inhibits KDM5C, leading to enhanced trimethylation of histone H3 Lys4 (H3K4me3), which in turn promotes the recruitment of c-Myc to TERT promoters for TERT expression. Expression of ASL S417A, which abrogates its binding with GABPA, results in reduced TERT expression, inhibited telomerase activity, shortened telomere length, and impaired brain tumor growth in mice. This study reveals an unrecognized mechanistic insight into epigenetically activation of mutant TERT promoters where GABPA-interacted ASL plays an instrumental role.

Extracellular vesicles derived from hypoxic glioma stem-like cells confer temozolomide resistance on glioblastoma by delivering miR-30b-3p.

Rationale: Glioma stem-like cells (GSCs) contribute to temozolomide (TMZ) resistance in gliomas, although the mechanisms have not been delineated. Methods:In vitro functional experiments (colony formation assay, flow cytometric analysis, TUNEL assay) were used to assess the ability of extracellular vesicles (EVs) from hypoxic GSCs to promote TMZ resistance in glioblastoma (GBM) cells. RNA sequencing and quantitative Reverse Transcription-PCR were employed to identify the functional miRNA in hypoxic EVs. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays were performed to analyze the transcriptional regulation of miRNAs by HIF1α and STAT3. RIP and RNA pull-down assays were used to validate the hnRNPA2B1-mediated packaging of miRNA into EVs. The function of EV miR-30b-3p from hypoxic GSCs was verified by in vivo experiments and analysis of clinical samples. Results: Hypoxic GSC-derived EVs exerted a greater effect on GBM chemoresistance than those from normoxic GSCs. The miRNA profiling revealed that miR-30b-3p was significantly upregulated in the EVs from hypoxic GSCs. Further, HIF1α and STAT3 transcriptionally induced miR-30b-3p expression. RNA immunoprecipitation and RNA-pull down assays revealed that binding of miR-30b-3p with hnRNPA2B1 facilitated its transfer into EVs. EV-packaged miR-30b-3p (EV-miR-30b-3p) directly targeted RHOB, resulting in decreased apoptosis and increased proliferation in vitro and in vivo. Our results provided evidence that miR-30b-3p in CSF could be a potential biomarker predicting resistance to TMZ. Conclusion: Our findings indicated that targeting EV-miR-30b-3p could provide a potential treatment strategy for GBM.

Upregulation of miR-340 Inhibits Tumor Growth and Mesenchymal Transition via Targeting c-MET in Glioblastoma.

BACKGROUND: Epithelial-mesenchymal Transition (EMT) is involved in various cancers including glioblastoma. Our previous study has shown that miR-340 negatively correlated with EMT process in glioblastoma. PURPOSE: In the present study, we aim to explore the underlying molecular mechanisms of miR-340 in EMT process of glioblastomas. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Using RT-qPCR assay, we analyzed the expression of miR-340 in glioma cell lines and normal human glia (NHA) cell line. Using CCK8, Colony formation assays, transwell and Western blot assays, we investigated tumor growth and EMT process. Using luciferase reporter assay, we confirmed a target of miR-340. RESULTS: Our results showed that miR-340 was down-regulated in glioma cell lines (U87, U251 and LN229) compared to NHA cells. MiR-340 overexpression remarkably inhibited cell proliferation and invasion as well as up-regulated E-cadherin expression and down-regulated N-cadherin, Vimentin, ZEB1, Slug and Snail expressions in U251 and LN229 cells. Further studies have confirmed c-MET as a target gene of miR-340. The EMT-inhibitory effect of miR-340 was lost after c-MET expression was restored. We also identified the antitumorigenic activity of miR-340 in vivo. CONCLUSION: These results demonstrated that miR-340 functioned as a tumor suppressor via targeting EMT process and could be a potential therapeutic candidate for treating glioblastomas.

Association between SNAP25 and human glioblastoma multiform: a comprehensive bioinformatic analysis.

BACKGROUND: Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a most common aggressive malignant brain tumor. In recent years, targeted therapy has been increasingly applied in GBM treatment. METHODS: In the present study, GSE22866 was downloaded from gene expression omnibus (GEO). The genomic and clinical data were obtained from TCGA. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified and functional analysis was performed using clusterprofiler. Then, the co-expression network for the DEGs was established using the "WGCNA" package. Next, the protein-protein interaction (PPI) was assessed using Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes Database (STRING) and hub modules in Cytoscape were screened. The Venn diagram was plotted to showcase the overlapped hub DEGs in PPI network and TCGA. Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analyses were performed to predict the risk score of each patient. Validations of the hub gene were completed in other databases. RESULTS: Functional analysis of the DEGs verified the involvement of DEGs in growth factor binding and gated channel activity. Among the 10 GBM-related modules, the red one displayed the strongest tie with GBM. VAMP2 was filtered out as the most intimate protein. The PPI network and TCGA were comprehensively analyzed. Finally, SNAP25 was identified as a real hub gene positively correlated with GBM prognosis. The result was validated by GEPIA, ONCOMINE database and qRT-PCR. CONCLUSIONS: SNAP25 might act as a GBM suppressor and a biomarker in GBM treatment.

MiR-181b suppress glioblastoma multiforme growth through inhibition of SP1-mediated glucose metabolism.

BACKGROUND: Glucose metabolic reprogramming is a significant hallmark of malignant tumors including GBM. Previous studies suggest that microRNAs play key roles in modulating this process in GBM cells. miR-181b acts as a tumor suppressor miRNA in influencing glioma tumorigenesis. Our previous results showed that miR-181b was down-regulated in glioma cells and tissues. METHODS: The extracellular acidification rate (ECAR), colony formation assay and levels of Glut1 and PKM2 were measured to assess the glucose metabolic and proliferation changes in GBM cells overexpressing miR-181b. Immunoblotting and luciferase reporter assay were performed to confirm the expression and role of SP1 as a direct target of miR-181b. ChIP assay was used to figure out the transcriptional regulation of SP1 on Glut1 and PKM2. In vivo study was examined for the role of miR-181b in GBM cells. RESULTS: MiR-181b overexpression significantly reduced the glucose metabolic and colony formation ability of GBM cells. And, SP1 was confirmed as a direct target of miR-181b while upregulation of SP1 could reverse the influence of overexpression of miR-181b. Furthermore, Glut1 and PKM2 could be regulated by SP1. Finally, miR-181b could inhibit the tumor growth in vivo. CONCLUSIONS: Our article demonstrated the inhibitory effect of miR-181b on glucose metabolism and proliferation in GBM by suppressing SP1 expression.